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FAKULTI BAHASA DAN PENDIDIKAN
MEI 2012
HBSC1203
BIOLOGY 1: BASICS OF LIFE
NAMA : YUSRIZAL BIN AHMAD
NO. MATRIK : 830528095005001
NO. KAD PENGENALAN : 830528095005
NO.TELEFON : 0129050736
E-MAIL : [email protected]
PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN : PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN PETALING JAYA
PENSYARAH : PUAN NAZIMAH BINTI ABDULLAH
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Acknowledge
I take this opportunity to acknowledge few important persons. I wish to thank Puan Nazimah binti Abdullah, Science lecturer of OUM as really put her effort on as to make surethis assignment able to be submitted on time. Plenty of time had been used to the max andeach side of the topic has been explored together in group tutor was helpful indeed for the
task as well as the preparation for the examination. Not to forget, thumb up to my friendswho gave me moral support in gaining and learning more as sometime I almost give up whenthe dateline for OUM and school work are on the same dot. Really appreciate peoples aroundme for continuously burn the midnight flame. Thank you.
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The classes of food that contained in the food eaten by Sharmin.
Food Class of Food Additional infoWhite rice Carbohydrates
Consist of 3 elements
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Starch- polysaccharide
Main source of energyFrom supporting structure such ascell walls function as a storagecompound.
FriedChicken
Proteins Complex organic substances
which are made up carbonhydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Essentials amino acids are
amino acid are amino acid thatcan be made by body.Fat
Protein need for the growth of newcells and repairing warn out or damage body tissue
SteamedFish
Proteins water
Egg inchillicoconutmilk
Sub group of the compound known aslipids.
Fat is an organic compound thatcontains carbon, hydrogen andoxygen insoluble in water.
Fats keep our body warm Heat insulator Component of photo
plasmic membrane Sources of energy.
egg Protein Sources of animal protein. Sources of essential amino acid
Protein need to produce enzyme,hormone and some component of antibodies.
Yogurt VitaminsOrganic compound vital for body as:
Maintain good health
Water soluble vitamin c.
Lime juice Vitamin c and water Maintaining good health Transporting agent Regulate body temperature Major compound of blood Maintain soft and radiant skin
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Elaboration on classes of the food.
White rice is in the class of carbohydrate and it consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
and starch in the class of polysaccharide. Carbohydrate is the main source of energy from
supporting structure. It reacts as a wall cell as and play important role as a storage
compound. The fried chicken is in the class of protein. It contains complex organic
substances which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein able to help
to grow the new cells and repairing worn out or damage the tissue. Steamed fish taken by
Sharmin also is in the class of protein.
Meanwhile, egg in chili coconut milk are in the class of protein and fat. Fat in the coconut
milk and egg is organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in soluble
water. Fat can keep our body warm as it will insulate the heat. Fat also stand as a component
of protoplasmic membrane. While in the egg itself contain a high source of protein and it is a
source of essential amino acid.
Last but not least, the food taken by Sharmin is the lime juice and it is classified as vitamin
and water. Vitamin c and water in the lime juice will maintain good health. Water also reacts
as a transporting agent and water as major component of blood, body fluids, digestive juice
and urine.
The process of digestion .
Digestion is the process of breaking down food from complex substance into simpler soluble
molecules to be absorbed by the body. Digestion in human can be divided into main
categories, chemical digestion and Physical or mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, a
large molecules will be break down, for instance, starch, protein and fat will be break down
into smaller molecules. However physical and mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces, by doing so mechanical digestion increases the surface
area of the food available for chemical digestion.
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Stages of digestion.
Digestion system begins with the mouth where the food enters ingestion . The food entersalementary canal, it is digested the complex food is break into simple subunits. The simple
subunits then enter blood and lymph where the phase of absorption . The absorbed nutrient
bought by the body cell and assimilated and converted into complex molecules for growth
and repair (metabolic activities). Finally undigested foods will engested from the body.
The process of digestion can be divided into three: those are digestion in mouth , digestion
in the stomach and digestion in small intestine.
When the food entering the mouth, chewing action will take placed and it will be broke
into smaller parcel. The saliva in the mouth will stimulate by the food and secreting of
salivary glands. The food will mix well with saliva by the help of tongue as it has salivary
amylase which begins the breakdown of starch to maltose. Later, the chewed food is rolled
into bolus and prepares to be swallowed. The food then entered oesophagus by a peristalsis
(wave-like muscle contraction).
However, digestions in stomach take place when food will stay in stomach for number of hours. By that period, food will churned and mix with the gastric juice due to peristalsis
contraction of the stomach wall. When the content of the stomach become a semifluid called
chime, food will enter the first part of small intestine called duodenum.
Hence, the digestion in the duodenum will receive secretions from the gall bladder (bile)
and pancreas (pancreatic juice).Protein, starch and fat will be digested in duodenum. Besides
duodenum jejunum and ileum in the small intestine also produce intestinal juices to complete
the digestion and absorbed the food. While in large intestine, the remains or the food that
can t be absorbed will be stored as faeces in the rectum and will be defecated through anus.
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The process of digestion on Carbohydrate, protein, fats and vitamin in
Sharmins body.
Carbohydrates
Carbs begin to digest in the mouth, where enzymes in saliva start breaking complex
molecules down into simpler sugars. Chewed-up carbs then pass through the oesophagus and
stomach with little additional digestion. In the small intestine, they are broken down into the
simplest sugar molecules, which are then absorbed through the small intestine walls into the
bloodstream and used by the body as fuel or sent for storage in the liver for use at a later
time. Fibre, the indigestible cell walls found in carb plant foods such as beans, brown rice and
whole wheat, passes through the digestive tract essentially undigested.
Proteins
Protein is found in meat, eggs, dairy products and beans, and is used by the body to build
muscle and organs. Protein molecules are quite large. Chewing helps break proteins down
into smaller particles for digestion. Chemical protein digestion starts in the stomach, where
enzymes start to soften the protein molecules. A number of enzymes, including substances
from the pancreas, then break down protein into its component amino acids in the small
intestine. Amino acids are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the
bloodstream and distributed throughout the body to repair injuries and replace dying cells.
Fats
Fats and oils do not easily dissolve into the watery digestive juices of the intestinal tract. Bile,
produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, can attach to molecules of both water and
fat. Bile breaks up conglomerations of fat in the digestive tract into smaller emulsified
particles, where lipase, a fat-digesting enzyme, can break it down. The broken down fat
particles -- fatty acids and cholesterol -- are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the
bloodstream, where they accumulate in the chest veins and are then carried to fat-deposit
areas throughout the body to be stored and used for fuel when necessary.
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Vitamins
As food is broken down by digestive juices, the intestines also absorb necessary vitamins for
use in a variety of body functions, from fighting inflammation to repairing nerve damage.
Water soluble vitamins such as B complex and C are only absorbed through the intestinal
walls to the extent that the body has an immediate need for them; any excess is excreted in
the urine, and new quantities of these vitamins must be consumed each day for optimal
health. Fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E and K are absorbed through the intestinal walls
and stored in the liver and adipose tissue, or body fat, for use when needed.
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The process of digestion in human .
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Lacking food in Sharmins menu and the consequences.
From Sharmins lunch menu, he didnt take adequate fruits and vegetables. Lack fruits and
vegetables mean lack fibre taken by Sharmin and it will bring harm to the digestion. Sharmin
will possibly face constipation when the remains in the body can t be move out easily from
intestine as the faeces get harder. Besides constipation, Sharmin will get a risk of having
colon cancer as he took too much fatty food such as coconut milk and chicken that has been
fried. The higher fatty in the food taken will drive to malignant tumours of the colon. This
happened when fat metabolism is breakdown and the reaction will produce chemical that
could harm the colon.
Sharmin took less water in his menu and this will lead to increase the body temperature
as water can maintain the normal body temperature as it will cool down the heat of the body
and prevent viral to attack the body. The normal body temperature is not suitable for viral and
diseases to grow in the body. Water circulated all nutrients and distributes them all over the
body. This will ensure Sharmin stays healthy.
Lack of vegetables can also cause many diseases as multi vitamins can be found in the
fruits vegetables and less in taking will influence the health. For instance, lack of vitamin D
can drive to incomplete development of teeth and bone and soft pliable bones (ricket),meanwhile lack taking of vitamin b can cause Beriberi.
Suggestion of menu that need to be added on by Sharmin in order to
maintain good health.
Sharmin can prepare a fresh salad for his side dish as it contains a lot of vitamin that good
for his health. Sharmin also has to take more fibre that can be gained from oat and barley as
they could absorb cholesterol and help in defecating. Besides, Sharmin can also takevegetable soup to increase the liquid in his body that might help to overcome heat. He also
can reduce fat by changing the coconut milk into low fat milk. He also can choose to eat mix
tom yam as it contain vegetable such as tomato and the sour taste and chilies might help in
cutting down cholesterol. Instead of lime juice, he can resort to watermelon or banana juice
as these contain vitamin and high in fibre. Sharmin can refer to the food pyramid in order to
take balance diet. According to the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) 2010, food such as
rice, noodle, bread, cereals and tubers should be consumed 4 to 8 serving per day. Threeserving of vegetables per day.Two serving of food per day, -2 serving of fish. Hence,
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Poltry, meat and legumes per day and he should consumes less fats, Oil sugar and salt. As the
conclusion, Sharmins diet must meet with the requirement of seven classes of food to
maintain good health.
Food pyramid shows the balance diet.
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REFERENCES.
Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 2nd ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
J. E. Morton, Guts: The Form and Function of the Digestive System (1967); H. W. Davenport, Physiology of the Digestive Tract: An Introductory Text (3d ed. 1971).
The American Dietetic Association, The American Diabetics Associaton, Inc. (1995). Exchange Listsfor Meal Planning.
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