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CommunicationCommunication
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TypesTypes of Communicationof Communication
On the basis of organization relationship and rules
Formal
Informal
On the basis of Flow Vertical
Crosswise/Diagonal
Horizontal
On the basis of Expression
Oral
Written
Gesture
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Types of CommunicationTypes of Communication
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Formal CommunicationFormal Communication
Workers
Workers
President
Managers Managers
Workers Workers Workers
Efforts at coordination
Information
Instru
ctions
anddirec
tives
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Formal CommunicationFormal Communication
the processofsharingofficialinformationwiththe processofsharingofficialinformationwith
otherswhoneed to knowit,otherswhoneed to knowit,
accordingtothe prescribed patterns depictedaccordingtothe prescribed patterns depictedinanorganizationchartinanorganizationchart
FlowsthroughformalchannelFlowsthroughformalchannel
Also knownasline ofcommandAlso knownasline ofcommand
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TypesTypes
downward communicationdownward communication
upward communicationupward communication
horizontalcommunicationhorizontalcommunication
DiagonalcommunicationDiagonalcommunication
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Informal CommunicationInformal Communication
Base ofinformalrelationbetweentwoorBase ofinformalrelationbetweentwoor
more individualsmore individuals
also knownasgrapevine.also knownasgrapevine. Not planned and organized.Not planned and organized.
Maybe bothofficialor personal.Maybe bothofficialor personal.
Based onfriendship oracquaintance.Based onfriendship oracquaintance.
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AdvantagesAdvantages
FasterspeedFasterspeed
ReactsquicklyReactsquickly
Multi dimensionalMulti dimensional Positive group makingPositive group making
Free expressionofideasFree expressionofideas
Supplement toformalchannelSupplement toformalchannel
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Halftruth,rumorsHalftruth,rumors
No documental proofNo documental proof
Noactioncanbe takenNoactioncanbe taken Maylead tointernal disputeMaylead tointernal dispute
Noauthorityline ismaintainedNoauthorityline ismaintained
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Informal channelsInformal channelsY
D
C
B
A
Chain
A
JB
D H I
K
F
GE
C
Gossip
A
F B D
J
H
CE
K
G I
X
Probability
A
C
D
F
J
IB
Cluster
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Formal vsInformal CommunicationFormal vsInformal Communication
???
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DifferenceDifference
Formal communicationFormal communication
Followsthe formalchannelFollowsthe formalchannel
Executivesare informedExecutivesare informed
aboutthe senderaboutthe sender
Quick reactionmaynotbeQuick reactionmaynotbe
therethere
RelationbetweentheRelationbetweenthe
senderand receiverisfarsenderand receiverisfarremoteremote
Informal communicationInformal communication
DoesntfollowanyformalDoesntfollowanyformal
channelchannel
The senderwillbe unknownThe senderwillbe unknown
Quick reactionwillbeQuick reactionwillbe
expectedexpected
Relationismore likeRelationismore like
friendlyfriendly
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Written or Oral ???
People oftensay itwasgood tohearfromyouwhentheyreceive an e-mailoraletter,wheninfacttheydidnt hear the message,they read it. Still,ifthey knowyouwell,theymaymentally hearyourvoice inyourwritten
words. Writingamessage tofriendsorcolleaguescanbe asnaturalastalkingtothem. Yetwhenwe are asked towritesomething,we oftenfeelanxiousand viewwritingasamore effortful, exacting processthantalkingwould be.
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Oraland writtenformsofcommunicationare
similarinmanyways. Theybothrelyonthe
basiccommunication process,whichconsists
ofeight essential elements:source,receiver,
message,channel,receiver,feedback,
environment,context,and interference.
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Element of
Communication Definition Oral Application Written Application
1. Source
A source creates and
communicates a
message.
Shyam makes a
telephone call
to Ram.
Shyam writes an e-
mail to Ram.
2. Receiver
A receiver receives
the message from
the source.
Ram listens to
Shyam.
Ram reads Shyams e-
mail.
3. Message
The message is the
stimulus or
meaning produced
by the source for
the receiver.
Shyam asks Ram
to participate in
a conference
call at 3:15.
Shyams e-mail asks
Ram to participate
in a conference call
at 3:15.
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Element of
Communication Definition
Oral
Application
Written
Application
4. Channel
A channel is the way
a message travels
between source
and receiver.
The channel is
the
telephone.
The channel is e-
mail.
5. Feedback
Feedback is themessage the
receiver sends in
response to the
source. Ram says yes.
Ram replies with
an e-mail
saying yes.
6. Environment
The environment is
the physical
atmosphere
where the
communicationoccurs.
Ram is
travelling by
train on a
business trip
when he
receives
Shyamshone call.
Ram is at his desk
when he
receivesShyams e-mail.
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Element of
Communication Definition Oral Application Written Application
7. Context
The context involves
the psychological
expectations of
the source and
receiver.
Ram expects
Shyam to sendan e-mail with
the call-in
information
for the call.
Shyam
expects to do
so, and does.
Ram expects Shyam
to dial andconnect the call.
Shyam expects
Ram to check his
e-mail for the call-
in information so
that he can join
the call.
8. Interference
Also known as
noise,
interference is
anything that
blocks or distorts
the
communication
process.
Ram calls in at
3:15, but he
has missed the
call because
he forgot that
he is in a
different time
zone from
Shyam.
Ram waits for a
phone call from
Shyam at 3:15,
but he doesnt
call.
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What isOral Communication?
OralCommunication describesanytype of
interactionthatmakesuse ofspokenwords.
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Forms ofOral Communication
There are 2formsoforalcommunication.
Face toface Communication
Usingmechanical devicesfororal
communication
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Face to Face Communication
Face toface communicationmeansthe
exchange ofinformation,thoughtsand
feelings,whenthe participantsare inthe
same physicalcontact.
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Why face to face communication is
still the best!
Because humanbeingsare visualand aural
creatures. Itis essentialforcreating
connection,trustand loyalty.
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People canbe emotionally engaged.
Ourbrainsstillrelyonourinstincttoassess
danger,trustand honesty.
There isalsoan exchange ofpalpable
physical energythattakes place when
people are inthe same roomwith eachother.
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WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION
1 2 3
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Types of written communication
REPORTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
MEMOS
TELEGRAMS
FACSIMILES (FAX)
E-MAILS
TENDERS
OTHERS
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NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
1 2 3
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Non VerbalCommunication
THE WAY AN INDIVIDUAL
POSITIONS HIMSELF, HOLDS
HIS HANDS, TILTS HIS HEAD,
ALL TRANSMIT VOLUMESABOUT THE INDIVIDUAL
REFERS TO NON- VERBAL
COMMUNICATION.
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Types of non-verbalcommunication
BODY LANGUAGE
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
TERRITORY/ZONE
OBJECT LANGUAGE
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NonverbalCommunicationI
Isit possible tocommunicate withoutwords?
Studiesshowthatoverhalfofyourmessage
iscarried throughnonverbal elements: Yourappearance
Yourbodylanguage
The tone and
the pace ofyourvoice.
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NonverbalCommunicationII
We knowthe importance offirstimpression
Butfirstimpressionshappen everytime we
initiate the communication.
Before someone processesourverbalmessages,
She hastakeninourappearance,
Registered our enthusiasmand sincerety Noted ourtone ofvoice and processed allinto
nonverbalmessage.
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NonverbalCommunicationIII
Ifthismessage reinforce the contentofverbalone,itmeanswe send a powerfulmessage.
Ifthe twomessages donotmatch,theymay
cancel eachotherand thatmeansnomessages delivered.
Nonverbalcommunication partofthis
trainingisforlearninghowtocreate apowerfullnonverbalmessage thatwillsupportyourverbalcontent.
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ProjectingaPowerfulImage I
Howwould youlike tosound?
Howwould youlike tolook?
How did youlook &sound ?
The name ofthe difference isthe image gap
Projectinganimage thatisconsistentwiththe
personyouwanttobe significantlyimproves
yourabilityto develop trust &rapport
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ProjectingaPowerfulImage II
Image canbe criticaltoyoursuccess.
Itis definitelya key elementofcommunication.
Politicians,singers,anchormans,top managersItisirrationalbut people mostlyjudge the book
bythe cover. They expectatotaly different
image froman executive and arock musician.
Businessworld expectneat,clean, energetic
look whichreflectsthatshe isreadytowork.
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ProjectingaPowerfulImage III
Totalimage consistsof:
The firstimpressionsyou project
The depthofyour knowledge The breadthofyour knowledge
Your enthusiasm.
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FirstImpression
First impression includes:
Dress & grooming
Voice Handshake
Eye contact
Body posture
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FirstImpressionII
Positive firstimpressionmake communications
much easierand more comfortable.
Negative firstimpressionscancutoffa
relationship before itgetsstarted.
Many people give up ratherthantryingto
reverse the other peoplesnegativeimpression.
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FirstImpressionIII
Accent,
Monotone and weak voice, poorvocabulary
Cold,limp handshake Lowerquality,withinappropriate coloures,
messy dressingstyle, dirtyshoes
Seldom eyecontact Poor posture,bad hygiene createsabarrier.
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DepthofKnowledge
Depth of knowledge:inthe areaofexpertise
Thisrefershowwellyou knowyoursubject?
Howwell doyou knowyourcompany?
Doesthe depthofyour knowledge projectcredibilityand command respectfromyour
employeesor dotheysay Icould doherjobaswellasshe can
Asa partofyourimage learnyourjob,company,industry,firms policies, personnel
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BreadthofKnowledge I
Breadth of Knowledge:
Thisarea dealswithyourabilitytoconverse withothersinfieldsofoutside areaofexpertise.
The latest developmentinworld events?
Popularbooksand movies?
Arts?Hobbies? Differentinterestareas?
Touristic experiences?
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BreadthofKnowledge II
Byincreasingthe breadthofyour
knowledge,youwillbe able to develop
rapportwithothers.
Researchhasshownthatthe more people
have incommon,the bettertheylike
eachother.
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BreadthofKnowledge III
Forincreasingbreadthofyour knowledge itisrecommended:
tospend the nonproductive time as driving,doinghome responsibilitieswithlisteningradio,watchingTV plusreadingweeklymagazines,
reading dailynewspapersand min. 4differentbooksyearlyand
interactingwithothers,listeningtothem
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Enthusiasm
Most people like towork withotherswhoareenthusiasticabouttheirwork.
Enthusiastic people seemtowork harder,longer
and more accurately thanthose whoare notenthusiastic.
Enthusiasmisa projected behaviourtoothers
and make the others enthusiastic.Reverse isvalid also.
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ProjectingaPowerfulImage
The response youreceive fromthe world
around youisameasure ofyoursuccessin
interpersonalrelations.
Fromthe beginningtothe end ofevery
transactionwithanother person,youare
onthe stage.
Everyword,gesture, expressionan
dimpressionisbeingseenand evaluated
Therefore be carefuland respectfulgenerally..
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Language ofGestures
Bodylanguage and nonverbalcommunicationare transmitted throughthe eyes,face,
hands,arms,legsand posture (sittingandwalking)
Eachindividual,isolated gesture islike awordinsentence; itis difficultand isolated
dangeroustointerpretinand ofitself.
Therefore considerthe gesture inthe lightofeveryhing else thatisgoingonaround you.
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Eyes
Windowsofthe soul, excellentare indicatorsof
feelings.
Shifty eyes,beady eyesand look ofsteel
demonstrate awareness.
Honest personhasatendencytolook you
straightinthe eye whenspeaking.
Atleastlistenersacceptitlike that.
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EyesII
People avoid eye contactwithother personwhenanuncomfortable questionasked.
Trytoreduce tensionand build trustratherthanincrease tension.
The raisingofone eyebrowshows disbeliefandtwoshowssurprise.
People are classified asrightlookersandleftlookers. Rightlookersare more influencedbylogicand precision,leftlookersare found tobe more emotional,subjective and suggestible.
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The Face
The face isone ofthe mostreliable indicatorsof
a personsattitudes, emotions & feelings
Byanalysingfacial expressions,interpersonal
attitudescanbe discerned and feedback
obtained.
Some people trytohide theirtrue emotions.
The termPokerFace describesthem.
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The Face
Commonfacialgesturesare:
Frowns:unhappiness,anger
Smiles:happinessSneers: dislike, disgust
Clenchedjaws:tension,anger
Poutinglips:sadness.
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The Hands
Tightlyclenched handsusuallyindicate thatthe
personis experiencingundue pressure.
Itmaybe difficulttorelate tothis person
because ofhistensionand disagreement.
Superiorityand authorityare usuallyindicated
whenyouare standingand joiningyourhands
behind yourback.
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The HandsII
Rubinggentlybehind orbeside the earwiththe
index fingerorrubbingthe eye usuallymeans
the other personisuncertainaboutwhatyou
are saying.
Leaningback withbothhandssupportingthe
head usuallyindicatesafeelingofconfidence
orsuperiority.
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HandsIII
Cuppingone orboth handsoverthe mouth,especiallywhentalking,maywellindicate thatthe personistryingtohide something
Puttingyourhand toyourcheek orstrokingyourchingenerally portraysthinking,interestorconsideration.
Fingersbentacrossthe chinorbelowthe mouthmostoftenshowscritical evaluation.
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The Armsand Legs
Crossed armstend tosignal defensiveness. They
seeminglyactasa protective guard againstan
anticipated attack orafixed positionwhich
the other personwould rathernotmove.
Conversely,armsopenand extended toward you
generallyindicate opennessand acceptance.
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The Armsand LegsII
Crossed legstend toseem disagreement.
People whotightlycrosstheirlegsseemtobe
sayingthatthey disagree withwhatyouare
sayingor doing. Ifthe people have tightly
crossed legsand tightlycrossed arms,their
innerattitude isusuallyone ofextreme
negativitytoward whatisgoingonaroundthem. Itmaybe difficulttogetagreement.
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Posture:Sittingand Walking
Sittingwithyourlegscrossed and elevated
footmovinginaslightcircularmotion
indicatesboredomorimpatience.
Interestand involvementare usually
projected bysittingonthe edge ofthe chair
and leaningslightlyforward.
Generally, people whowalk fastand swing
theirarmsfreelytend to knowwhatthey
wantand togoafterthat.
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Posture:Sittingand WalkingII
People whowalk withtheirshouldershunchedand handsintheir pocketstend tobesecretive and critical. They dontseemtolike
muchofwhatisgoingonaround them.Dejected people usuallyscuffle alongwiththeir
handsin pockets,heads down,and shouldershunched over.
People whoare preoccupied orthinking,usuallywalk withtheirheads down,handsclaspedbehind theirbacksand pace veryslowly.
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InterpretingGesture Clusters
Certaincombinationsofgesturesare especially
reliable indicatorsofa personstrue feelings.
These combinationsare clusters.
Eachgesture is dependenttoothers,soanalysis
ofa personsbodylanguage isbased ona
seriesofsignalsto ensure thatthe bodylanguage clearlyand accuratelyunderstood.
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InterpretingGesture ClustersII
Allthe individual gesturesfittogetherto
projectacommon,unified message.
Whenthey donot,thismeansaincongruity.
For example:Anervouslough.
Alaughgenerally signalofrelaxation. Butif
there are nervoussignalsinbodylanguagethatmeansthe personistryingto escape
fromanunpleasentsituation.
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CommonGesture Clusters
Openness:
Severalgesturesindicate opennessandsincerety
Openhands, unbuttoned coalorcollar,
leaningslightlyforward inthe chair,
removingcoatorjacket, uncrossingarmsand legs,
movingcloser.
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CommonGesture Clusters
Openness:
When people are proud ofwhattheyhave done,theyusuallyshowtheirhandsquite openly.
Whentheyare notoften puttheirhandsinto
their pockets,orhide backWhen people showsignalsofopennessthat
meanstheyare generallybeginningverycomfortable inyour presence whichisgood.
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CommonGesture Clusters
Defensiveness:
People whoare defensive usuallyhave
arigid body,
armsorlegstightlycrossed,
eyesglancingsidewaysor dartingoccasionaly.
minimal eye contact
lips pursed,fistsclenched and downcasthead
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CommonGesture Clusters
Evaluation:
Evaluationgesturessaythatthe other personis
beingthoughtfulorisconsideringwhatyou
are saying. Sometimesinafriendlyway
sometimesinanunfriendlyway.
Typical evaluationgesturesinclude
tilted head,
hand tocheek,
leaningforward and
chinstroking
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CommonGesture Clusters
Evaluation:
Sometimes evaluationgesturestake onacriticalaspect.
The bodyismore drawnback
The hand istothe face butthe chinisinthepalmofthe hand withone fingergoingup thecheek and the otherfingers positioned belowthe mouth.
Thisisgenerallyanunfavorable gesture.
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CommonGesture Clusters
Evaluation:
Togaintime for evaluatingthe situation
people use cigarette or pipe smoking
habits,removing eyeglasses.
Afinalnegative evaluationgesture is
droppinghis eyeglassestothe lowerbridge
ofnoise and peeringoverthem.Thisgesture usuallycausesanegative
emotionaloverreactioninother people.
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Suspicion, Secrecy, Rejection, and
Doubt:
These negative emotionsare communicated
typicallyby:
Sidewaysglances
Minimalorno eye contact
Shiftingthe bodyawayfromthe speaker
Touchingorrubbingthe nose.
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Suspicion, Secrecy, Rejection, and
Doubt II
Whena person donotwanttolook atyouit
could meanhe isbeingsecretive,has private
feelingsinoppositiontowhatyouare sayingorhidingsomething.
Asidewayglancesmeanssuspicionand doubt.
Shiftingyourbodyfromsomeone meansyouwishto end the conversation,meeting etc.
Touchingnose mayindicate doubtorconcealment
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CommonGesture ClustersReadiness
Readinessisrelated tothe goal-oriented highachieverwithaconcernforgettingthings
done.Itcommunicates dedicationtoagoaland is
usuallycommunicated bysittingforward attheedge ofachair.
Thismaynegativelygive the appearence ofbeingoverlyanxiousalso.
C G Cl
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Clearingones
throat,
Chainsmoking.
Coveringthe mouth
withhand,
Tappingfingers
Whistling,
Jingling pocket
change
Fidgeting
Twitchinglipsorface
CommonGesture Clusters
Nervousness
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CommonGesture Clusters
Boredom or Impatience
These unproductive feelings are usually
conveyed bythe
Drummingoffingers
Cuppingthe head inthe palmofthe hand,
Footswinging
Brushingor pickingalint
Lookingatyourwatchorthe exit.
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Thisisan emotionhatyoulove tosee inother
people and theyinyou. Itisconveyed by
Asmallupperorinward smile
Handsopenand arms extended outward
Eyeswide analert
Alivelyand bouncywalk Alivelyand well-modulated voice.
CommonGesture Clusters
Enthusiasm
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Non -VerbalCommunication:AN
OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE
TYPESOF NON -VERBALMESSAGESBODYLANGUAGE
INTERPRETINGBODYLANGUAGEARTIFACTUALCOMMUNICATIONAND COLORSPACE ANDDISTANCE
/ PROXEMICSGENDER , DIVERSITYANDTECHNOLOGYTIPSTOIMPROVE N-VCOMMUNICATIONVIEW NEXT PPT. ONBODY SPORT
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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
INTRODUCTION ( 1 of 4 ) Non -Verbal Communication is the message or
response not expressed or sent in words -hints ,suggestions , indications.
Actionsspeak louderthanwords.
Whatyouare speakssoloudlythatIcannothearwhatyousay -RalphWaldoEmerson
There isa distinctionbetweenthe meaningswegiveinwordsand the meaningswe give offinNV signals.
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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
INTRODUCTION ( 2 of 4 )
Non -Verbalsignalsare unconscious partsof
ourbehavior whichisa deeplyrooted partin
our entire makeup.
Infact,itisthe mostbasic partofour
personality.
Behavior hasnoopposite,i.e. there isno
suchthingasnon-behavior.
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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
INTRODUCTION ( 3 of 4 )
ChristopherTurk putsitverysimply:
one cannotnotbehave. Now,ifitisacceptedthatallbehavior inaninteractionalsituationhasmessage value,i.e.,iscommunication,itfollowsthatnomatterhowone maytry,one cannotnotcommunicate. Activityorinactivity,wordsor
silence,allhave message value:theyinfluenceothersand these others,inturn,cannotnotrespond tothese communications.
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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
INTRODUCTION ( 4 of 4 )
NVCisthe unspokencommunicationthatgoeson
in everyFace-to-Face encounterwithanotherhumanbeing.
Itisrecognized asthe route to discoverwhattheotherside wants,withoutthem eversayingit,likeasecretwayintotheirsoul.
NVCstandsforthe innermost,instinctualformofhumancommunication.
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IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Communicationresearcher Mehrabian found thatonly7%
ofamessages effectare carried bywords ; listenersreceive the other93%throughnon -verbalmeans.
Birdwhistell suggested thatspokenwordsaccountfornotmore than30-35%ofalloursocialinteractions.
Over65 percentofthe socialmeaningofthemessageswe send toothersare communicated non-verbally.
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TYPESOF NON-VERBALMESSAGES
A. Body Language or Kinesics
B. ClothingorArtifactual Communication C. Voice orParalanguage
D. Space and Distance,orProxemic factors
E. Color
F. Time,orChronemics; and G. Touch,orHaptics
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A. Body Language
The bodily gestures, postures, and facial
expressions by which a person communicates
nonverballywith others-(Soukhanov
1992:211).KINESICS:POSTUREGESTUREFA
CIAL EXPRESSIONSGAZE / EYE CONTACT
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A. Body Language
Bodylanguage and kinesicsare based on the
behavioral patterns of nonverbal
communication, but kinesics isstillso new as
a science that its authorities can be counted
on the fingers of one hand "
-(Fast1970:9).
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A.Basic Types ofBodyLanguage
postures
1.OPEN / CLOSED
People witharmsfolded
and legscrossed and bodiesturned awayare signallingthattheyare rejectingmessages. People showingopenhands,fullyfacingyouand bothfeet planted on
the ground are acceptingthem.
2.FORWARD/ BACK
When people are leaning
forward and pointingtowardsyoutheyareactivelyacceptingorrejectingthe message.Whentheyare leaningback,lookingup atthe
ceiling, doodlingona pad,cleaningtheirglassestheyare either passivelyabsorbingorignoringit.
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A.BodyLanguage
1.Facial expression(s)
2.Eyes
3
.Lips4.Arms
5.Hands
6.Fingers
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A1.1The Face
The face isanimportantsource ofinformation.
Since the face cannotbe easilyhidden,itisanimportantsource ofnonverbalinformation
and communicatesavarietyofemotions.
Inaddition, eye contact, pupilsize,and the
smile provide additionalcuestoinformed
observers.
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A1.1. FacialExpression(s)
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A1.2. FacialExpression(s)
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A1.3. FacialExpression(s)
Whatisthe impressionyouwishtoconvey?
Doyousmile atothers?
Alwayssmiling,neversmile,sometimes.
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A2. Eyes
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A3. Lips
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A4. Arms
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A5. Hands
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A6. Fingers
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InterpretingBody Language
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1.1. Responsive
ENGAGED leaningforward
OpenBody
OpenArms
OpenHands
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1.2. Responsive
EAGER (sprint position)
Open Legs
FeetunderChair
OnToes
LeaningForward
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1.3. Responsive
READY TOAGREEcloses papers
Pen Down
HandsFlatonTable
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2.1. ReflectiveLISTENINGwithhead tilted
LotsofEye Contact
Nodding
HighBlink Rate
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2.2. Reflective
EVALUATING:suckingglasses / pencil
StrokingChin
LookingUp and Right
Legscrossed in4 pos
Ankle on Knee
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2.3. Reflective
ATTENTIVE (standing)
Armsbehind Back
Smile
OpenFeet
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3.1. Fugitive
BORED staringintospace
Slumped Posture
Doodling
FootTapping
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3.2. Fugitive
LET MEGOfeettowards door
LookingAround
ButtoningJacket
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3.3. Fugitive
REJECTION sitting/movingback
ArmsFolded
LegsCrossed in11 pos
Thighon Knee
Head Down
Frown
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4.1. Combative
LET MESPEAK fingertapping
FootTapping
Staring
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4.2. Combative
AGGRESSIVEleaningforwards
FingerPointing
FistsClenched
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4.3. Combative
DEFIANT (standing)
HandsonHips
Frown
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B. Artifactual Communication
and ColorArtifactual communication,isanintegral partofthe
nonverbal package.
Itincludesthe use ofpersonaladornmentssuchasclothing,jewellery,makeup,hairstyles,andbeards.
People are apttomake inferencesaboutusbasedonthe waywe dress.
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D. Space and Distance,or
ProxemicfactorsProxemic cues, including the treatment ofspace and territory influence interaction andhelp define the communication experience.
Edward Hallsays there are four differentdistances that we keep between ourselvesand other people:intimate distance-0 to 18inches;personal distance-18 inches to 4 feet;
social distance-4 to 12 feet; and publicdistance-12 feet to thelimit ofsight.
d
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D. Space and Distance,orProxemic
factors
Researchersdivide environmentalspaces into threecategories:informal, semifixed-feature, and fixed-featurebased on theperceived permanence of thephysicalspace.
Territorialityis an important concept in communication:typically, human beingsstake out space or territory.
Territoriality describes the need to demonstrate apossessive or ownership relationship to space.Markersare used to reservespace and set boundaries that helpidentify thespace as belonging to someone.
G d Di i d T h l
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Gender, Diversity,and Technology
The use ofnonverbalcuesisaffected byvariablessuchasgender,culture,and technology.
The waysmenand womenuse nonverbalcues
reflectssocietal practices.Toalarge degree, people modifytheiruseof
nonverbalcues dependingonthe culturetheybelongtooridentifywith.
Non-verbalcommunicationisalsoaffectedbywhethercommunicationisoccurringon-oroff-line.
i i b l
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Tipstoimprove Non-Verbal
CommunicationPositive NV behavior improvesyournon-verbal
communication effectiveness.
Youcanimprove your effectivenessasanon-verbalcommunicatorbyobservingand analyzingboththephysical environmentofinteractionsand the bodylanguage,appearance,gestures,vocalcues, eyecontact,and touchingbehaviorof the participants.
Inculcate positive BodySport.
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THANK YOU