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Lab Activity 5
The Integumentary System
Martini Chapter 5
Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
PJM3106
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Skin
Epidermis: Superficial layer
Made of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
4-5 Layers
Dermis: Underlying connective tissue layer
2 Layers
Hypodermis: Not part of the skin, it is deep to
the dermis
Primarily adipose tissue
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Layers of the Epidermis
1. Stratum corneum: Outermost layer
20-30 cell layers thick
Cells are dead and flattened
Full of keratin
Constantly being rubbed off
2. Stratum lucidum: Thin translucent layer of
dead keratinocytes
Found only in thick skin
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Layers of the Epidermis
3. Stratum granulosum: Cells contain granules
The upper part of this layer has cells that are
beginning to die
Lamellated granules contain a waterproofing
glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular
space Keratohyaline granules combine with intermediate
filaments to form keratin fibrils
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Layers of the Epidermis
4. Str atum spinosum: several cell layers
Cells also dividing
Cells contain bundles of intermediate filaments
made of pre-keratin
5. Stratum basale:single row of cells
Adjacent to the dermis
Constantly dividing and pushing up layers
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Dermis
The dermis is the connective tissue layer under the
epidermis
1. Papillary Layer:Superficial dermal region Areolar connective tissue
Contains capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons
Dermal Papillae: the fingerlike projections from the
superior surface
Epidermal ridge:The epidermal layer that dips down into
the dermal papillae
Create fingerprints
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Dermal Papillae
Epidermal ridge
Papillary
Layer
Reticular
Layer
Epidermis
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Finger Prints
Epidermal
Ridge
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Dermis
2. Reticular Layer: Deepest skinlayer
Dense irregular connective
tissue Contains the arteries, veins,
sweat and sebaceous glands
Cleavage lines: the deep
creases (like in the palm)where collagen and elasticfibers are arranged in
parallel bundles.
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Cleavage Lines
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Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layerthat is not part of theskin
Beneath the dermislayer
Composed of adiposeand areolar connectivetissue
Highly vascular
Dermis
Hypodermis
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Cells of the Epidermis
Keratinocytes: The main cells of the epidermis
Produce keratin, a fibrous protein that gives skin its
durability and protective capabilities
Melanocytes: Spidery black cells
In stratum basale
Produce melanin, the pigment that protects skinfrom UV damage
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Cells of the Epidermis
Langerhans Cells: Also called epidermal
dendritic cells
In stratum spinosum
Macrophages that migrated from the bone marrow
that phagocytize pathogens
Immunologic surveillance cells
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Cells of the Epidermis
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Hair
Root:
Everything that
is not sticking
out of the skin
Shaft: The part
sticking out of
the skin Bulb:Active
growing site
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Hair Histology
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Arrector Pili Muscle
Arrector pili muscle: Smooth muscle that pull hair
upright during fright or cold (goose bumps)
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine glands: secrete a
protein and fat rich substance
that bacteria can use for
nutrients (creates body odor) Found in the armpits, around
nipples and in the pubic region
Secrete products into hairfollicles or directly onto the
surface.
Begin functioning at puberty
A i
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Apocrine
Sweat Glands
Red arrow-
Apocrine Sweat
Glands
Green arrow-
Hair follicle
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Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands
Eccrine sweat glands
are not associated with
hair follicles.
Ducts open directly on
the surface of the
epidermis
S b
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Sebaceous
Glands
Sebaceous glands
Produce oily
substance calledsebum
Helps waterproof
the skin
Acne:infection of the
sebaceous gland
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Sebaceous Follicle
Sebaceous glands notassociated with hairfollicles
Secrete their productdirectly on the skinsurface
Located on face, back,chest, nipples andexternal genitalia
P i i (L ll t d)
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Pancinian (Lamellated)
Corpuscle
Lie deep in the dermis
Respond only when deep pressure is first applied
Monitor high frequency vibrations
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Meissners (Tactile) Corpuscle
Located in the dermal papillae
Receptor for light touch
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Merkel Cells
Merkel Cells: At the junction of the sensory
nerve endings
In stratum basale
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Fingernails
Scale like modification of the epidermis
Free edge: part that grows away from the finger
Body: visible attached portion Root:Embedded in skin and sticks to the nail bed
Nail Bed: Extension of the stratum basale beneath thenail
Nail Matrix: Proximal part of the nail bed responsiblefor nail growth
Lunula: white crescent area; Most active growth regionof nail matrix
Fi il
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Fingernail
Structures
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Lab Activity 6
Body Membranes
Martini Chapter 4, Pages 129-131
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Body Membranes
The majority of the bodys structures are lined
by epithelial membranes
An epithelial membraneis a continuous
multicellular sheet composed of epithelium
bound to an underlying layer of connective
tissue.
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Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous: skin
Mucous:lines body
cavities open to theexterior(e.g., digestive andrespiratory tracts)
Serous: moistmembranes found inclosed ventral bodycavity (mesothelium) forreducing friction
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Epithelial Membranes: Serous
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Mucous Membrane
Line all body cavities open to the exterior
Epithelial cells resting on a lamina propria(loose connective tissue)
Goblet cells: columnar epithelial cells with largemucus containing vacuoles
Usually secrete mucous, but not always
Respiratory tract GI tract
Urinary tracts
Genital tracts
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Mucous Membrane
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Serous Membranes
Line all body cavities closed to the exterior and
the internal surface of the organs
Simple squamous epithelium with small amountof areolar connective tissue
Is double layered
Parietal layer covers the cavity Visceral layer covers the organs
There is serous fluid between the layers to reduce
friction when they slide against each other
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Serous Membranes
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Parietal Layer
Special name depending on the organ it is
associated with
Parietal peritoneum: covers abdominal wall
Parietal pleura: covers chest cavity
Parietal pericardium: outside layer of sac
surrounding the heart
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Pericardial Membranes
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Pleural Membranes
Peritoneal
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Peritoneal
Membranes
Parietalperitoneum is the
blue line Visceral
peritoneum is thepink lines
Peritoneal cavityis the gray
Synovial
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Synovial
Membranes
Composed entirely
of connective tissue
Line cavities of
joints
Secrete synovial
fluid for lubrication
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The End
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