Atomic Structure & Isotope
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Transcript of Atomic Structure & Isotope
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John Dalton
Small indivisible ball similar to a
very tiny ball
Membayangkan bahawa atom ialah
bola yg tidak boleh dibahagikan samaseperti bola yg sgt halus
(Imagined the atom as a small
indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball)
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J.J Thomson
Atom is positive charged
sphere/cloud with electron
embedded in it.
-Menjumpai elektron(He discovers the electron.)
-Mencadangkan atom sebagai sfera bercas
positif dan juga mengandungi cas negatif di
dlmnya yg dipanggil elektron(He described the atom as a sphere/cloud of
positive charge which contains a few
negatively-charged particles called
electrons.)
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Ernest Rutherford
Protons are concentrated in the centre
of the atom called the nucleus, with a
cloud of electrons surrounding the
nucleus.
- Menjumpai proton iaitu cas positif dlm
atom (He discovered the proton. )- Mencadangkan jisim atom tertumpu dlm
nukleus bercas positif dan elektron
bergerak dlm ruang di luar nukleus (He
suggested that positive charge and mass
of atom are concentrated in the centre of
the atom called the nucleus, and electron
move outside the nucleus.
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The electrons are moved in shells
surrounding the nucleus.
- Mencadangkan elektron-elektron
bergerak mengelilingi nukleus dlm
petala/orbit
(He proposed that the electrons in
an atom move in shells around thenucleus)
Niels Bohr
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James Chadwick
Nucleus consists of protons and
neutrons, with the nucleus
surrounded by electron shells.
-menemui neutron iaitu neutral
zarah wujud dlm nukleus
(He discovered theneutron, neutral
particle in the nucleus).
-Mencadangkan nukleus
mengandungi proton dan neutron(He suggested that nucleus consists
of protons and neutrons, with the
nucleus surrounded by electron
shells.)
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Atom terdiri drpd tiga jenis zarah subatom iaitu :
(Atoms made up of three types of subatomic particles)a) proton
b) neutron
c) elektron (electron)
Proton & neutron dijumpai dlm nukleus(Protons & neutrons found in the nucleus of atom).
Elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus
(Electrons move around the nucleus)
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Subatomic
particle
(zarah
subatom)
Symbol Relative
mass
(jisim
relatif)
Charge
(cas)
Location
Proton p 1 +1 In the nucleus
Electron e 1/1840 -1In orbits around
the nucleus
Neutron n 1 0 In the nucleus
Nukleus adalah bercas positif kerana protonadalah positif & neutron adalah neutral
Atom adalah neutral apabila bil. proton
dan elektron adalah sama.
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Nombor proton (Protons Number) and Nombor nukleon
(Nucleon Number)
Nombor proton(proton number) adalah:
- bil. proton dlm nukleus atom (the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom).
- Juga dikenali sebagai nombor atom(also known as the
atomic number)
- Apabila atom adalah neutral, maka nombor proton adalah
ditunjukkan oleh bil. elektron.
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Nombor nukleon (nucleon number)
- ialah jumlah bil. proton & neutron di dlmatom sesuatu unsur
(total number of protons & neutrons)
- juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim(also known as mass number)
Nombor nukleon= bil. proton + bil. neutron
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-Setiap unsur kimia mempunyai nama & simbol masing-masing.
-setiap simbol unsur mengandungi satu @ dua huruf
(each symbol consists of one @ two letters).
-Dlm simbol, :huruf pertama ditulis huruf besar(1st letter is written in capital letter)
huruf kedua ditulis huruf kecil (2nd is written in small letter)
simbol ditulis seperti berikut:
nombor nukleon
simbol unsurnombor proton
contoh:
nombor nukleon
simbol unsur Magnesium
nombor proton
A
XZ
24
Mg12Bil. proton= 12
Bil. elektron= 12
Bil. neutron= nombor nukleon nombor proton
= 24-12
= 12
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Proton
number
Element symbol Proton
number
element symbol
1 Hydrogen H 11 Sodium Na
2 Helium He 12 Magnesium Mg
3 Lithium Li 13 Aluminium Al
4 Beryllium Be 14 Silicon Si
5 Boron B 15 Phosphorus P
6 Carbon C 16 S
7 Nitrogen N 17 Chlorine Cl
8 Oxygen O 18 Argon Ar9 Flourine F 19 Potassium K
10 Neon Ne 20 Calcium Ca
HW: pg. 19 WTO 2.4 no. 1,2
pg. 20 QRB no. 1-3
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12
14
15
7 7
9 10
7
10 11
6 6
9
7
10
1. Define proton number & nucleon number.
Proton number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleon number is the total no. of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of atom.
2. complete the table below:
Atom No. of
protons
No. of
electrons
No. of
neutrons
P 6 6
Q 7
R 9
S 7 8
T 10
Proton
number
7
Nucleon
number
19
21
6 6 12
7 7 14
9 10 9
1577
10 11 10
6
9
7
10
66 6 12
7 7 14
9 10 9
7 7 15
10 11 10
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3. Who proposed this model?
electron
nucleus contains proton & neutron
a) Neils Bohrb) J.J. Thomson
c) James Chadwick
d) Ernest Rutherford
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14
N7
4. Figure above shows the symbol of nitrogen atom.
Determine:a) Proton number
b) Nucleon number
c) Number of protons
d) Number of electrons
e) Number of neutrons
7
14
7
7
7
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I t d k ti
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Isotop dan kepentingannya
(Isotopes and Their Importance)
What is isotope?
Isotop adalah atom-atom unsur yg sama ygmempunyai bil. proton yg sama tetapi bil.
neutron yg berbeza
( the atoms of same element which contain a
same number of protons, but a differentnumber of neutrons.)
Isotop juga mempunyai nombor proton yg
sama tetapi nombor nukleon yg berbeza.
I t f l t
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Isotopesof some elementElement Isotopes
Hydrogen
1 proton0 neutron 1 proton1 neutron 1 proton2 neutrons
Carbon
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 protons
7 neutrons
6 protons
8 neutrons
Oxygen
8 protons
8 neutrons
8 protons
9 neutrons
8 protons
10 neutrons
16 protons
16 neutrons
16 protons
18 neutrons
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Bromine
35 protons
44neutrons
35 protons
46 neutrons
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H1
1H
2
1 H3
1
C12
6 C13
6C
14
6
O16
8 O17
8 O18
8
S32
16S
34
16
rB79
35rB
81
35
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Bidang (Field) Isotope applications
Perubatan
(Medical)
sinaran gamma drpd kobalt-60 digunakan utk rawat
kanser (gamma rays ofcobalt-60 used to kill cancer)
Iodin-131 digunakan utk rawat pesakit tiroid (iodine-131
used to treat thyroid patient).
Arkeologi
(Archeology)
Karbon-14 utk kaji umur bahan-bahan purba/fosil
( carbon-14 used to study age of ancient artifacts)
Pertanian
(Agricultural)
fosforus-32 utk mengkaji serapan baja oleh tumbuhan
carbon-14 is used to study passage of carbon in
photosynthesis.
Perindustrian
(Industrial)
Natrium-24 utk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah
(sodium-24 used to detect leakage of undergroundpipe)
HW: pg. 21 WTO 2.5
pg. 21 QRC no. 1-4
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Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
1
Hydrogen-1 H1
1 1 1 0
2
Hydrogen-2 H1
1 2 1 1
3
Hydrogen-3 H1
1 3 1 2
80Bromine-80 Br
35
35 80 35 45
81
Bromine-81 Br35
35 81 35 46
Element
Hydrogen
Bromine
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Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
12
Carbon-12 C6
6 12 6 6
13
Carbon-13 C6
6 13 6 7
14
Carbon-14 C6
6 14 6 8
Element
Carbon
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Atoms made up of :
nucleus that contain protons & neutrons
electrons that move in shells around
nucleus
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Shells of an atom is numbered starting from shells that closest to nucleus.
Shells closest to nucleus numbered with one.
Next shells is numbered with two & so on..
Each shells can only consists of a certain number of electrons.
The ways electrons distributed @ arranged in shells of an atom is called electron
arrangement @ electron configuration.
First shell
Second shell
Third shell
Max no. of e for elements with proton number 1-20
Nucleus
8
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1. Fill electrons to the shells that closet to nucleus first which is 1st shell
with max number of electrons that 1st
shells can hold.
2. The next shells is filled up (diisi) if there are remaining of electrons.
Eg: Calcium, Ca has 20 electrons (20 protons)
electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2
CaCa
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Valence electrons:
are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
eg:electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2
Thus, it has two valence electrons.
element with same number of valence electrons
have same chemical properties.
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1. What mean by isotope?
Atom of same element with same proton number but different
nucleon numbers.
@ atom of an element with different number of neutrons
32 31
2. P and P are two isotopes of phosphorus. State the number of subatomic15 15
particles for each isotopes.
Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number of
protons
Number of
neutrons
32
P15
15 32 15 17
31
P15
15 31 15 16
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3. Write the electron arrangement for the atoms below.
35
a) Cl17
19
b) F9
4. Determine the number of valence electrons for elements with this proton number:a) 7
b) 9
c) 16
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