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1

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of theauthor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of theAsian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or thegovernments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy

of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility forany consequence of their use. Terminology used may notnecessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

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PRESENTED BY

MOHD FAUZI BIN MOHAMADNATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM),

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT MALAYSIA(NRE)

fauzi@nahrim.gov.my 

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN

MALAYSIA

issues and challenges

WORLD CITY WATER FORUM,INCHEON, KOREA

19 – 21 AUGUST 2009

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� INTRODUCTION – MALAYSIA

� DEFINITION - IWRM

� DUBLIN PRINCIPLES – IWRM

�MALAYSIA APPROACH IN IMPLEMENTING IWRM

�WATER RELATED ISSUES

� ISSUES IN IWRM

�IWRM STATUS IN MALAYSIA

� IWRM CHALLENGES

� CONCLUSION

CONTENT 

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INTRODUCTION

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MALAYSIA

INCHEON,

KOREA

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� South East Asia country located near equatorwith tropical climate

� Total landmass of 329,847 km2� Capital: Kuala Lumpur

� Population: 28,276,000

� 189 river basins

� Annual Rainfall ~ 3,500mm

� Consists of 13 states and

3 federal territories –

Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya &

Labuan IslandSource: Wikipedia.org (2009)

MALAYSIA

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KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIA

7

Malaysia

Malaysia

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Country Total WR  km³ 

WR/Capita m³ 

Withdrawal/ 

capita, m³ 

Cambodia 476 36,340 66

Indonesia 2,838 13,381 407

Lao PDR 334 63,175 260

Malaysia 580 26,105 633

Myanmar 1,046 21,898 102

Philippines 479 6,332 811Thailand 410 6,526 596

Vietnam 891 11,406 814

Water Resources

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Integrated Water Resources Management

Defined as :

“a process that promotes the coordinated

development and management of resources innatural environment (water, land, flora, fauna)

in order to maximise the resultant

economic and social welfare in an equitable mannerwithout compromising the sustainability of vital

eco-systems”

DEFINITION

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IWRM builds on the Dublin principles

1. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential tosustain life, development and the environment.

2. Water development & management should be aparticipatory approach involving users, planners and

policymakers at all levels.

3. Women play a central part in the provision, managementand safeguarding of water.

4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses andshould be recognised as an economic good.

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Background on Water Governance

- MalaysiaLegal and Institutional Framework

- Management of water resources (including river basins) fallsunder the jurisdiction of State Governments. The role of theFederal Government is to provide guidance on itsmanagement.

Current management practice

- Undertaken by many agencies with overlappingresponsibilities at the State and Federal level.

- River basin is not the basis of management but rather

regulated by different water–using sectors e.g. water supply,industry, agriculture, health, etc.

- Limited involvement of key stakeholders i.e. Federal, State,Private Sector and Civil Society.

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Malaysia’s Approach in ImplementingIWRM

� Develop policy framework and determine strategic

thrusts

� Conduct in-depth studies on specific rivers� Institute legal and organizational set-up

� Undertake pilot projects implement roll-out plan

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Policy Framework and Strategic ThrustsNational Policies

- Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3), 2001-2010

- Eighth Malaysia Plan (8MP), 2001-2005

- Ninth Malaysia Plan (9MP), 2006-2010

- Mid-term Review of the 9MP

Sector/Agencies Policies and Master Plan

- Malaysian Water Vision 2025

- National Water Policy

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The Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3)

In describing development thrusts for a sustainable environment, the

following concerns on water were highlighted :-

� Improving air and water quality.

� Emphasizing an integrated river basin approach, protection of

catchment areas and reservoirs, and addressing issues of inter-state and inter-basin water transfer.

� Containing the discharge of waste water polluting the rivers andwater-ways through upgrading and building of new treatment

plants.

� Encouraging the industrial sector to reuse and recycle wastewater.

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Ninth Malaysia Development Plan

(9thMP) - currentAreas of focus in include :-

� Promoting environmental stewardship to maintain a balance

between development needs and the environment.

� Undertaking preventive measures to mitigate negativeenvironmental effects at source, reduction of illegal acts andintensification of conservation efforts to sustainably manage

natural resources.

� Closer monitoring of air and water quality.

� Promoting IWRM approach to achieve sustainable water resources

development.

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Malaysian Water Vision 2025“In support of Vision 2020 (towards achieving

developed nation status), Malaysia will conserveand manage its water resources to ensureadequate and safe water for all (including theenvironment)”…

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The key objectives of the Visions:

Water for people : all communities will have access to safe,adequate and affordable water supply, hygiene andsanitation.

Water for food and rural development : provisions forsufficient water to ensure national food security andpromote rural development.

Water for economic development : provisions for sufficientwater to spur and sustain economic growth within thecontext of a knowledge-based economy and e-commerce.

Water for environment : protection of the water environmentto preserve water resources (both surface and groundwateresources), and the natural flow regimes, biodiversity and

cultural heritage as well as the mitigation of water relatedhazards.

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Water Related Issues

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RANKING Water Related Issues/ Themes

1 River Water Quality

2 Catchment/ Landuse Management

3 Flooding

4 Potable Water Supply

5 Institutional Arrangement

6 River Corridor Management

7 Wetlands Management

8 Water Borne Diseases

9 Biodiversity

10 Drought

11 Environmental Flow

12 Ground Water

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2. WaterShortages

(Droughts)

1. Water Excess(Floods)

3. WaterQuality

(Pollution)

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1. W a t e r E x c e s s

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LumpurKuala

S.Linggi

KELANTAN

Ipoh

Shah Alam

S.Perak

S.Bernam

Seremban

S.Klang

SELANGOR

Kangar

Alor Setar

George Town

PINANGPULAU

LANGKAWIPULAU

S.Muda

KEDAH

PERLIS

PERAK

THAILAND

S.Rompin

SINGAPORE

Kuantan

S.Pahang

S.Cukai

S.Muar

S.Batu Pahat

S.Benut

PAHANG

SEMBILANNEGERI

MELAKA

MelakaS.Melaka

JOHOR

S.Kuantan

S.Johor

BahruJohor

S.Endau

S.Dungun

Kuala Terengganu

Kota Bharu

TERENGGANU

S.Kelantan

S.Terengganu

S.Rej ang

S. Sadong

S.Rej ang

S. Sadong

S.Sar awakS.Sar awakKuci ngKuci ng

SARAWAK

S.BaramS.Baram

LABUAN

Kota Ki nabal uKota Ki nabal u

SABAH

S.Ki nabatanganS.Ki nabatangan

Flood prone areas 29,720 km² (9% nation’s land area)

People affected 4.9 million, Losses: about RM0.915 and RM1.83b

in term of economic drag

� Disposal of solid wastes into waterways

� Sediments from land clearance and construction areas.

� Increase in impervious areas

Cause of flooding

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Flooding caused by tropical storm Greg

Penampang, Sabah 26 Dec. 1996

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Flooding in Johor (Dec. 2006 & Feb. 2007)

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M a S M A

How to solve?

Control at source concept

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Swale for Safety and Beauty

BENEFIT OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL (MaSMA)

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Detention Pond For Flood Control

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL (MaSMA)

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S t r u c t u r a l

KL flood mitigation e.g SMART project and river by-pass andretention ponds

SMART Tunnel

Retention Pond

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Construc tion o f SMART Tunnel to a lleviate flooding in Kuala Lumpur

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STRUCTURAL

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Non-structuralFlood Forecasting and Warning System

Currently two flood forecasting models have beenapplied i.e the Linear Transfer Function Model (LTFM)for Pahang River and the Tank Model for Kelantan River

• The agencies involve in flood relief have use theinformation to decide when they should mobilize theirstaffs and equipments to the areas that are potentially hit

• Dissemination System: Warning siren, Short MessagingSystem (SMS), telephone, fax and websitehttp://infobanjir.water.gov.my

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2. W a t e r S h o r t a g e ( D r o u g h t )

D ht M it i

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-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :

% Deviation from

L-Term MeanCum. Rainfall

R1 -38(324)

K1 36(255)

K3 9(285)K4 -5(412)

K5 -38(423)

P1 -34(438)

P2 4(442)P3 -10(382)

  A4 -6(530)

  A6 -38(901)  A8 -58(1116)

  A12 -21(687)

  A14 -30(765)  A15 -83(376)

  A16 -13(354)

B3 5(504)

B4 -45(600)B5 26(481)

B6 -34(603)

B7 -43(625)B8 -21(659)

N1 -20(498)

N3 -12(645)

M1 -12(436)

  J1 -35(516)

  J2 28(614)

  J5 16(590)

  J7 -6(584)

  J8 20(478)   J9 -17(1660)

  J10 -32(560)

C3 6(477) C4 47(1130)

C8 6(624)

C9 12(1240)

D1 35(1820)D2 50(522)

D6 30(688)

  T1 10(1450)

  T2 27(1222)

  T5 -17(1456)

:

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :

% Deviation fromL-Term MeanCum. Rainfall

Rainfall Station 

R1 -43(167)

K1 -6(141)

K3 25(130)K4 -7(217)

K5 -50(213)

P1 -21(258)

P2 -41(283)P3 -22(209)

  A4 -16(453)

  A6 -45(802)  A8 -56(948)

  A12 -4(380)

  A14 -44(588)  A15 -61(273)

  A16 -13(209)

B3 -32(398)

B4 -65(474)B5 -36(353)

B6 -62(406)

B7 -53(522)B8 -25(564)

N1 -50(356)

N3 -43(518)

M1 -35(275)

  J1 -21(417)

  J2 10(520)

  J5 20(516)

  J7 -9(496)

  J8 36(363)   J9 -21(1434)

  J10 -37(481)

C3 3(362) C4 86(866)

C8 -26(461)

C9 3(1085)

D1 49(1335)D2 73(371)

D6 26(486)

 T1 1(977)

 T2 -16(786)

  T5 -50(767)

:

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :

% Deviation fromL-Term MeanCum. Rainfall

Rainfall Station 

R1-71(179)

K1-56(180)

K3-48(141)K4-39(219)

K5-47(209)

P1-29(263)

P2-28(289)P3-29(214)

 A48(463)

 A6-41(775) A8-47(874)

 A12-24(362)

 A14-66(581) A15-57(291)

 A16-59(203)

B322(345)

B4-67(487)B5-66(401)

B6-38(394)

B7-5(537)B8-12(575)

N1-27(373)

N3-45(465)

M1-3(304)

 J1-14(366)

 J212(464)

 J50(525)

 J7-16(513)

 J80(423) J9-58(851)

 J10-21(441)

C3- 62(357) C4- 45 (4 86 )

C8-45(431)

C9-59(763)

D1-23(741)D2-20(279)

D66(279)

 T1-53(480)

 T2-26(338)

 T5-26(319)

C9 3 (1085) Stn C9 , 3% above L/T Mean ( Cum. RF)

Note : Rainfall variat ions from (+ 20%) to ( - 20% )

of long-term mean is normal

Biasa AmaranSerius Biasa

 AmaranSerius

Biasa

 Amaran

Serius

Drought Monitoring

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• Growing demands andpressure on water resources

• Per capita availability ofwater is decreasing

• Reaching practical limits of

surface water resourcesdevelopment

 –  Inter-basin and inter-statewater transfers

W a t e r S h o r t a g e s

1998 drought has caused serious waterrationing and hardship for 1.8 millionresidents of Kuala Lumpur & other

Klang Valley towns.

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Large portion of water resources (about 70%) is

used for irrigation with 50% efficiency

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Water demand management

1999 - Guidelines for InstallingA Rainwater Collection

and Utilization System

2002 - Six-liter toilet flushing system was

introduced

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3. W a t e r P o l l u t i o n

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Direct discharge

from toilet

Lack of Sanitation Facilities

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Effluents from industrial area

Waste DischargeFrom Industry

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Solid Wastes in the River

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Water QualityDeterioration

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• Polluters

 –  Cities/ Industries

 –  Agricultural/Livestock activities

 –  Land clearance

• Affects

 –  water supply services

 –  human health –  aquatic ecosystems

Water Pollution

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Policy/Legal/Institutional Issues

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Five top issues in integrated water

resources management were:

(a) lack of a coherent national water policy;

(b) need for concerted efforts in capacity building;(c) lack of a comprehensive database;(d) lack of coordination, and(e) lack of integrated planning and management

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� Perceived abundance of waterÆ lower priority onnational agenda

�Policy regarding nadequate financial allocation� Water supply systems deteriorating

� Poor understanding of economic tools andinstruments; shortcomings in privatisation

� Inadequate legal framework

� Water lawsÆ Sectoral based, outdated, redundant,overlapping

� Inadequate enforcement / penalities

� Laws govern use rather than protection ofresources

Policy/financial/legal Issues

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� Little or no formal mechanism to integrate and co-ordinate activities on water

� Many Ministries and Departments� that regulate & manage various water sectors

� duplication of efforts; gaps

� competition and conflict

� Few Apex Bodies / RBOs (River Basin-basedOrganizations)

� Little or no public participation� Few local EnvironmentalistsÆ Seen as parroting

concerns of the west in the conflict on development

vs environment

Institutional Issues

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IWRM Status:

What Have We Done?

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• Geared towards integrating and

coordinating policies, programmes andpractices Æ holistic and integratedapproach

• Addresses water related issues• Requires improved professional capability

•Increased financial, legislative, managerialand political capacity

IWRM

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Policy

• Principles of IWRM incorporated into five-yeardevelopment plans

• National Water Resources Policy under

formulation

Legal

• Constitution amended in Jan 2005 to shift waterservices from state list to concurrent list

• New law on Water Services Commission passedby Parliament in 2007

• 2008 – Water Services Industry Act enforced

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Institutional• National Water Resources Council (MSAN)established in 1998

• Re-engineering of Ministries in March2004/April 2009

• Ministry of Natural Resources and

EnvironmentÆ water as a resource

• Ministry of Energy, Water and Tele-

communicationsÆ

water as a utility• Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based

IndustriesÆ water for food

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Institutional

�Apex Bodies formed� Selangor Waters Management Authority

(LUAS) - formed 1 August 2000 - aim ofadopting and implementing IWRM at the riverbasin level within the State of Selangor,besides conserving coastal resourcesand the environment.

� Water Resources Dept of Sabah

� NRB (Sarawak)

Water Plans� In July 2003, NWRC agreed to the preparation of

IRBM plans for all 189 river basins in country

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I W R M

What More Shall We Do?

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� Rethink water management

 –  sound policies and strengthenedinstitutional arrangements

� Scope of IWRM is wide

 – integration of natural and humansystems

IWRM Implementation

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• What has to be integrated?• How is it best done?• Who is going to bear the cost?

Implementation Challenges

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IWRM/IRBM Challenges� Promoting the concept of IWRM, IRBM among stakeholders as it

involves a change from sub-sectoral to cross-sectoral water

management.

� Need for co-operation within river basins especially basinscovering parts of the territory of two or more states.

�Creating awareness and generating advocacy in IWRMnationwide, developing capacity building of implementingagencies in IWRM and developing best management practices inIWRM within the Malaysian context.

� Understanding that “ one size fits all strategy “ cannot work asconditions and effective governance differ between States.

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• As we develop further, problems relating to waterand environment are expected to intensify

• To ensure sustainable development, waterresources need to be managed in an integratedand holistic manner

• Political and administrative framework andcommitment and involvement of all stakeholdersare vital to ensure success

• Institutional and legal changes are necessary

CONCLUSION

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