Post on 15-Dec-2020
Pengelolaan
Pengganggu Tanaman
Oleh: Irda Safni
1. Pendahuluan - Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang
berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan
2. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan
dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman perkebunan
3. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan
dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman pangan dan
palawija
4. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan
dengan penyakit pada tanaman hortikultura
Silabus
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PENDAHULUAN
Penyakit tumbuhan
adalah kerusakan fungsi fisiologi normal suatu
tanaman atau bagian tanaman, yang disebabkan
oleh gangguan berkelanjutan dari faktor-faktor
utama.
Kehilangan karena kisaran penyakit (max 30%)
Infeksi parah: kegagalan tanaman hingga 100%
Apa penyebab penyakit tumbuhan?Jamur
Bakteri
Fitoplasma
Virus
Nematoda
Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes
Survival Crop residue
Soil
Alt. hosts
-
Crop residue
Soil
Alt. hosts
Insect vectors
-
-
Alt. hosts
Insect vectors
Crop residue
Soil
-
-
Dispersal Wind
Rain
Insects
Wind
Rain
Insects
-
-
Insects
Tillage
Equipment
Water run-off
Infection Directly
Wounds
Insect feeding
-
Wounds
Insect feeding
-
-
Insect feeding
Directly
-
-
Perbandingan Siklus Penyakit
Segitiga Penyakit
Bagaimana suatu penyakit tumbuhan
berkembang…….
• Perkembangan penyakit
bergantung kepada interaksi
di atara 3 faktor-faktor yang
berbeda, yaitu:
• Tanaman Inang
• Patogen
• Lingkungan
i. Genetic resistance or susceptibility of Host
–Vertical Resistance
–Horizontal Resistance
ii.Degree of genetic uniformity of host in a particular field
–Monoculture, especially Clones
–Natural, Intermingled Populations
iii.Type of crops
-Annual crops & foliar or fruit diseases develop much
more rapidly (in weeks)
-Perennial woody diseases take longer time to develop (in years)
iv. Age of host plants
-Some plants are susceptible only during growth period & become resistant during
mature period
1. How the Plant Affects Development disease
i.Levels of virulence
–Faster Production of Larger # Inoculum
ii.Quantity of inoculum near hosts
iii.Type of reproduction of the pathogen
–Monocyclic
–Polycyclic
•Responsible for most Sudden, Catastrophic Epidemics
iv.Ecology of the pathogen
–Reproduce on Surface of Aerial Parts of Plant
–Reproduce inside Plant
–Reproduce on Infected Plant Parts in Soil
v.Mode of spread of the pathogen
–Breezes or Strong Winds
•Most Sudden & Widespread Epidemics
–Inoculum Carried by Airborne Vectors
–Wind-Blown Rain
–Carried on Seed, Tubers, Bulbs
–Beetles
–Pathogens Spreading through Soil
•Usually Local, Slow-Spreading Diseases of Considerable Severity
3. Environmental factors
i. Moisture
-Rain, dew, high humidity
-Dominant factor in diseases caused by oomycetes,
fungi, bacteria & nematodes
ii.Temperature
-Affects disease cycles of pathogens
Disease development is also affected by
4. TimeTime factors
Season of the year
Duration & frequency of favorable temp. & rains
Appearance of vectors, etc.
Site Selection & Preparation
Selection of Propagative Material
Introduction of Exotic Pathogens
Cultural Practices
Disease control measures
Introduction of new pathogens or disease
How Humans Affect Development of
Plant Disease
• Measures taken to prevent incidence of adisease, reduce the amount of inoculum thatinitiates the spreads of disease and finallyminimises the loss caused by the disease havetraditionally being called as control measures.
• Plant disease management is the eminentprocess in crop production.
• A disease can be managed by eliminatinginteraction between
o A susceptible host
o A virulent pathogen
o In suitable environmental condition
What is Control Measures……
Disease Cycle
Siklus Sekunder
Siklus Primer
Fase Patogenesa
Fase Saprogenesa
Siklus Primer
Fase patogenesa
Inokulum patogen pertama ada di lapang
dan melakukan infeksi serta
menimbulkan penyakit.
Fase Saprogenesa
Patogen bertahan pada kondisi tertentu di
alam terjadi bila kondisi tidak optimal atau
ekstrim.
Siklus SekunderFase destruktif patogen
Terjadi pada inang utama dan kondisi
optimal kerusakan tanaman
Disease Cycle
Management = interrupt the disease cycle
Disease Cycle
Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection ColonizationSymptoms
Production of survival
structures
Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005
Management = interrupt the disease cycle
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
1) AVOIDANCE
2) EXCLUSION
3) ERADICATION
4) PROTECTION
5) RESISTANT VARIETIES
6) THERAPY
H. H. Whetzel included four general disease control principles, Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, Resistance
AvoidanceAvoiding disease by altering planting time, or
planting in areas where inoculum is ineffective due to environmental condition or rare or absent.
Avoidance can be carried out by:-
Choice of geographical areas
Selection of field
Selection of seed and planting material
Choice of time of showing
Disease escaping varieties
Modification of cultural practices
Seed quality- plant seed that is high quality
Planting infected seed can inhibit germination, slow seedling growth, or introduce new pathogens into a field.
Exclusion
Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist.
• Seed treatment
• Inspection
• Certification
• Quarantine (Federal or State)
• Cleaned farm equipment
Cleaning farm equipment
Example of Quarantine Regulation
Eradication
This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread.
It can be applied to
individual plants,
seed lots,
fields or regions
It is generally not effective over large geographic areas
Eradiation can be done by……
Destroying weeds that are reservoirs of various pathogens or insect vectors of disease,
Biological control of plant pathogen Crop rotation Soil treatment Heat and chemical treatment
Elimination of potato cull pilesWeed Control
Crop Rotation
Soil Treatment
Burning of infected
residues crop
Propane flaming
Crop rotation- prevents build up of inoculum
Competition for foodDestroyed/suppressed
Protection
Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and pathogens.
• Chemical treatment
• Chemical control of insect vector
• Modification of environment
or environment condition
• Modification of host nutrition
Fungicides
Foliar fungicides- stop infection and colonization of host
Syngenta
Resistant Varieties
Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy.
• Selection and hybridisation of disease resistance
• Mutation for disease
resistance
Resistance- prevents colonization and disease development
Soybean cyst nematode
Resistance- reduces build up of inoculum
Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-green
color lesions
Susceptible variety has large lesions
Corn Leaf Blight
Susceptible and resistant plant to papaya ringspot
virus
Susceptible and resistant plant
Therapy of disease plant
Reducing severity of disease in an infected individual by chemicals.
• Chemotherapy
• Tree Surgery
• Heat Therapy
Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
How does management interrupt the disease cycle?
Interrupting the disease cycle
Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed
Interrupting the disease cycle
Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
Interrupting the disease cycle
Variety resistance; fungicides
Summary
The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same.
Effective management strategies break the disease cycle.
An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies.
Understanding disease cycle is the fundamental of plant disease management
TERIMA KASIH