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ECO MALAYSIA
stop killing the planetSurah al-a raf ayat 56 bermaksud .dan janganlah kamu berbuat KEROSAKAN
dibumi setelah diciptanya debgan baik. Berdoalah kepada tuhan dengan rasa takut dan
penuh harap, sesungguhnya rahmat Allah sangat dekat kepada orang yang berbuat
demikian
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HEAT ISLAND (GLOBAL WARMING ) "Urban Heat Island" (UHI) refers to the tendency for a city to remain warmer than its
surroundings. This effect is caused mostly by the lack of vegetation and soil moisture,
which would normally use much of the absorbed sunlight to evaporate water as partof photosynthesis (a process called "evapotranspiration"). Instead, the sunlight is
absorbed by manmade structures: roads, parking lots, and buildings. With little or no
water to evaporate, the sunlight's energy goes into raising the temperature of those
surfaces. After the sun sets, the city is so warm that it never cools down as much as
the countryside around it, and so retains the heat island effect all night long. There is
some evidence that the Urban Heat Island effect modifies the rainfall patternsaround cities, at least in the summertime.
The first
documentation on
heat island occurs in
1818 by Luke
Howards
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CAUSESCommon construction materials absorb and retain more of the suns heat. Most materials are
impermeable and watertightDark materials can reach up to 80 c
Less vegetation surface
Human produced heat
Slower wind
Air pollution
CAN CONTRIBUTE TO:Human discomfort
Health problems
Higher energy bills
Increased pollutionGlobal warming
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Five main causes of heat island.
1. Reduced evaporator
2. Increased heat storage
3. Increased net radiation
4. Reduced convection
5. Increased anthropogenic heat
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Characteristic contributing to heat
urban heat island.Causes EffectsLack of vegetation Reduces evaporation
Widespread used of impermeable
surfaces
Reduces evaporation
Increased thermal diffusivity of urban
material
Increases heat storage
Low solar reflectance of urban material Increases net radiation
Urban geometric that slow wind speeds Reduces convection
Increased levels of air pollution Increases net radiation
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Man-made Causes
Pollution:Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. When fossil fuels are burned
they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also, mining coal and oil allows methane to
escape. How does it escape? Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is
mined you have to dig up the earth a little bit. When you dig up the fossil fuels you dig
up the methane as well letting it escape into the atmosphere.
Population:More people means more food, and more methods of transportation. That means
more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more
agriculture. If you've been in a barn filled with animals and you smelled something
terrible, you were smelling methane. Another problem with the increasing population
is transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more
pollution. Since CO2 contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes
the problem worse because we breathe out CO2. Also, the trees that convert our CO2
to oxygen are being cut down. (trees are a very important part of our eco-system)
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MITIGATION
Trees and Vegetation Shade trees and smaller plants such as shrubs,
vines, grasses, and ground cover, help cool the
urban environment.
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How It Works Trees and vegetation help cool urban climates through shading and
evapotranspiration. Shading Leaves and branches reduce the amount of solar radiation that
reaches the area below the canopy of a tree or plant.
generally 10 to 30 percent of the suns energy reaches the area below a
tree, with the remainder being absorbed by leaves and used for
photosynthesis, and some being reflected back into the atmosphere. For example, a multi-month study measured maximum surface
temperature reductions ranging from 20 to 45F (11-25C) for walls and
roofs at two buildings. Another study examined the effects of vines on
wall temperatures and found reductions of up to 36F (20C). A third
study found that tree shading reduces the temperatures inside parked cars
by about 45F (25C).
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Tree canopies, such as the deciduous trees around this home in
Virginia, can block much of the sunlight from reaching the ground or
the building
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evapotranspiration.
Trees and vegetation absorb water through their roots and emit it through
their leavesthis movement of water is called transpiration.
Evaporation, the conversion of water from a liquid to a gas, also occurs
from the soil around vegetation and from trees and vegetation as they
intercept rainfall on leaves and other surfaces.
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Benefits
lower energy use,
reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
protection from harmful exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays,
decreased storm water runoff, potential reduced pavement maintenanced
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Cool Roofs
Cool roofing refers to the use of highly reflective and emissive materials. Cool roofing can help address the problem of heat islands, which results in
part from the combined heat of numerous individual hot roofs in a city or
suburb. Cool roofing products are made of highly reflective and emissive
materials that can remain approximately 50 to 60F (28-33C) cooler than
traditional materials during peak
Traditional roof can create problems such as:
1. Hotter indoor
2. Reduced indoor comfort
3. More energy used for cooling
4. More money
5. More wear on cooling system
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Solar Energy
Solar energy is composed of ultraviolet (UV) rays, visible light, and infraredenergy, each reaching the Earth in different percentages: 5 percent of solar
energy is in the UV spectrum, including the type of rays responsible for
sunburn; 43 percent of solar energy is visible light, in colors ranging from
violet to red; and the remaining 52 percent of solar energy is infrared, felt as
heat.
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Solar Reflectance
Solar reflectance, or albedo, is the percentage of solar energy reflected by
a surface. Researchers have developed methods to determine solar
reflectance by measuring how well a material reflects energy at each solar
energy wavelength. Traditional roofing materials have low solar
reflectance of 5 to 15 percent, which means they absorb 85 to 95 percent
of the energy reaching them instead of reflecting the energy back out to
the atmosphere. The coolest roof materials have a high solar reflectance
of more than 65 percent, absorbing and transferring to the building 35
percent or less of the energy that reaches them
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Thermal Emittance
A materials thermal emittance determines how much heat it will radiate
per unit area at a given temperature, that is, how readily a surface givesup heat. When exposed to sunlight, a surface with high emittance will
reach thermal equilibrium at a lower temperature than a surface with low
emittance, because the high-emittance surface gives off its heat more
readily.
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Cool Roof Types
Cool RoofCoatings.
Coatings are surface treatments that are best applied to low-sloped roofsin good condition. They have the consistency of thick paint and contain
additives that improve their adhesion, durability, suppression of algae and
fungal growth, and ability to self-wash, or shed dirt under normal rainfall.
EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), a synthetic rubber material,
with seams that must be glued or taped together. CSPE (chlorosulfonated polyethylene), a polymer material, with seams
that can be heat-welded together.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and TPO (thermoplastic olefins),
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Cool pavingCover large percentage of urban and suburban areas.
There is 2 way to make pavement cooler:
1. By increasing their solar reflectance
2. By increasing their ability to store and evaporate water.
Conventional pavements in the United States are impervious concrete*
and asphalt, which can reach peak summertime surface temperatures of
120150F (4867C).2
These surfaces can transfer heat downward to be stored in the pavement
subsurface, where it is re-released as heat at night. The warmer daytime
surface temperatures also can heat storm water as it runs off the
pavement into local waterways.
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TYPES OF COOL PAVING
1 asphalt cement concrete (ACC)
2 Portland cement concrete (PCC)
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Current
Future = global Warming
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