JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA Pelan...

JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

Pelan Pengurusan Persisiran Pantai Bersepadu (ISMP)

bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar – Tuaran)

Executive Summary

FINAL REPORT NOVEMBER 2012

PY Konsep Perunding Sdn. Bhd. (150165-U) Lot 15 & 16, 1st Floor, Block C, Iramanis Centre, Jalan Lintas, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia


bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar – Tuaran)

Executive Summary


bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar-Tuaran)

Exec summary i

Contents

1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 ISMP Study Objectives and Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Study Sectors ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3.1 Physical Environment ..................................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3.2 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................. 1-3 1.3.3 Land Use, Tourism and Recreation ........................................................................................................... 1-4 1.3.4 Socio Economics ................................................................................................................................................ 1-4 1.3.5 Legal, Institutional and Policy Framework ........................................................................................... 1-4 1.3.6 Shoreline Protection and Restoration Options .................................................................................... 1-5 1.4 Report Structure .............................................................................................................................................................. 1-5 1.5 Study Area and Management Units ......................................................................................................................... 1-5 1.5.1 Coastal Sediment Cells ................................................................................................................................... 1-5 1.5.1.1 Primary Cells ..................................................................................................................................... 1-7 1.5.1.2 Secondary Cells (Subcells) .......................................................................................................... 1-8 1.5.2 Management Units ........................................................................................................................................... 1-8 1.6 Defining Management Objectives and Strategies ........................................................................................... 1-13

2 Baseline Findings ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Physical Environment ................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Coastal Morphology ....................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1.1 Erosion ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1.2 Sedimentation ................................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.1.2 Coastal Protection and Reclamations .................................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.2.1 Coastal Protection ......................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.2.2 Reclamation ...................................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.1.3 Coastal Flooding ............................................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.1.4 Dredging .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-4 2.1.5 Sand Mining........................................................................................................................................................ 2-4 2.1.6 Water Quality .................................................................................................................................................... 2-4 2.2 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 2-4 2.2.1 Coastal Habitats ................................................................................................................................................. 2-4 2.2.2 Coral Reefs ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.3 Seagrass ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-5 2.2.4 Marine Fauna ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.5 Fishery and Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.3 Land use, Tourism and Recreation .......................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.4S Socio-economics .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-7 2.4.1 Economic Background .................................................................................................................................... 2-7 2.4.2 Demography........................................................................................................................................................ 2-7 2.4.3 Issues faced by Coastal Communities ...................................................................................................... 2-8

3 Stakeholders Comments and Inputs ...................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 Sectoral Study ................................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change ............................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Coastal Flooding ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.2 Tsunami ................................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.3 Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2 Coastal Erosion Management .................................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.1 Coastal Management Options ....................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.1.1 Setback Lines and Buffer Zones .................................................................................................. 4-2 4.2.2 Specific Coastal Management (Erosion) .................................................................................................. 4-3



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4.3 River Mouths and Sand Mining .............................................................................................................................................. 4-3 4.3.1 Common Problems within River Mouth Areas ...................................................................................... 4-3 4.3.2 River Mouth Improvement Options ........................................................................................................... 4-4 4.3.3 Sand Mining........................................................................................................................................................... 4-4 4.4 Proposed Development and Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 4-5 4.4.1 Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation)...................................................................... 4-5 4.5 Coastal Monitoring ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4-8 4.5.1 Recommended Shoreline Monitoring System ....................................................................................... 4-8 4.6 Enhancing Water Quality .......................................................................................................................................................... 4-8 4.6.1 Strategies and Interventions ...................................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.6.1.1 Managing Discharges ....................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.6.1.2 Solid Wastes ......................................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.6.1.3 Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas ............................................. 4-9 4.6.1.4 Sustainable Aquaculture Activities ............................................................................................ 4-9 4.7 Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan.................................................................................................................. 4-10 4.7.1 Proposed Development Options ............................................................................................................... 4-10 4.7.2 Integral Beach Management Plan ............................................................................................................. 4-13 4.8 Governance................................................................................................................................................................................. 4-13 4.8.1 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 4-13

5 Information Management System ............................................................................................................................ 5-1

6 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1

7 Management Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 7-1

8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1

Figures

Figure 1.1 Study area. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1-6 Figure 1.2 Defined cell and subcell boundaries. ................................................................................................................................................ 1-7 Figure 1.3 Management units defined for Kimanis Special Cell. ............................................................................................................ 1-10 Figure 1.4 Management units defined for Papar Cell. ................................................................................................................................. 1-11 Figure 1.5 Management units defined for Kota Kinabalu Cell. ................................................................................................................ 1-12 Figure 1.6 Management units defined for Tuaran Cell. ............................................................................................................................... 1-13 Figure 4.1 Recommended cluster development alternative set out in the West Coast of Sabah Shoreline Management

Plan, 1998. (Alternative BII). ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4.2 Kinarut Tourism Cluster alternative layouts. .............................................................................................................................. 4-7 Figure 4.3 Option 1 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach. .......................................................................................... 4-11 Figure 4.4 Option 2 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach. .......................................................................................... 4-12

Tables

Table 4.1 Recommended design seawater level for West Coast of Sabah. ......................................................................................... 4-1 Table 4.2 Sabah Development Corridor Entry Point Projects within study area. ........................................................................... 4-5 Table 6.1 Recommendations highlighted within sectoral reports. ........................................................................................................ 6-1 Table 7.1 List of management objectives within each of the 67 management units. .................................................................... 7-1

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1 Introduction

1.1 General

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS),also referred to as the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Malaysia, awarded PY Konsep Perunding Sdn Bhd the study “Pelan Pengurusan Persisiran Pantai Bersepadu (ISMP) bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar-Tuaran)” on 20th July 2011 viz letter of appointment ref. no: (15)dlm PPS(S)14/11 JLD.2.

The commencement date of this study was set as 1st August 2012 with an original study period of twelve (12) months and completion by 31st July 2012, but extended due to issues on primary and secondary data collection.

1.2 ISMP Study Objectives and Scope

The main aims of the ISMP study are:

Reduce risks to people and property from coastal erosion and/or flooding; Improve and enhance the quality of recreational beaches; Assist in the conservation of the coastal environment and areas of historical, archaeological

value; Assist in the planning of land use along the coastal area; Assist the State Government and the various State Government Agencies/Departments in

making informed decisions with respect to the development in the coastal area.

The state vision, local plans and proposed development plans have, where appropriate, been considered in the formulation of objectives and strategies for the management of the shoreline. However, other factors considered are:

Environmental sustainability Need for conservation of environmentally sensitive areas To facilitate and enhance the enjoyment and appreciation by the public of the natural

beauty of the coastline through improving and extending opportunities for recreational, educational, sporting and tourism activities that draw on, and are consistent with the conservation and protection of their natural beauty;

Livelihood of fishermen Welfare, social and cultural needs of existing and future coastal population Planning and protection of developments in areas vulnerable to coastal hazards such as

erosion, flooding and water pollution.

The ToR outlined the objectives of the study as follow:

Re-appraisal of the erosion status based on the categories set in the National Coastal Erosion Study 1985 and previous Shoreline Management Plans for the State of Sabah;

Appraisal of coastal erosion control options and the expected impacts of their implementation to the adjacent areas and environment;

Selection of coastal development management strategies along the shoreline; Formulation of specific guidelines for development activities along the shoreline To enhance the use of ICT/GIS within the various State Agencies and the State Government

with an easily accessible depository of ISMP data.



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Based on the ToR the study included three (3) phases, namely:

Phase 1: Data Collection and Analysis

Phase 1 covered data collection and analyses and included the following:

Collection of primary and secondary data Coastal hydraulic study Analysis of coastal processes Environmental assessment Recreational and tourism assessment Archaeological and historical assessment Land use assessment Legal and institutional assessment

Phase 2: Setting Management Objectives

Management objectives for the shoreline have been defined on basis of all data that have been collected and analysed. Some of these objectives are applicable to the whole shoreline while others are more specific. These objectives have been ranked in the order of importance, after consultation with all the relevant parties that have had opportunities to review and refine them. These proposed objectives have been finalized and adopted with the concurrence of the state Government and the relevant authorities.

The appraisal and selection of coastal development management objectives and strategies have been presented to all KKPG members at meetings to allow for the interest and aspirations of each party to be understood and taken into consideration in the ISMP. These meetings have allow the members to be kept informed of all developments, provide opportunity for member contribution and address any area of conflicting interest during the setting of the management objectives.

Phase 3: Preparation of Plan

The ISMP concluded with Phase 3 which included the following tasks and outputs:

Classification of shoreline; Coastal defence options; Coastal development management strategies; An information system comprising of a spatial (GIS based) and a non-spatial information

system Develop specific guidelines and conditions Development of GIS coverage for the integrated shoreline management of the coastline from

Papar to Tuaran, Sabah. Conceptual layouts for beach stabilisation and improvement of water quality for focus areas

to enhance aesthetic and recreational values

1.3 Study Sectors

For integrated shoreline management planning multiple sectors affecting the shoreline zone have been considered. The sectors are:

Physical environment considering processes affecting shoreline morphology and evolution and water quality

Biological environment covering environmental aspects such as coastal and marine ecology Land use, tourism and recreation Socio-economics in general and on coastal villages in particular Legal, institutional and policy framework governing for the development of the plan Shoreline protection and restoration options

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The scope for each sector is briefly described in subsequent sections.

1.3.1 Physical Environment The scope of works for the description of the physical environment includes: Primary surveys and collection of secondary data for analysis of coastal processes. Catchment modelling:

- Development of catchment and pollution load models to estimate pollution generated on a catchment basis and to identify main pollutant sources.

Coastal hydraulic modelling: - Development of detailed nearshore wave model for derivation of temporal and spatial

variation of wave characteristics along the shoreline. - Development of a detailed local hydrodynamic model capable of resolving the details of

the nearshore tidal and non-tidal water movements along the shoreline and within estuaries

- Development of sediment transport models to describe sediment transport along the shore and bypass of sediments around headlands (natural or artificial) and across river mouths

Establishment of littoral sediment budget along the shoreline Assess the long term morphology evolution due to coastal developments and to determine

the best coastal defence option for problem areas Estimate coastal flood levels Assess the spatial and temporal excursion of turbid sediment plumes emanating from the

main riverine sources Assess the spatial and temporal dispersion of pollutants discharged from rivers and drains

Formulate management strategies and recommendations to minimise pollution levels for critical areas

1.3.2 Biological Environment The main objective of the biological-ecological environmental assessment was to identify and evaluate the importance of the various ecological resources within the study area which would guide or influence shoreline management strategies and coastal defence options. In order to achieve this, the following activities were carried out:

Terrestrial/Intertidal Habitat Assessment(including mangroves) - Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify various landforms,

habitats and linkages - Mapping of vegetation units based on satellite image analysis and ground truthing. - Profiling ofvegetation units. - Evaluation and assessment of important habitats and population. This includes also the

potential threats to the ecological management units - Formulate management objectives for terrestrial habitats - Recommend management strategies for ecological units

Marine Resources - Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify presence and

distribution of sensitive marine habitats and fauna. - Carry out rapid surveys of selected areas where information on reefs/ seagrass areas is

outdated or lacking. - Evaluate and assess the distribution of coral reefs and seagrass beds and their health - Evaluate and assess the presence of aquatic fauna of conservation value, such as turtles

and dolphins - Formulate management objectives and strategies for marine habitats

Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources - Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify main fishing

grounds and aquaculture activities



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- Assess marine habitats identified above for suitability as fishing breeding and nursery grounds.

1.3.3 Land Use, Tourism and Recreation The assessment of the land use included mapping of present (actual) land use,including existing tourism and recreational facilities, based on satellite imagery analysis, data from relevant authorities and ground truthing surveys. The following components were assessed during the shoreline surveys:

Beach Quality Surveys including observations of water clarity, beach width, beach quality (debris or solid wastes), tranquility as measures of overall suitability for recreation and tourism.

Survey of all resorts and recreational areas along the study area shoreline

Future land use proposals were determined through available Local and District Plans from the Town and Regional Planning Department and local authorities, and planned future development activities in particular from the Sabah Development Corridor proposals. These development proposals were assessed with respect to the findings of the study and existing guidelines on coastal and waterfront developments. Where possible, the developments have been integrated with the recommendations of this study, while general guidelines and policies with respect to development activities in coastal areas have also been formulated.

1.3.4 Socio Economics The socio-economic evaluation covered the following aspects:

Demography. General demographic analysis includes population size, growth, structure and spatial distribution based on Department of Statistics information.

Economic activities - general economic activities within the study area, including fisheries, tourism and industries.

A socioeconomic survey was also carried out in order to collection additional information on the local communities’ perception of environmental conditions, threats such as erosion and pollution, and their receptiveness to development, such as tourism or other developments in their localities.

The survey was carried out from late November to mid December 2011 and covered 28 coastal villages in the districts of Papar, Putatan, Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran.

1.3.5 Legal, Institutional and Policy Framework The scope for the legal, institutional and policy framework covered the following:

Review and evaluation of existing institutional framework for the management of the shoreline in Sabah and in the districts within the study area.

Review and evaluation of existing legal framework for the control and regulation of development activities along the shoreline of Sabah and in the coastal districts within the study area in particular

Review and evaluate existing State/Federal Government policies on ISMP in general and the management and development of the Sabah State shoreline, in particular with reference to the existing Sabah Shoreline Management Plan adopted by the State Cabinet in 2006

Identify and summarise the main issues and problems related to the existing institutional and legal framework for shoreline management in Sabah

Propose where necessary any requirements for new policies, strategies, legislations, regulations, guidelines or institutional arrangements for the integrated management of the shoreline in the study area

Make recommendations for institutional arrangements for the implementation of the present ISMP and make appropriate recommendations

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1.3.6 Shoreline Protection and Restoration Options The scope of works for the relating to shoreline protection and restoration options included:

Description of advantages and disadvantages of different shoreline protection options General coastal engineering guidance for design of shoreline protection Recommendation of shoreline protection or restoration for areas currently facing erosion Provision of conceptual plan for beautification and restoration of selected stretches of

shoreline by beach nourishment works and any other structural or non-structural measures to beautify the shoreline.

1.4 Report Structure

The ISMP Report is presented in three volumes as follows:

Volume 1 – Main Volume – Summary and MU Objectives and Strategies. This volume provides general discussion on the main coastal management issues for the shoreline from Papar to Turan and the broad principles considered in formulating the MU objectives and strategies. For ease of reference MU objectives and strategies are presented on tabular form.

The earlier SMP was in 2007 endorsed by the State Cabinet and forms today the basis for the management of the shoreline for the State of Sabah. It is the intention and hope that the present plan that in greater detail addresses managements issues and detail development strategies along the stretch of shoreline from Papar to Tuaran, Sabah in due time will become the statutory plan. For some MUs management objectives and strategies may have changed or amendments made and for easy reference previous and present management objectives and strategies have been tabulated and included in an appendix.

Volume 2 – Managing the Shoreline from Papar to Tuaran – Challenges and Opportunities.This volume contains detailed and specific discussions and recommendations on major coastal management aspects. Issues covered inlcude coastal flooding and tsunami, climate change, coastal erosion and sedimentation, coastal protection, dredging and sand mining, potential impacts of proposed coastal developments, water quality, beach beautification and restoration as well as governance.

Volume 3 – Baseline Report. A significant amount of data has been collected during the course of the study. This volume describes both primary and secondary and primary data collected as well as the analyses carried out and the organisation of data into an IMS.

1.5 Study Area and Management Units

The geographic scope of the ISMP covers the area from Kuala Papar in the Papar district up to Tg. Luok Pisok in the Tuaran district (Figure 1.1), with the approximate shoreline length of 100 km. The extent of the shoreline area to be considered in the study is general 1 km landward and 12 km seaward of the shoreline. There are twelve islands within the study area of which the islands of Pulau Sulug, Mamutik, Manukan, Sapi and a large portion of P. Gaya are protected within the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park (TARP). The part of islands within these parks isconsidered in the study as a single management unit (protected area unit).

1.5.1 Coastal Sediment Cells The shoreline within the study area has been sub-divided into three (3) main coastal sediment cells containing a number of sub-cells. The delineation of cells and sub-cells is based upon sections of coastline with similar sediment transport and morphological characteristics (see Figure 1.2).



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Figure 1.1 Study area.

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Figure 1.2 Defined cell and subcell boundaries.

1.5.1.1 Primary Cells A primary sediment cell is defined as a section of coast bounded by morphological features around which there is negligible sediment bypass, even during extreme events, or bounded by major rivers where the sediment supply from the river dominates the littoral drift.



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Based upon this definition, it follows that coastal construction in one primary cell will have no influence on the shoreline morphology of adjacent cells. Pollution and fine sediments may however be transported by marine currents from one cell to another.

The three (3) primary cells defined within the study area (cell number in brackets corresponds to the definition of the Sabah SMP from 2005) are delineated below (south to north) and shown in Figure 1.2:

1. Papar Primary cell (Cell 5) delineated by Kuala Papar in the south and Tg. Aru headland in the north

2. Kota Kinabalu Primary Cell (Cell 6) delineated by Tg. Aru headland and Tg. Kaitan 3. Tuaran Primary Cell (Cell 7) delineated by Tg. Kaitan and Tg. Luok Pisok to the north

Kuala Papar is as per the ToR the southern boundary of the study area, but due to the notorious erosion problems encountered at Pantai Manis immediately south of Kuala Papar the study area has been extended a few kilometres southward and a special cell has been defined:

Pantai Manis Special Cell (part of Cell 4) covering the coastline parcel of Pantai Manis bounded by Kuala Papar to the north

1.5.1.2 Secondary Cells (Subcells)

Secondary cells divide the primary cells into smaller sections, which exhibit similar sediment transport characteristics and are bounded by features around which sediment bypass is small during normal conditions, although there may be considerable bypass during extreme events.Based upon this definition, it follows that coastal construction in one secondary cell will only have a small influence on adjacent subcells.

Papar Primary Cell into three (3) subcells: - North-Papar - Kinarut and - Tg. Aru

Kota Kinabalu Primary Cell into five (5) subcells: - KK City - Likas - Tarak Tarak - Sapangar - Tg. Gaya

Tuaran Primary Cell into two (2) sub-cells: - Karambunai and - Sabandar Bay

1.5.2 Management Units For each subcell, smaller management units (MUs) which possess coherent features in terms of physical characteristics and land use have been defined. In some cases, separate sub-management units or hinterland management units are defined within each management unit due to their distinct land use or natural feature differ from the main management unit fronting the shoreline (e.g. in the case of estuaries or mangrove systems which extend some distance inland and need to be considered under the ISMP yet are not located along the shoreline). Generally the following factors have been considered while defining the MUs:

Coastal processes (littoral drift, sediment type, etc.) Erosion threat and coastal protection requirements Beach quality Hinterland land use Cadastral and administrative boundaries Socio-cultural issues

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Defined MUs and their code names are as far as possible similar to previous selections made in the earlier SMP, however, management unit boundaries have been amended which has resulted in addition or deletion of some MUs along the study area and in total 67 MUs have been defined. For readers familiar with the earlier SMP Appendix A may be used for cross referencing.

Pantai Manis Special Cell into 2 management units: - C4-14: Pantai Manis - C4-15: Papar Islamic School

Papar Cell into 22 management units and has 3 sub management units: - C5-01: Kuala Papar - C5-02: Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat - C5-02b: Immediate Hinterland - C5-03: Sg. Pengalat Estuary - C5-04: Summer Bay, Melinsung - C5-04b: Melinsung Mangroves - C5-05: Tg. Melinsung - C5-06: Tg. Melinsung to Sg. Kawang - C5-07: Sg. Kawang Mangroves - C5-08: Sg. Kawang to Kg. Kinarut Laut - C5-09: Kg. Kinarut Laut to Sg. Kinarut - C5-10: Sg. Kinarut Mangroves - C5-11: Palm Beach - C5-12: Kinarut Beach - C5-13: Kg. Karang to Lok Kawi Army Base - C5-14: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase I - C5-15: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase II - C5-16: Meruntum Lagoon North - C5-17: Sg. Putatan to Tg. Dumpil - C5-18: Tg. Dumpil - C5-19: Tg. Dumpil to Sg. Petagas - C5-20: Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) - C5-20b: Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) Runway Extended - C5-21: Tanjung Aru Beach - C5-22: Pulau Dinawan

Kota Kinabalu Cell into 22 management units and has 3 sub management unit: - C6-01: Shangri-La’s Tanjung Aru Resort (STAR) - C6-02: Kg. Tanjung Aru to Sutera Harbour - C6-03: Sutera Harbour/Sembulan - C6-04: KK Times Square - C6-05: Central Bus Station - C6-06: Kota Kinabalu Waterfront - C6-07: Kota Kinabalu Port - C6-08: Tg. Lipat to Likas Beach - C6-09: Likas Beach to Anjung Selera - C6-09b: Likas Lagoon - C6-10: Sg. Inanam Mangroves - C6-11: Sg. Inanam to Kg. Layang-Layang - C6-12: Kg. Tarak-Tarak to Sg. Menggatal - C6-13: Sg. Menggatal Estuary - C6-14: UiTM Campus - C6-15: Sapangar Bay Industrial Area - C6-16: Sapangar Fish Factory - C6-17 : Sapangar Naval Base - C6-18 : Ocean Quarry - C6-19: Tg. Gaya and Tg. Kaitan - C6-20: Pulau Sepangar - C6-21: Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP) - C6-22: Gaya Island



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- C6-22b : Tg. Logong - C6-22c : Gayana Island Resort

Tuaran Cell into 9 management units and has 6 sub management units: - C7-01: Nexus Karambunai - C7-02: Kuala Karambunai and Estuaries - C7-02b: Petronas Complex - C7-02c: Salut – Mengkabung Estuaries - C7-02d: Gayang - C7-03: Shangri-La’s Rasa Ria Resort - C7-03b: Estuary between Tg. Badak and Kg. Trayong - C7-03c: Kg. Trayong - C7-04: Kuala Tambalang - C7-05: Sabandar Beach - C7-05b: Tambalang Estuary Mangroves - C7-06: Kuala Tuaran - C7-07: Mimpian Jadi Resort - C7-08: Sulaman Estuary - C7-09: Sulaman Peninsula

Defined MUs and their code names for the Kimanis special cell, Papar, Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran Cells well as Pantai Manis Special Cell are shown in Figure 1.3 to Figure 1.6. A total of 67 management units are defined for the whole study area.

Figure 1.3 Management units defined for Kimanis Special Cell.

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Figure 1.4 Management units defined for Papar Cell.



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Figure 1.5 Management units defined for Kota Kinabalu Cell.

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Figure 1.6 Management units defined for Tuaran Cell.

1.6 Defining Management Objectives and Strategies

Management objectives and strategies for each MU (defined in Section 1.5) have been derived following the methodology outlined below:



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Identify and describe features Develop management objectives Rank features/objectives Develop management strategies that fulfil the objectives for the feature.

Management strategies to address the management objectives have been defined and as with the management objectives, specific rather than generic management strategies have been developed for each MU based on the identified and prioritised management objectives.

Management strategies have been proposed based on those that best fulfil the top ranked objectives. For example, if the management objective for a particular MU is to protect both a recreational beach and a hotel from erosion, the strategy for coastal defence needs to be tailored to the protection of the hotel while at the same time allowing for recreational activities to be promoted. In this example, a soft defence strategy may be favoured over a hard coastal defence structure.

In general, the MU-specific management strategies may include those related to the following:

Setback - specification of the recommended setback for the particular MU Coastal defence – specification of recommended coastal defence option for the MU Landuse and coastal development recommendations, outline concept plans, including

constraints or best-practice guidelines Conservation strategies or initiatives.

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2 Baseline Findings

The baseline report findings from the various sectors have formed the basis for the development of the ISMP with particular attention given to areas with development potential (achieved in a sustainable manner)and areas where critical issues have been identified. To give a brief

overview important findings and critical issues have been summarised by sectors:

Physical environment (coastal morphology (erosion and sedimentation), coastal flooding, coastal protection, water quality)

Biological environment (terrestrial and marine habitats, fisheries and aquaculture) Land use, tourism and recreation Socio-economics

2.1 Physical Environment

The physical environment sector covers several aspects including coastal morphology, coastal flooding, coastal protection, dredging, reclamation, sand mining and water quality. The issues identified in relation hereto are summarised below.

2.1.1 Coastal Morphology The coastal stretch from Papar to Tuaran is characterised by its diversity and features a variety of coastal environments that may roughly be divided into two main categories:

Regulated or artificial coastlines. Natural unspoiled coastal landscapes.

The coastline in and near Kota Kinabalu is made up by a significant fraction of regulated and artificial coastlines:

i. The regulated coastlines consists of harbours, ports, marinas, land reclamations, water (stilt) villages, seawalls as well as coastal protection structures ranging from provisional to massive protection schemes

ii. The developed part of the coastline facilitates a great number of tourism spots with lower-end to world-renowned hotel/resorts, recreational facilities, waterfronts and also features housing areas, industries and governmental zones

The coastal stretches towards Papar and Tuaran features unspoiled coastlinelandscape with intermittent developments including housing areas/coastal villages, resorts and recreational facilities. The coastal landscape varies significantly with littoral beaches (especially north of Kota Kinabalu towards Tuaran), rocky headlands, river mouths, deltas, lagoons, estuaries, mud flats, sand spits and mangrove swamps.

2.1.1.1 Erosion

More than 50 km of coastline within the study area is undergoing erosion and without protection (or upgrade of existing protection) property, infrastructure or other values will potentially be lost. The eroding coastline has been categorised based on the definitions by the NCES.

Category 1 – Critical erosion with immediate danger for damage or loss of values: i. Pantai Manis Beach south of Kuala Papar ii. Kg. Kinarut Laut iii. JKR Complex at near Sg. Putatan river mouth iv. Kg. Contoh along beach at and south of Sg. Petagas v. Nexus Residential Villa



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Category 2 – Significant erosion with loss of values with a 5 to 10 years period unless protected: i. Palm Beach Villa ii. Tg. Aru Beach at Prince Phillip Park iii. Nexus Resort at Karambunai iv. Karambunai Beach near Sg. Menkabung/Sg. Salut v. Tuaran Beach Resortand private housing at Sabandar Beach vi. Kuala Tuaran Category 3 – Acceptable erosion with no or minor loss of value if not protected i. Kg. Bundusan Papar between Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat ii. Northern Beringgis Beach close to Sg. Kawang iii. Sabandar Beach except area of Tuaran Beach Resort, private housing and areaimmediately

south of Kuala Tuaran For most areas under Category 1 and 2, some coastal protection has been constructed, but have since failed due to inadequate design of the protection structure.

The coastal erosion adjacent to Sg. Papar and Sg. Turan river mouths (Pantai Manis Beach, Kg. Bundusan Papar and Sabandar Beach) may in part be ascribed to sand mining in the rivers.

2.1.1.2 Sedimentation

Sedimentation is a common problem for the river mouths within the study area and for most rivers within the study area it is not possible to navigate through the river mouths with a small boat and for some rivers there is also an increased risk of flooding. The increasing problem of river mouth sedimentation may generally be ascribed to a combination of higher sediments loads due to increased soil erosion in the river catchment following land clearing and reduction in the flushing capacity through the river mouthas the tidal prism of the river is reduced by land reclamation.

At Sg. Petagas river mouth the sedimentation has further increased following the reclamation for the KKIA runway extension, causing the sediments transported along the shoreline (from Tg. Dumpil and northward) to be trapped at the southern end of the reclamation.

Likas Bay is gradually becoming shallower due to discharge of sediments into the bay from monsoon drains and primarily Sg. Inanam. The high sediment concentrations also affect the quality of the beach.

2.1.2 Coastal Protection and Reclamations There are a large number of coastal structures along the shoreline of the study area. In and near Kota Kinabalu developments have mainly occurred on reclaimed land protected by revetments and seawall, whereas at other locations developments originally located at some distance from the shorelinehave become at risk due to erosion and coastal protection has been constructed.Some of the coastal protection structure and reclamations are listed in the following.

2.1.2.1 Coastal Protection Coastal protection structures identified varies from revetments (rubble mounds), seawalls (masonry, reinforced concrete or gabions) and groynes:

i. Along Pantai Manis Beach precast concrete Labuan blocks have been installed in attempt to arrest erosion, but blocks have overturned due to scour and wave action.

ii. Long stretches of the shoreline within the study area are protected by rock revetments (many of these structures are characterised by lack of engineering design and are more rubble mounds):

a. Rock revetmentsin general good condition are found at Pantai Manis School south of Sg. Papar, Beringgis Resort south of Sg. Kawang, Borneo Paradise and Langkah Syabas Resorts along Kinarut Beach, Kota Kinabalu – Papar Highway at Lok Kawi, Bay View Villa at Tg. Dumpil, Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA), Tg,

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Lipatnorth of the old Kota Kinabalu Port, jetty belonging to University Malaysia Sabah (UMS) and within Sapangar Bay

b. Rock revetments in poor condition (failed or failing) are found at Palm Beach Housing Estate at Sg. Kinarut river mouth, JKR Complex north of Sg. Putatan, beach south of Kg. Contoh, and Tuaran Beach Resort south of Sg. Tambalang

iii. Shorter stretches of the shoreline within the study are protected by seawalls (concrete or gabions):

a. Concrete and gabion seawalls in general good condition are found south of Sg. Kawang, Bay View Villa at Tg. Dumpil, Tg. Lipat north of the old Kota Kinabalu Port and Likas Beach, Nexus Resort at Karambunai and at Tuaran Beach Resort.

b. Conctrete or masonry seawalls in poor condition (failed or failing) are found at Kg. Kinarut Laut, Kg. Contoh, Tg. Aru Beachand Nexus Residental Villa at Karambunai

iv. Provisional shoreline protection of tires and concrete pile stubs are found at Kg. Contoh near Sg. Petagas river mouth.

v. Groins are only found at Likas Beach where they function as terminal structures to prevent loss of sand from the beach

The failing coastal protection structures are all found in areas subject to erosion and it appears evident that these structures have been constructed without due consideration of coastal engineering aspects..

2.1.2.2 Reclamation

Land has mainly been reclaimed around Kota Kinabalu with larger part of the city centre developed on reclaimed land. Among the more significant or recent are:

i. The extension of the runway for Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA), which has caused significant sedimentation at Sg. Petagas river mouth and slightly accelerated erosion rates at the southern part of Tg. Aru beach. During construction problems with erosion was noticeable at Kg. Contoh (southern bank of the river mouth), but this ascribed to illegal activities by contractor

ii. The development of Jesselton Residences near Jesselton Point. Given that the Kota Kinabalu waterfront is already protected and with no littoral transport the development will not cause any morphological impacts and merely streamlines the water front

iii. At Sapangar Bay land have been reclaimed for industrial and port development, but with no significant morphological impacts owing to the limited wave exposure and lack of littoral zone

iv. The development of the Naval Base for the Royal Malaysian Navy. Land has been reclaimed over reefs and a causeway constructed from the main land to P. Udar Kechil. Following the construction of the causeway sedimentation has occurred on the northeastern shore of the island

v. The Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront (KKCW)development at the city centre with a minor reclamation on an already protected waterfront

vi. Magellan Sutera Resort and Pacific Sutera Hotel developed on reclaimed peninsular (island) south of Kota Kinabalu city centre

vii. Bay View Villa housing estate between Tg. Dumpil and Sg. Putatan viii. Reclamation fronting Kg. Karang to be part of the Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster. The

reclamation has created a narrow and shallow lagoon now partly closed at the southern end due to trapping of sediments transported along the shore

Most of the reclamations have been protected by revetments and only at some of the recent developments in Kota Kinabalu city centre seawalls have been used

2.1.3 Coastal Flooding Coastal flooding is not a common problem within the study area but does occur:

i. At Karambunai (Nexus Resort) coastal flooding has been reported, although not reaching the resort buildings



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ii. Relatively frequent flooding has been reported at Palm Beach Housing Estate at Sg. Kinarut river mouth, this being due to a too low platform level for the development combined with insufficient setback and poor design of coastal protection

2.1.4 Dredging Higher loads of fine sediments and weak currents result in shallow river mouths with limited flood conveyance and not navigable with even small boats. Dredging has for these reasons been carried out or is being considered for some of the river mouths:

i. Sg. Papar and Sg. Putatan river mouths have recently been dredged to improve navigability ii. Dredging is currently being considered to improve flood conveyance and navigability

through the river mouth of Sg. Petagas

2.1.5 Sand Mining Sand mining or extraction is carried out at numerous locations in Sg. Papar and Sg. Tuaran. Information on the quantities of sand extracted is not available, but morphological changes (erosion) near the river mouths indicate that mining results in a deficit in sediment supply to the shoreline.

2.1.6 Water Quality The coastal and marine water quality varies significantly with the coastal and hinterland land use and as such over the study area. Around Kota Kinabalu the high intensity land use for residential, commercial and industrial purpose result in high pollutant loads in rivers and drains discharging into the sea. For the lower intensity land use towards Papar and Tuaran pollutant loads are significantly lower. The data collected for the present study indicates that the discharges from land-based activities here are a far greater risk to the environment than pollution from marine activities.

The major pollutants of concern are disease-causing microorganisms (e.g. E. coli), nutrients, toxic contaminants, debris and sediments that may adversely impact marine flora and fauna, fisheries and recreational beaches. The loads and the dispersion of pollutants vary with the monsoon seasons and in comparison to the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard the present study reveals that:

iii. High total ammonia nitrogen concentrations exceeding Class 2 requirement are found along the shoreline of Pantai Manis, North-Papar, Kinarut, Tg. Aru, Likas and Sabandar sub-cells.

iv. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations around Sg. Kinarut, Sg. Putatan and Sg. Menggatal river mouths and Likas and Tarak-Tarak sub-cells exceeds for longer periods the Class 2 requirements

v. High faecal coliform concentrations are found relatively close to drains and river mouths and concentrations exceeding Class 2 are observedaround Sg. Papar river mouth and the sub-cells of Kinarut, Tg. Aru, Likas and Sabandar. Only coastal waters within Pantai Manis, Sapangar, Tg. Gaya and Karambunai sub-cells comply with Class 2 standards

2.2 Biological Environment

2.2.1 Coastal Habitats Coastal vegetation within the study area includes beach vegetation, grassland, lowland forests and mangrove forests. Beach forests and woodlands are concentrated mainly within the Tuaran and Papar districts, as the Kota Kinabalu city area extending down to the Putatan district is mostly built-up, and comprises disturbed or artificial habitats such as open grasslands and landscaped areas. Even in the more vegetated areas, the invasive Acacias are very common within the beach forests, indicating previously disturbed habitats. Common beach flora includes coconuts, Aru and Acacias. Less disturbed coastal forests are generally found on the islands, such as P. Gaya, P. Sapangar, as well as on rocky headlands along the coastline.

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The main mangrove areas within the study area are primarily associated with riverine and estuarine systems, whereas coastal fringing mangroves are not a prominent feature within the study area. Historically, the shoreline of Kota Kinabalu supported fringing mangrove habitats; however, these were lost due to expansion of the city area through reclamation since the early 20th century.

The study findings indicate an estimated mangrove area of approximately 5,073 ha within the ISMP project area. The most extensive distribution is found in the Sulaman and Mengkabung bays. The Mengkabung and Sulaman mangroves are relatively intact with Sulaman mangrove protected as a Mangrove Forest Reserve. Most mangrove areas within the study site are however affected to some extent by conversion for road construction, residential development, or other development. Other clearings were for conversion to agriculture and aquaculture activities. When comparing the current mangrove extent to the distribution recorded in 2004, there has been a loss of approximately 91.4 ha (2.4 %) of mangroves within the study area over the approximately 7 year period.

Given the disturbed nature of the terrestrial vegetation in the study area, faunal habitats are restricted primarily to mangrove areas and the coastal forests on headlands. Although no studies have been carried out to determine the fauna of the study area, secondary data indicates that the mangrove areas are highly diverse with different species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds, with a high proportion of species of high conservation value.

2.2.2 Coral Reefs Coral reef distribution within the study area is concentrated in the central region, from Kinarut/Lok Kawi in the south up to Tg. Kaitan (bounding Sapangar Bay) in the north.The coral reefs in Sabah in general as well as in the study area have been rapidly and adversely impacted by human activities in the past decades and the impacts are continuing today. Along the west coast of Sabah, live coral cover has declined due to fish bombing, sedimentation, and effluent run-off from mainland or nearby islands.

Despite the above threats, a number of areas of good quality reefs remain, namely, south of Sg. Kinarut (although current status is uncertain), around P. Dinawan, the reefs of the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park and around P. Sapangar. It is therefore proposed that these areas are prioritised for conservation.

P. Dinawan should be conserved as a protected area due to the good quality coral reefs found during the recent surveys. The fringing reefs of the southern part of the island have good coral cover while reefs along other parts of the range in quality from poor to good. This island has good potential as a tourist destination due to its location near the state capital. In view of the quality of the reefs in the area, dive tourism should be explored in the area.

P. Sapangar has good potential as a tourist destination due to its location near the state capital, Fair reef conditions and generally good water quality. The data basis in this area is however 2007 and hence some updates would be required. Due to its proximity to UMS, this site would be ideal as a research station for the Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI). Dive tourism could also be promoted to further protect this site and also to help reduce some of the pressure on the reefs within TARP due to high visitor numbers.

2.2.3 Seagrass Extensive seagrass beds are found in the large estuaries on the West Coast of Sabah, such as the Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries, while a number of other areas support smaller, patchy seagrass beds such as on the southeastern side of P. Dinawan, around P. Gaya, northeast of P. Sapangar, within Sapangar Bay, Salut, and the Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries as mentioned above.

Threats to the seagrass habitats within the study area include high sediment and nutrient loading, where recent observations show stress due to sedimentation and algal epiphytic cover



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in areas such as Meruntum lagoon, Sapangar Bay and P. Gaya. The seagrass in Sapangar Bay is also threatened by potential reclamation and expansion of industrial activities in the area.

2.2.4 Marine Fauna The marine mega fauna found within the waters of Sabah is highly diverse with species of high conservation value. Numerous sightings of marine mammals within the study area have been recorded with the most recent occurrence on 10 January 2012 when a Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) was found stranded on the Tg. Aru beach.

Large amounts of krill flowing out from the Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries attract whale sharks to the area. Whale sharks are one of the most common megafauna sighted within Kota Kinabalu area where whale sharks are reportedly sighted at TARP by resort operators and divers each year. In 1997, three (3) whale sharks were tagged in Usukan Island for a satellite tracking study. The tagged whale sharks show that the whale sharks remains quite close to shore, travelling from Usukan, going into Mengkabung Bay, TARP and to Pulau Tiga. It is deduced that the whale sharks do not remain in one area and have a widespread movements where they remain close to Borneo and Philippine Islands as they make their way to South China Sea.

There are not many reported sightings and reports available of dolphins between Tuaran and Papar waters except for occasional sightings by divers especially near TARP. Dugongs however have been reported within the Sulaman Bay area, where seagrass beds are recorded.

Marine turtlescan be observed within the TARP area. No nesting beaches are reported along the mainland shorelines. The most recent report turtle nesting was of a Hawksbill turtle found laying eggs in P. Mamutik, TARP in 2009.

2.2.5 Fishery and Aquaculture The coastline along essentially the entire study area, from Sapangar Bay down to Kimanis Bay is classified as a fisheries area. In addition, the mangrove lined estuaries of Sulaman Bay, Mengkabong Bay, Salut Bay and Pulau Gaya also support fisheries and aquaculture activities.

In Sabah, there are 16 Fisheries Districts, in which the study area is located within the Tuaran, Kota Kinabalu and Papar fisheries districts. According to the Department of Fisheries Malaysia, in 2007 a total of 2,565 fishermen were recorded from the three fishing districts, where a slight increase in number of fishermen was recorded from 2007 to 2010. Between 2007 and 2010, the highest number of registered fishermen was recorded in Kota Kinabalu, followed by Papar and Tuaran.

A range of commercial and traditional fishing gears is used to harvest a large variety of species within these fisheries zone. Types of fisheries resources landed within the waters of Sabah are diadromous fish, marine fish (both demersal and pelagic), crustaceans and molluscs. Miscellaneous resources like sea urchins and jellyfish are also part of the Sabah marine fish resources.

The Department of Fisheries (DOF) Malaysia has designated numerous areas around Malaysian waters for Aquaculture Industrial Zone for High Impact Projects. Under this programme, marine aquaculture in Sabah is carried out using cage system, clam farming, seaweed farming and hatchery activities. Two areas within the ISMP study area have been designated under this programme, namely P. Gaya for cage system and Tg. Badak in Tuaran for hatchery activities.

2.3 Land use, Tourism and Recreation

The land use within the study area (1 km from the shoreline, and in some places further inland in consideration of the inland limit of mangroves) comprises vegetated areas (27%), open space (24%) and built up areas (30%), typically consisting of commercial, residential, institutional, recreational and industrial land uses. Wetlands cover a further 16% of the study area.

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Villages are scattered along the shoreline of the study area with a total of 35 villages recorded. The highest number of coastal villages is found in the Tuaran District with a total of 15 villages, followed by Kota Kinabalu (13 villages) and Papar (5 villages). Putatan has the least number of coastal villages with only 2 reported.

The total area of alienated land within the study area is 7,017 ha (53%). The study area in Papar has about 40% alienated land including in the foreshore reserve and nearshore (i.e. water space) areas. Similarly, in the Putatan District there are also numerous land titles stretching into the foreshore reserve and nearshore areas. There are several land titles issued in the marine waters within the proposed tourism reclamation cluster extending from Tg. Dumpil down to Lok Kawi, including titles issued along the Meruntum lagoon sand spit which has since been lost to erosion. About 82% of the study area in the Kota Kinabalu District comprises alienated land while in the Tuaran district, only around 19% of the coastal area is alienated land, the rest being state land or forest reserves.

A total of 155 lodgings of various categories of hotels and resorts can be found along the Papar to Tuaran stretch. Of these, 26 of the hotels and resorts are either sited on the shoreline or reclaimed coastal land with seafront view. From the total of 21 accommodations within Papar to Tuaran along the shoreline, 12 hotels and resorts were star rated, three (3) were orchid rated and 6 were not rated as of reported by Sabah Tourism up to date.

There are many tourism and recreational attractions along the Papar to Tuaran coastal stretch, with the most frequented recreational spots by either locals or foreigners being the beaches, which is evidenced by the many resorts found strategically located at beachfront or on waterfront property.

Tg. Aru Beach and Tg. Lipat in Kota Kinabalu are popular public beaches with facilities available to the public. Tg. Aru is crowded over the evenings and weekends with locals and tourists, while Tg. Lipat Beach adjacent to Likas Bay attracts locals for recreational activities and post picnic swims over the weekend. Both of these locations hold Sabah’s annual events such as Dragon boat races as well as Yacht Sailing Regatta competitions.

Papar has a few public beaches to name, Pantai Manis and a small stretch of Melinsung Beach, where it not as crowded but still visited by nearby locals. The Kinarut area, also located in the Papar district hosts a couple of popular beach stretches with small to moderate scale resorts such as Langkah Syabas and Beringgis Beach Resort. Other tourism attractions apart from the public and tourist beaches include historical/cultural sites, retail and dining outlets primarily concentrated in Kota Kinabalu.

2.4 Socio-economics

2.4.1 Economic Background Sabah’s tourism sector is the 6th highest contributor to the State’s economy, and Sabah’s coastline is one of the major attractions for tourists. In particular in the study area, tourism remains a strong economic component, with KK City being the State’s entry point and numerous attractions in the vicinity such as the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, beaches and beach resorts in Tuaran and Kinarut.

Industrial activities also occur within the study area, concentrated primarily in Sapangar Bay and around the Salut estuary in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) area.

2.4.2 Demography The study area comprising of the Kota Kinabalu, Tuaran, Papar and Putatan Districts had a total population of 752,696 in 2010, representing 23.5% of the total population of Sabah. Among the four areas, Kota Kinabalu had the highest population, followed by Papar, Tuaran and Putatan.



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According to a survey conducted in December 2011, the shoreline population within the study area was 95,592, which was 12.7% of the whole population of the study area.

The State of Sabah is the most diverse state in Malaysia in terms of ethnicity with more than 30 ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups comprise of Kadazan/Dusun, Baja and Murut. Other groups are Malay, Other Bumiputera (e.g. Kedayan, Bisaya, Irranun, Rungus, Kimarang, Kwijau, Lundayeh, Ubian, Binadan, Orang Sungai, Tatana, Tagaas, Brunei, Suluk, etc.), Chinese, Indians and others. Within the study area, the ethnic composition can be summarised as follows:

The Chinese community is the largest ethnic group in Kota Kinabalu, followed by Bajau and Kadazan/Dusun;

The Kadazan/Dusun and Bajau ethnic groups are dominant in Tuaran District;

In Papar District, the Malay community is the largest ethnic group with slightly smaller groups of Kadazan/Dusun and Bajau;

In Putatan District the Bajau community is the largest ethnic group with slightly smaller groups of Malay and Kadazan/Dusun.

In 2010, the employment profile in the Kota Kinabalu and Penampang districts was dominated by service workers and shop and market sales workers, while in Tuaran most employed persons worked as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers. This was not the case in Papar, where most of the employed persons worked in elementary occupations.

2.4.3 Issues faced by Coastal Communities A survey within the study area was conducted between December and November 2011, mainly to determine the socio-economic issues within the study area. Twenty-eight (28) villages were covered during the survey, located mostly within 1 km radius from the shoreline. Reported serious issues facing these coastal communities included erosion and flooding (inundation), pollution and deterioration of natural resources. Exposure to natural hazards such as erosion and flooding was in particular highlighted in the District of Tuaran, followed by Papar, Kota Kinabalu and Putatan.

The main highlighted pollution problem was that of household garbage, indicating that the local people are well aware of the issue but are faced by lack of waste management infrastructure or services. This was a reported issue in all districts within the study area.

Most of the surveyed villages are agreeable to making their areas as tourist destinations, especially in Tuaran, followed by Kota Kinabalu, Papar and Putatan.

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3 Stakeholders Comments and Inputs

As part of setting the management objectives and defining the strategies for the MUs, two workshops were held with Kumpulan Kerja Pengurusan Garispantai (KKPG). The overall objectives of the workshops were:

KKPG Workshop 1: To present baseline findings, obtain views/opinions from stakeholders on management objectives proposed by the consultant for each MU and resolve any conflicting interests that fundamentally affect the decision making process the ISMP is to support.

KKPG Workshop 2: To obtain views/opinions from stakeholders on management strategies proposed by the consultant.

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4 Sectoral Study

In the course of this study several issues affecting the shoreline from Papar to Tuaran have been identified. Most issues relate to coastal erosion and water quality of which especially the latter pose a significant challenges to the authorities as it is jeopardising part of the unique and scenic environment on which a large part of the tourism industry is built.

4.1 Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change

4.1.1 Coastal Flooding Multiple coastal processes or phenomenon are contributing towards inundation along the coastal areas. They can be categorized as individual events occurring independently or in association with a storm event.

Although it is not a requisite of this study to establish design water level for the studied area a general recommendation is provided for planning and management purposes. Recommended design sea water level, for design periods of 1 in 25 and 50 years are given inTable 4.1.

Table 4.1 Recommended design seawater level for West Coast of Sabah.

Component 1:25 Years 1:50 Years

Tide, Mean High Water Spring (mCD) 2.13 2.13

Storm Surge (m) 0.25 0.30

Wave effects (Run-up) 0.19 – 0.60 0.20 – 0.64

Other effects 0.10 0.10

Proposed sea water level (mCD) 2.7 – 3.1 2.8 – 3.2

Climate Change Projection (2100) by NAHRIM 0.7 0.7

Proposed sea water level including climate change (mCD) 3.4 – 3.8 3.5 – 3.9

4.1.2 Tsunami Tsunamis typically arise from submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides where huge amounts of water are quickly shifted. If a tsunami is to reach the shoreline of the study this will likely occur as a result of a submarine earthquake along the Manila Trench located west of the islands of Luzon and Mindoro, Philippines. Historical records for the last 40 years shows that tsunamis have been generated along segments of the trench, but none of these have resulted in noticeable tsunami along the west coast of Sabah. However, as part of a tsunami impact study for the North and East coast of Sabah initiated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) through the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia simulations showed that tsunamis caused by high magnitude earthquakes in the Manila Trench will propagate into South China Sea.

The results show that for most of the study area the water level set-up will be below 1m, but with a water level set-up along the shorelines from Tg. Kaitan to Tg. Dalit and from Sg. Tuaran to Tg Luok Pisok reaching between 1 to 2m.

The speed at which a tsunami propagates depends on the water depth and through the north-eastern part of the South China Sea it will be in the order of 750 km/h and it will take about two hours before it reaches the northern tip of Borneo and another half an hour before it reaches the study area.



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4.1.3 Climate Change Climate change refers to changes in average climate pattern or conditions due to both natural causes and human activities.

In addition to sea level rise, climate change also lead to other form of impacts onto the shoreline which include changes or alterations in temperatures (both air and sea), wind pattern, wave conditions, cyclones or storms characteristics (intensified), rainfall, exaggerate shoreline erosion, river mouths stability and degrading marine biology.

4.2 Coastal Erosion Management

The management of coastal areas and the decision process at arriving at appropriate coastal protection or sea defence measures is a complex one. It requires a thorough understanding of the overall and specific site coastal morphology in conjunction with good engineering knowledge. The decision on how a section of coastline is managed relies on knowing what data and information exists and any supplementary information that is required, together with an understanding of what options are available.The objective is to take into account all the natural and environmental features together with the social and economic aspects that enable decisions to be made whilst minimising potential negative impacts.

4.2.1 Coastal Management Options Selection of erosion management must consist of sufficient consideration covering to the uniqueness of local coastal features. Upon evaluation, the available management options can be distinguished into categories of soft option, hard option or a mix of both; each with their pros and cons.

Soft Management Options: ▫ Environmental planning ▫ Setback lines and buffer zones ▫ Mangrove forests and stabilization ▫ Restrictive zoning ▫ Managed retreat ▫ Voluntary purchase ▫ Development control condition

Coastal Protection / Sea Defense Options (Hard Options): ▫ Seawalls ▫ Revetment ▫ Labuan Blocks

Mixed Coast Protection (Structures and Nourishment) ▫ Beach nourishment and management plans ▫ Groynes ▫ Emerged detached breakwaters ▫ Submerged or low crested breakwaters ▫ Modified breakwater, headland and terminal groynes

4.2.1.1 Setback Lines and Buffer Zones It is recommended that all allowable activities are setback to allow for coastal erosion where identified (as well as accreting areas) and to include a minimum of 60m from the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT). In addition, a greater minimum setback in low lying areas in the order of less than 3 m (level depends partly on design life and usage) above Chart Datum (CD) is also recommended. Consideration should also be made for future sea level rise especially in regard to new near shore developments.

To help clarify the setback guidance the following example shows what would be considered to be the setback distance from the current high water level (HAT) where the proposed development has a design life of 50 years. Example - It has been identified that a particular

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stretch of coastline is eroding at a rate of 2 m per year (historical erosion rate); therefore the setback distance is 100 m for the erosion over the design life plus the 60 m buffer zone. The total setback in this example is 160 m.

4.2.2 Specific Coastal Management (Erosion) Within each management unit’s shoreline which experiences on-going erosion, specific solutions to combat the retreat are provided.

The options proposed are made purely on engineering grounds and do not consider the ownership regarding public or private works. This is part of the management and political decision process and should be considered in the early stages.

Setback lines and buffer zones are estimated from the historical erosion rates and included here are the recommended setbacks based on a 50 year design life of a property plus the 60m minimum setback according to state legislation under its land ordinance laws which include provision for a foreshore reserve.

It is assumed that the incorporation of any measures to provide coast protection and/or sea defences will take into account all the necessary data gathering and engineering design principles to be able to undertake this work.

It is also assumed that sufficient topographic surveys will be carried out at any proposed new development site and when coast protection schemes are being considered to determine whether the land is at flood risk or if a scheme should be flood defence rather than coastal protection.

4.3 River Mouths and Sand Mining

Management of river mouths is highly complex, therefore, river mouth interventions require detailed analysis to minimise the potential impacts of such works. Potential impacts of river interventions include, among others, saline intrusion, river bank erosion, wave disturbance, water quality and coastal stability. Enhancing navigability, reducing flooding problems or limiting morphological changes often lead to modification of the littoral transport which then often leads to erosion on nearby beaches. Hence, in most cases the optimal solution is achieved by a compromise between environmental, social and economic aspects.

Each river mouth within the study area (12 of them) has their characteristics assessed (in compliance with guidelines given in National River Mouth Study 1994) and categorized. Specific solutions or improvement options are provided for deteriorating river mouth such as Sg. Petagas (MU C5-19).

4.3.1 Common Problems within River Mouth Areas Issues regarding to river mouth areas could vary for different locations but among the typical problems found are as follow:

Shallow sea bed fronting river mouth entrance which hinder navigability in and out from the entrance e.g. Sg. Petagas.

Dynamic equilibrium of river mouth section which vary seasonally notably at areas which experience significant littoral force induced by wave and wind e.g. Sg. Sulaman.

Strong tidal current coupled with steep refracted wave at river mouths pose risk to boats and vessels e.g. witnessed at tidal inlet of Sg. Salut – Mengkabung.

Sediment deposition at river mouth entrance creating backwater event as well as upstream flooding e.g. Sg. Putatan.

Sedimentation of excessive fine sediment (or siltation) at calm river mouth areas (of limited wave attack) creating muddy flat coast and rapid infilling of river and dredged channel.



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4.3.2 River Mouth Improvement Options Specific measures are required in order to improve the river mouth condition, either in enhancing navigability or flushing. Due to the uniqueness of each river mouth characteristics in terms of morphologically or land usage, different engineering solution can be proposed. Careful considerations must be given to ensure the implemented improvement works solve the identified problem and at the same time, minimizing their impacts onto the coastal environment.

Dredging and hard protection structures are the preferred river mouth improvement works implemented within Malaysia. Both of these are complicated in terms of the design and management point of view and require a thorough understanding of the river processes. It is likely that some sort of study and survey work would be required before undertaking any improvement works so that the most cost effective solution is found. The schemes implementation costs should be considered together with the long term maintenance (re-dredging and/or training wall repairs). Another consideration is the disposal of any material removed by dredging and the location of any dumping grounds for the material. There may be environmental considerations regarding the dredge spoil together with disposal licence costs and turnaround times if the disposal site is many kilometres away from the dredging operation.

Physical, social and economic aspects all influence the selection of an “optimal” solution and each intervention scheme must, therefore, be treated using a holistic approach that embraces all aspects identified. It is crucial that the scheme is designed to fulfil the project objectives and to deal with the environmental conditions that define the river mouth. Conditions are highly variable, and an optimal solution for one site may not be appropriate for the neighbouring river mouth even if the project objectives are similar.

4.3.3 Sand Mining Sand mining in rivers reduces the supply of the sediments from the river and impact on the stability of the river mouth and coastline adjacent to the river mouth. It can also change the flow characteristics of the river resulting in downstream and/ or upstream flooding. The key issues relating to uncontrolled sand mining are listed as follows:

River bank erosion and sedimentation arising from changes in hydrology due to the alteration in water depths and river bed morphology.

Decreased water quality owing to sediment plumes and oil spills. During the sand mining works which can affect the aquatic life as well as the local population which rely on the river water for various purposes.

Ecological impacts: uncontrolled sand mining activities can result in disturbance to the riverine ecosystem and subsequent impacts to flora and fauna habitats. These impacts may affect the aquatic food chain and subsequently impact the livelihoods of the local population which depend upon the freshwater fisheries.

Cumulative impacts, such as erosion along the coastline due to decreased sand supply where sand extraction exceeds the natural replenishment rate.

Flooding arising from changes in hydrology due to the alteration in water depths and river bed morphology that can increase the flow rate from storm events.

Excessive river sand mining in Sg. Papar and Sg. Tuaran is the likely key contributor to the shoreline erosion near the river mouths.

Two approaches are recommended as follows:

Full capacity sediment study of the river to enable a view on the overall changes to the flow characteristics and identify if material extraction may lead to coastal erosion. The aim is to determine what is the annual volume of material that can be extracted and without causing a negative effect on the environment and flooding.

Local capacity sediment study of each operation to determine whether it will locally destabilise the river banks causing erosion and the subsequent environmental problems. The local study should not only focus on the area of extraction but look at both up stream

Exec summary 4-5

and more specifically downstream where changes in the river velocities may cause erosion or accretion of material.

4.4 Proposed Development and Guidelines

A number of projects have been proposed along the coastline within the study area. Most of the projects are located along the shoreline but do not comprise any major activities that modify the coastline such as reclamation works. Proposed projects included under the Sabah Development Corridor Entry Point Projects (EPPs) at the time of writing are outlined inTable 4.2.The only major proposed development involving reclamation is the proposed Kinarut Tourism Cluster in MU C5-14 and C5-15.

Table 4.2 Sabah Development Corridor Entry Point Projects within study area.

Project MU Project Description Development Type

Jesselton Waterfront

Development, KK

C6-07 High end residential, retail,

office, hotels, cruise terminal, marina

Marine construction; no information on

whether reclamation is involved.

Sabah International Convention Centre

C6-07 Convention centre, convention hotel and high-end spa resort.

Marine construction with structures on piles; no reclamation of land will be allowed.

Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront Development

C6-06 Retail malls, designer suites, hotel and boardwalk

Marine construction; reclamation based on dry methodology with sheet piles minimal fill material used to create

basement space for the development.

Relocation and

Redevelopment of P. Gaya

C6-22 To relocate all P. Gaya

residents to make way for tourism development

No information

Karambunai

Integrated Resort

C7-1 and

C7-2C

Tourism, residential and water

theme park areas.

Development on land nearby Salut

estuary; development plan indicates dredging will be required to create lagoons and internal water features.

Alila Resort and Lagoon Resort

C7-3b Two coastal resorts and villa developments.

Resort development setback from shoreline; no marine construction

involved.

Sulamanga Resorts C7-8 Sulaman

Estuary (exact location

unknown)

Near Sulaman estuary. Resort and serviced apartments.

No information available although over water development on stilts may be

involved.

Coastal Tourism Development – Development Cluster

1: Sulaman Lema’as

C7-8 Sulaman Estuary &

C7-9 Sulaman Peninsula

New town centre, resorts, residential, golf course, lagoon and mangrove park.

Development setback from shoreline with no marine construction indicated.

4.4.1 Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation) The Kinarut Cluster covers the coastline from Tg. Dumpil in the north to Kuala Kinarut in the south under the initiation of the 1998 West Coast Shoreline Management Plan and Regional Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA), refer to Figure 4.1.



4-6 Exec Summary

Figure 4.1 Recommended cluster development alternative set out in the West Coast of Sabah Shoreline

Management Plan, 1998. (Alternative BII).

The main constraints for development in this cell are sedimentation and poor water quality, degradation of the natural sandy beach in the southern part of the cell, obstruction of sea access for the Lok Kawi development and other resorts already developed or under construction in the

Exec summary 4-7

southern part of the cell. In addition, the preservation or enhancement of the good quality coral reef around Pulau Mantukud and Pulau Dinawan is of paramount importance.

Land titles and development proposals within the Tourism Cluster have been issued and planned in isolation. None of the development projects however have materialised to date.Following the adoption of the Sabah SMP 2005 by the Sabah State Cabinet, some discussions and investigations into potential re-design of the cluster development was carried out with EPD and TRPD over the 2005–2006 periods. The predicted flushing capacity of the layouts and water quality impacts based on the numerical modelling are implemented and assessed (refer Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.2 Kinarut Tourism Cluster alternative layouts.



4-8 Exec Summary

It is clear that the current practice of independent planning and implementation of individual developments within the Tourism Cluster will result in a lack of interconnectivity in land use and overall infrastructure (e.g. road access, utilities, etc.) in addition to imposing restrictions on the planning of design features such as internal lagoons and channels as originally intended.

As such the following measures are strongly recommended to:

Stop piecemeal alienation of land Implement integrated development

4.5 Coastal Monitoring

At present, numerous data; physical, chemical and biological, are collected by several state departments, but in what appears to be an unstructured manner and not specifically aimed at integrated shoreline management. For future effectiveness and economical value, coordination of data collection, analysis and sharing of data between departments should be encouraged to ensure better monitoring of the shoreline.

It is recommended to establish a regular coastal monitoring program with the collection of the following types of data:

Waves and water levels Seasonal coastal profiling Terrestrial and marine habitat health Marine water quality and pollutant loads

To utilise the outcome of the monitoring system to its full management potential it is important that data are added to the existing information management system (IMS) for the ISMP and shared among decision makers. The information sharing may be enhanced by development of a web based information and decision support system that extracts historical and present data from a central updated GIS database.

4.5.1 Recommended Shoreline Monitoring System A shoreline monitoring system that allows for adaptive management must include the following:

High – resolution aerial photographs Coastal profiling Water level Wind and waves Marine and water quality Pollution loads Terrestrial vegetation health Marine habitat health

4.6 Enhancing Water Quality

Relatively high pollutant loads are found all along the study area. However, as the coastline is relatively open, water exchange and flushing is fairly good and actual coastal water quality is still fair. The major contributors to pollution load are the main rivers and urban centres, such as Kota Kinabalu city down to Putatan areas, Papar and Tuaran towns.

The primary water quality issues within the study area are suspended sediments and domestic pollution. Industrial discharges also affect the urban areas around Kota Kinabalu in particular.

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4.6.1 Strategies and Interventions

4.6.1.1 Managing Discharges At present, major sewerage works are being undertaken with the aim to provide an integrated sewerage system for Kota Kinabalu. Part of the sewerage works involves construction of 15 km of sewers and upgrading of the Inanam WWTP. In other areas such as Tuaran, Putatan and Papar, a thorough survey of sewage/wastewater treatment plants should be carried out to obtain information on their capacity, operational status and conditions. This is to prioritise efforts for maintenance, upgrading and improvement works or replacement/ construction of new treatment facilities.

Provision of sewage infrastructure to water villages should be prioritised. Systems such as vacuum sewer systems can be installed in water villages, where the sewage is then piped to a treatment site on land. Provision of such services goes hand in hand with legalising the settlements or closing down/relocating illegal settlements as the legal villages will need to be incorporated into local authority rating areas.

The impact of sullage dischargefrom restaurants/other food outlets is significant as the sullage is totally untreated.The cumulative impact is apparent in areas such as the Kota Kinabalu waterfront and Tg. Aru.To reduce pollution loads, connection to a sewerage network is the best solution. Other less effective (but still worthwhile) measures include grease traps and rubbish screens installed at-source.

Current best practice in urban stormwater drainage management focuses on water quality as much as water quantity; filter systems, infiltration devices and sediment traps all help to keep urban drainage networks clean.

All wastewater discharged should be treated to levels specified in guidelines (refer to Appendix A of Volume 2).

4.6.1.2 Solid Wastes

There are two main ways to ensure that the amount of solid wastes that ends up in the environment is minimised:

Minimise the production of wastes in the first place (reduce, reuse, recycle) Ensure that the produced waste is collected and disposed of in an appropriate and

environmentally sensitive manner

It is recommended that environmental taxation is applied to plastic bags in all cases, so that consumers have to pay for plastic bag in all situations. Use of screens and trash racks in urban drainage networks to be further extended. These exist in a number of the drains and rivers in Kota Kinabalu, but are apparently not extensive or effective enough.Correspondingly, waste collection and management system within and outside the urban region should be further improved through innovative measures such as extend rated areas and separation of recyclable wastes (i.e. paper, glass, aluminium) from other household wastes to facilitate recycling by the garbage collection agencies.

4.6.1.3 Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas

Enforcement by the authoritiesparticularly on the smaller and medium industries can be significantly strengthened through better data management, sharing and cooperation between DOE and other relevant government agencies such as the local authority, EPD and DID.

4.6.1.4 Sustainable Aquaculture Activities

Measurements proposed for minimizing pollutants originating from aquaculture activities include the following:

Implement and enforce all existing guidelines



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Adjustment of EIA regulations Options to directly mitigate coastal pollution issues relating to pond aquaculture Cage culture operation should be located at areas where there isa good degree of flushing

4.7 Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan

The Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan (BBRP) focuses on upgrading of the visual impacts and restoring the shoreline of Tg. Aru Beach.

The development of an integrated BBRP is a multi-disciplinary exercise that requires collaboration among the following to combine coastal landscape and urban elements:

Landscape architects/master planners securing optimal layout and landscaping Coastal engineers securing good beaches and excellent water quality Planners securing proper integration of schemes in society

The objectives of the BBRP are as follows:

To develop a sustainable Beautification and Restoration Plan for Tg. Aru Beach To provide landscape features that can assist in the beach restoration works. If any coastal

structures are introduced these must be multifunctional, i.e. terminal structures used to prevent loss of sand may serve as viewing points, be used for fishing or be part of a marina.

To formulate a landscape framework in the form of strategy plan with guidelines for future development and activities along the beach.

Considerations are made towards the aspects of beach access, water /beach quality, beach stability as well as landscaping to provide a long-term and sustainable improvement to the existing coastal environment for the benefit of residents and tourists.

4.7.1 Proposed Development Options For the beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach two options (referFigure 4.3 and Figure 4.4) have been developed guided the following aims:

Maximum and unrestricted public access to and on the beach and waterfronts The area of park, beach and foreshore to be increased through widening and extension by

artificial beach of good quality Improved beach quality to attract more visitors to walk along and swim in the beach and for

increased use of the water for boating, sailing and water sports Opportunities for a range of land uses which maintain existing recreational opportunities

while also introducing new land uses on land which will provide a wide range of visitor experiences and boost tourism

Roads and access opportunities to be improved to make the beach and new developments more easily accessible to the general public whether they are pedestrians or travelling by bicycle, bus, or car

Creation of 4 key activity nodes (two major) to cater for commercial, sport recreational, tourism and transport activities in the hope of increasing visitor numbers and also to encourage the movement of visitors between nodes

The opportunity of a ferry terminal (where it is nearest to Airport Terminal 1) and a marina that will require reclamation at the southern tip of the subject area, just north of Sg. Petagas river mouth

In the development it is a prerequisite that the existing issues on water quality are addressed by:

Ensuring that waste water from facilities are directed to the sewage system That drains are realigned (underground) with discharges north and south of the new

artificial beach

Exec summary 4-11

Figure 4.3 Option 1 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach.



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Figure 4.4 Option 2 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach.

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4.7.2 Integral Beach Management Plan To conserve and sustain the environmental qualities of a beautified and restored Tg. Aru Beach an integral beach management plan is to be developed. This may include requirements on operation and restriction on beach use.

4.8 Governance

The available and/or recommended instruments to implement the various management strategies proposed in this study are being highlighted and elaborated according to ‘issues-based’. These cover the following main themes as identified in through the setting of management objectives and strategies for specific areas along the coastline, as well as intervention strategies and sustainable development guidelines mentioned in this volume:

Coastal setback Coastal protection Flood protection River sand mining River navigation Reclamation activity Shoreline development projects Water quality Sanitation improvement Mangrove conservation Coral reef conservation Seagrass conservation Coastal monitoring

The legislative and institutional frameworks for the implementation of recommendations related to the above issues are discussed thoroughly.

4.8.1 Recommendations The existing legislations and administrative structures, with accompanying powers to carry out effective management and development of the coastline, are adequate in conserving, protecting and enhancing Sabah’s coastline.

No major changes to the existing legislations or the responsible departments that administer them are recommended.The administrative structures appear to have the necessary mechanisms to review, monitor and executive the powers vested in them through the current pieces of legislations.However, what is needed is the carrying out of these mechanisms more effectively and efficiently in order to achieve a quality environment through better planning and coastal management. It appears that in some instances the various departments do not necessarily work together, and where there are overlapping responsibilities no one department takes responsibility. Thus, the emphasis should be on close cooperation and coordination.

Recommendations made included:

Setting up an inter-agency committee comprising district councils/offices, Kampung Administration, Government departments, NGOs and other interest groups.

Streamlining the approvals process for developers as the present legislative framework is rather complex.

Constant monitoring and review of ISMP through a dedicated committee. Efficient implementation of enforcement through coordinated action or plan.

Exec summary 5-1

5 Information Management System

The development of an Information Management System (IMS) is an integral part of the ISMP that allows timely and efficient access to relevant information, being essential to support effective management and decision making. With a proper structured IMS relevant information can be extracted from different data sources and consolidated into relevant indicators that can support decision making. The IMS has been created on basis of existing data sources as well as outputs from numerical modelling tools, but is fully scalable and extendable with the possibility of online publishing of information in various formats in the form of interactive webpages.

To manage, analyse and display the large quantity of data a management system is being develop using the latest GIS tools (ArcGIS version 10) including a geodatabase for the storage of spatial and temporal data. Data collected as part of the ISMP study (see Section 2) is included in the management system:

Spatial layers of roads, administrative boundaries, property lot Satellite imagery Topographic and bathymetric data Coastal profile data and coastal erosion Sediment grading and beach quality Coastal structures Waves, winds, currents and water levels Habitats and water quality River discharges, pollutant loads Numerical modelling results

Exec summary 6-1

6 Recommendations

Various recommendations produced from the sectoral studies (Section 4) are summarized within Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 Recommendations highlighted within sectoral reports.

Recommendations

1 Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change

1.1 Continuous monitoring and study impacts related to climate change in order to assess and prepare counter measurements.

2 Coastal Erosion Management

2.1 Undertake regular surveys and monitoring of beaches suffering erosion, suggested to be twice a year after monsoon periods and after severe storm events. Baseline survey of the coastal zone / foreshore should be undertaken as part of any proposed development for future use and assessment.

2.2 DID setback limits and buffer zones should be enforced taking into account the setback from HAT and including an allowance for the existing erosion rate

2.3 The threshold level (level at which property/development starts to flood) should be defined based on the hydraulic studies (see below). The level to be defined should be based on the design life of the development and risk.

2.4 Gather historical evidence on any erosion problems.

2.5 Prevent individual erosion control measures unless it meets the objectives of the management unit and are designed and constructed using good engineering practice and principles.

2.6 Where developments are to be constructed in or near the coastal zone undertake detailed hydraulic studies to gain further knowledge of the existing and potential erosion problems and the physical conditions at the site. As a minimum this should include:

Hydrodynamic models Wave models Beach evolution models

2.7 Consider the warning systems in place and the evacuation options for areas within the coastal zone in the event of extreme high water or tsunami events.

2.8 Control, regulate or prevent sand mining operations in areas where this activity is causing erosion problems on the coastline

2.9 Prohibit the removal of mangroves in the coastal zone or any coastal development within the mangrove areas

2.10 Prohibit the removal of trees and vegetation along the foreshore area, certainly within the setback area / buffer zone

2.11 Prohibit any activity that modifies, destroys or alters the offshore coral reefs and coral platforms.

3 River Mouths and Sand Mining

3.1 Undertake surveys and monitoring of the river mouth prior to any improvement works to ensure any modifications will not have any detrimental effect on adjacent structures.

3.2 Gather any historical data on river mouth evolution to demonstrate that the river mouth position is potentially stable.



6-2 Exec Summary

Recommendations

3.3 For any river mouth improvement works or for sand mining operations hydraulic studies should be undertaken to:

Determine what the effect any river mouth modifications would have on upstream flow velocities that may lead to erosion and sedimentation problems as well as potential flooding.

For sand mining full capacity sediment studies should be carried out to determine what the maximum volume of material can be extracted without causing overall negative impacts on the environment and flooding.

For sand mining local capacity sediment studies should be carried out to determine how each operation will affect the river banks both locally and also upstream and downstream of the sand removal operation.

3.4 Regulate or prohibit sand mining operations that are known to be having a detrimental effect on the adjacent coastlines each side of the river mouth

4 Proposed Development and Guidelines

4.1 Urban waterfront development

Provide connectivity and public access along the shoreline, such that the ocean and island views can be enjoyed by all

Maintain recreational and amenity areas of high quality, to ensure KK is an attractive place to live and work

Protect cultural heritage and landscape

Restrict expansion of development seaward, however consider development which streamlines existing frontage

Related to the above, design frontage in a way that the natural system is taken into account e.g. structures are streamlined to reduce sedimentation and water quality issues

Maintain or re-establish good coastal water quality by minimizing discharge of pollutants and nutrients

Exec summary 6-3

Recommendations

4.2 Coastal Tourism Development – Beaches

Protection of the natural environment and landscape should be prioritised for all beach development proposals, regardless of the scale of development

Allow for public access to the beaches and allocate general facilities for the comfort of visitors

Ensure that natural fluctuations in the shoreline are allowed for through appropriate coastal setback

Efficient sewage and wastewater management

Minimise fertiliser and pesticide application practices in landscaped areas and golf courses

Incorporation of water management features in the landscaping to minimise runoff and maximise filtration of suspended solids and other pollutants (water sensitive design)

Incorporation of existing vegetation stands in landscape, to maintain coastal vegetation belt and avoid planting of exotic species



6-4 Exec Summary

Recommendations

4.3 Coastal Tourism Development – Estuaries and Lagoons

Minimise adverse impacts to coastal water quality and the biological environment

o Maintain mangrove fringe with at least 20 m buffer from mangrove (highest astronomical tide).

o Efficient sewage and wastewater management

o Minimise fertiliser and pesticide application practices in landscaped areas and golf courses

o Incorporation of water management features in the landscaping to minimise runoff and maximise filtration of suspended solids and other pollutants (water sensitive design)

o Seagrass areas in vicinity should be identified through a survey and mapping exercise, and impacts to these areas are to be avoided, whether water quality or direct impacts (e.g. boating/anchoring and other recreational activities that may damage seagrass beds)

Siting and construction methodology to ensure that environmental objectives are met

o Avoiding sites with sensitive habitats e.g. seagrass beds

o Avoiding impacts to the adjacent land/beach areas during construction, in particular any mangroves

o Careful anchor handling of piling and construction barges to avoid habitat damage

o Ensuring that no obstruction (barring the piles/stilts) to the coastal currents and sediment transport are introduced, e.g. from access ramps, etc.

o Management of wastes and spills during construction

4.4 Coastal Tourism Development on Headlands

Generally recommended that the landscape and aesthetic value of headlands is protected through restricting development to low density and low-rise tourism which will maintain the aesthetic and ecological integrity of these areas

Hill-side developments should blend into the natural environment with no or minimal impacts to the coastline

o Careful planning of development footprint

o Buildings and other infrastructure (including access) should be designed in such a way that blends in with the existing scenery and disturbs as little of the vegetation as possible both during and post-construction.

o Biological surveys should be carried out to identify and mark protected or old growth tree species or any unique habitats or communities in the area prior to detailed planning of the development footprint.

o Careful attention to design and architecture - buildings should remain within the canopy and architectural designs and materials should be sensitive to environmental or natural aesthetics.

o Road access should consider options which minimise both visual intrusion and slope cutting - generally the ridge lines provide the most stable platform with the least amount of slope cutting and the least risk of inducing landslides.

o Hill-side developments should generally be light structures on piles and be carried out with minimal cutting and carefully designed drainage to avoid erosion and sediments washing into the sea, impacting the marine habitats.

o Utilities should be designed to blend into the environment

o Drainage systems must have sedimentation ponds to minimise the release of any fines to the beaches/coastline below.

Exec summary 6-5

Recommendations

4.5 Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation)

Town and Regional Planning Department to update the local plans to reflect the recommended layout proposed.

State Government should explore options for a revised land title offer for those with land titles within the original phase 2 approved development area with equivalent dimensions to the original boundaries

No further piecemeal alienation of land within the Cluster boundary should be permitted (Land and Survey Department)

A single developer should be appointed to perform all reclamation, coastal protection and beaches, as well as basic infrastructure such as main roads, water supply and sewage system for the whole Cluster. The developer could be the state government or a representative, a financially strong investor/developer or a consortium of investors/developers with a common project management

Development of individual plots of land within the parcels should not be permitted. Existing developers shall either acquire or JV with other owners to develop the parcels as discrete packages with access roads, conceptual development plan/ masterplan to control aspects such as perimeter design, phasing and timing, infrastructure and land use.

5 Coastal Monitoring

5.1 Collection of high resolution aerial photographs covering details such as shoreline and mangroves and should be updated at least on annual basis to quantify erosion or shoreline movement as well as detecting mangroves encroachment

5.2 Coastal profiling measurement and update of at least twice a year (post monsoon) to quantify erosion and seasonal variations in shoreline movement

5.3 Water level measurement (long term) at few strategic locations to determine sea level rise and design water levels

5.4 Wind and wave measurement at offshore locations to derive meteomarine design conditions for numerical models validation

5.5 Water quality monitoring at sensitive marine habitats and recreational sites to ensure compliance with environmental quality objectives as well as gathering information on changes in water quality

5.6 Determining and quantifying pollution loads originating from rivers, drains, agriculture, aquaculture, industrial activities etc. to ensure compliance with environmental quality requirements.

5.7 Identify and monitor coverage of mangrove forests to detect encroachment of mangroves

5.8 Identify and monitor coral reefs and seagrass areas to determine their health status and any changes occurring

5.9 Continuous update of information management system and sharing capabilities through the development of a web based information and decision support system that extracts historical and present data from a central updated GIS database

6 Enhancing Water Quality

6.1 Management of sewage

Integrated sewerage system

Prioritise efforts for maintenance, upgrading and improvement works or replacement/ construction of new treatment facilities

Provision of sewage infrastructure to water villages

All wastewater discharged should be treated to levels specified in guidelines given



6-6 Exec Summary

Recommendations

6.2 Improve Sullage Treatment and Reduce Pollution from eatery outlets

Connect to sewerage network

Grease traps and rubbish screens installation at-source

Renovation procedures and controls for residential and commercial premises to be tightened and enforced to prevent owners from diverting sullage discharge from sewers into the stormwater drains

6.3 Water Sensitive Urban Design

Practice urban stormwater drainage management on water quality as much as water quantity; filter systems, infiltration devices and sediment traps all help to keep urban drainage networks clean.

6.4 Solid Wastes Management

Minimise the production of wastes in the first place (reduce, reuse, recycle)

o Plastic bag free days

o Environmental taxation is applied to plastic bags in all cases

Ensure that the produced waste is collected and disposed of in an appropriate and environmentally sensitive manner

o Extensive use of screens and trash racks in urban drainage networks

6.5 Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas

Collaboration among agenciesthrough better data management, sharing and cooperation

Promote self-regulation in the industrial sector via specific incentives and grants to encourage adoption of environmental management systems, use of cleaner technology and pollution control measures such as oil separators on site

Initiate demonstration or pilot projects to assess the cumulative impacts of industrial discharges. It noted that compliance to the discharge standard is evaluated for each factory and is independent of discharge rate. Each of these factories normally discharges into a main drain which eventually discharges into the sea hence the cumulative impact of all discharges need to be considered

Centralised effluent discharge treatment plants for main industrial estates, e.g. KKIP, Inanam, Kolombong Industrial areas. This will typically include a dedicated system for the collection of effluent discharges and transfer to a centralised treatment plant

6.6 Sustainable Aquaculture Activities

Implement and enforce all existing guidelines

Adjustment of existing EIA regulations to disallow conversion of wetland or mangroves for the development of aquaculture facilities such as ponds

Mitigate coastal pollution issues relating to pond aquaculture

Cage culture operation should be located at areas where there is a good degree of flushing

7 Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan (Tg. Aru Beach)

7.1 Maintain public access to the beach area such as pedestrian walk and road access

Exec summary 6-7

Recommendations

7.2 Ensure high quality of beach nourishment through good design criteria and proper maintenance

Sufficient amount of wave exposure all year long

Moderate tidal range

Good degree of flushing or water exchange with open sea

Removal of rock outcrops

Allow only for structures which would not form dangerous currents

Beach material should consist of medium grained sand of minimum content of fines and coarse materials (well sorted)

Free from organic content or floating debris

7.3 Ensure water quality standards are met with respect to faecal pollution, toxic algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

7.4 Development should reduce or impinge on the natural setting of the natural features of the beach

Landscape design should maintain and enhance the coastal landscape character of the area as expressed by existing landforms, vegetation and materials

The design of structures, outdoor furniture, signs and utilities within a site should be visually coordinated

Structures should not impede public access to and along the beach All materials and finishes should be durable in the coastal environment to also

minimize maintenance

Utility services should be unobtrusive and, wherever possible, underground

7.5 Integral Beach Management Plan

Maintain the designed level of protection provided by the beach

Manual andmechanical beach cleaning

Ensure litter bins are emptied regularly

Control activities to avoid conflicts and ensure safety

Control use of motorised recreational crafts within restricted areas

Restrict launching and landing of sail boats at the yacht club to a given corridor

Prohibit sailing within certain distance from the shore

Prohibit use of mechanical propelled vehicles on the beach

Monitor beach and water activities through the formation of Beach Surveillance and Lifeguard Service

Weekly monitoring of bathing water

No swimming allowed whilst the red flag is flying

Public transport system to reduce parking problems

8 Governance

8.1 In order to determine the coastal setback, high-water mark is to be defined from the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) level



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Recommendations

8.2 Any construction of coastal protection/sea defence should undertake the following:

Hydraulic study through DID for any coastal protection structures where EIA not required

Approval for coastal structure development application will be granted through the Local Authority and DID functions as technical advisor providing input to approval conditions. Existing DID Guidelines should form the basis to regulate construction of marine structures

Mandatory guidelines in considering future coastal protection structures includes

MASMA Guidelines (DID), Guidelines on Erosion Control for Development Projects in

the Coastal Zone (DID), Guidelines for Planning Development in the Coastal Zone JPBD

6/97, Guidelines and Standards for Coastal Zone Development JPBD 6/2000

8.3 Currently, reclamation is a prescribed activity requiring EIA under the Environment Protection Enactment (Prescribed Activities). This is the best control over reclamation activity as all such developments need the EIA regardless of size. The EPD involve technical departments such DID and Department of Fisheries in the review of EIA Terms of Reference and EIA Reports.

8.4 Tourism

Local Authority to adopt restrictions on tourism development into the local planning in order to enforce strategies recommended in each area

To implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) for any tourism activity particularly within sensitive areas such as a Marine Parks. Additionally, these should be incorporated in the Marine Park Management Plans and be based on proper carrying capacity studies. Accreditation of resorts that practices BMP with green certification should be encouraged

Coastal Tourism Masterplan and guidelines on development activities should be developed for other potential coastal tourism areas

8.5 Water Quality

Fish cage culture should undertake an Environmental Assessment before licenses are issued for aquaculture activity

Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Coastal Aquaculture Development should be developed that will include options to directly mitigate coastal pollution issues relating to aquaculture particularly cumulative impacts of aquaculture farms within semi-enclosed areas such as estuaries.

Study on cumulative effects of industrial effluents need to be undertaken in order to have detailed information for better planning.

To manage agriculture/non-point sources of pollution, it is recommended to implement at-source controls such as the following:

o River buffer zones can be established according to the Sabah Water Resources Enactment.

o Reducing the reliance on fertiliser and pesticides in agricultural practice is another measure that reduces loads at the coasts.

o To keep track of problem areas and progress on remediation measures, water quality monitoring is recommended

Exec summary 6-9

Recommendations

To reduce suspended sediments in runoff from agricultural loadings, at-source control measure such as the following should be undertaken:

o Implement and enforce all existing guidelines.

o Implement and enforce ESCP in all projects – for those not requiring EIA, to be required under local authority regulations with advice / monitoring by DID.

o Implement buffer zones for all land with activities that contribute to soil erosion.

For sewage and waste management the following are to be undertaken:

o To use the State Environment Protection Enactment 2002, as a tool to manage wastewater in the State.

o Adequate budget needs to be set aside for the responsible agencies to carry out both capital and maintenance activities.

8.6 To manage and control sand mining and dredging activities, the following are to be undertaken:

To address the carrying capacity for sand extraction in individual rivers prior to issuing licenses. Information on the carrying capacity of the river will be the basis to impose a limit on the total allowable sand to be extracted.

Future sand mining activities in these rivers should refer to this carrying capacity study.

8.7 To manage river mouths and estuarine issues, the following are to be undertaken:

Any developments along the sand spits must maintain a suitable setback from the river mouth as well as the coastlines.

No permanent structures within a suitable setback zone, inclusive of any attempts of coastal protection or river mouth training must be allowed along sand spits as this would deplete the natural attraction of the area that drives the tourism business and the public recreational values.

8.8 Control of water villages and informal settlements to be implemented by enforcing existing legislation such as the Local Government Ordinance 1961 and Local Government (Amendment) Enactment 2000

8.9 Measures to protect mangrove areas may be made through the Forestry Enactment (gazette as forest reserve), or through local planning instruments, i.e. conservation areas in local plans.

8.10 To conserve coral reefs by regularly monitoring the status of reefs and water quality as to investigate cumulative effects of nearshore and inland activities and develop plans necessary for conservation



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Recommendations

8.11 The following is recommended for coastal monitoring:

Close strategic cooperation and coordination between the relevant authorities for strategic planning of coastal monitoring

Coordination between the DID and the Councils (Councils here include KK City Hall, the Municipal Councils and Town Boards), who are the deciding authorities on planning applications for the implementation, monitoring and review of the management strategies

Enforcement is essential in order to ensure that the proposed management strategies are implemented effectively.

Where there are overlapping designations in the management units, such as in forest reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, the relevant departments (whose enactment was used) should coordinate enforcement activities.

The Environment Protection Enactment 2002 should be used to further strengthen the legislation, particularly with regard to any development that has “adverse impact” on the environment to ensure coastal monitoring is conducted.

Exec summary 7-1

7 Management Objectives

Table 7.1 summarises the management objectives allocated and ranked accordingly for all 67 management units as outlined in Volume 1B.

Table 7.1 List of management objectives within each of the 67 management units.

No. Management Unit Management Objective

1 C4-14: Pantai Manis Managed coastline retreat

Manage coastal road retreat

Restore basic public amenities/ facilities

2 C4-15: Papar Islamic School Protect school against erosion

3 C5-01: Kuala Papar Conserve mangroves

Preserve/Increase sediment supply to prevent further coastal erosion

Preserve current condition of river mouth

Improve river mouth navigability and flood conveyance

Maintain/ improve boat docking facility

Maintain and improve village areas

Maintain access to river banks for fishermen

Restrict further land clearing expansion into mangroves

4 C5-02: Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat Manage coastline retreat

Preserve forest as buffer zone

Maintain agriculture area

Maintain / promote tourism destination

5 C5-02b: Immediate Hinterland Maintain and improve village areas

Conserve mangroves

Preserve/improve water quality status

Preserve aquaculture area

Maintain agricultural areas

6 C5-03: Sg. Pengalat Estuary Conserve mangrove

Allow for morphological fluctuations


Maintain village sanitation and cleanliness

Preserve aquaculture area

Maintain agricultural areas



Improve boat landing facility

Coastal road to be protected for accessibility



7-2 Exec Summary

7 C5-04: Summer Bay Melinsung Preserve current beach condition


Maintain housing area and beach amenity for public access

8 C5-04b: Melinsung Mangroves Conserve mangroves

Maintain tidal prism in mangrove


Maintain village sanitation and cleanliness

9 C5-05: Tg. Melinsung Preserve headland as aesthetic landscape feature

Maintain stream outlet

10 C5-06: Tg. Melinsung to Sg. Kawang

Manage coastline retreat


Protect resorts and lodges against coastline erosion

Conserve live coral reefs

Maintain low density development

Protect residential areas against coastline erosion

11 C5-07: Sg. Kawang Mangroves Preserve current condition of river mouth


Conserve mangroves

Maintain natural riverine environment to encourage nature-based tourism/ recreation

Maintain recreational facilities and jetties

12 C5-08: Sg. Kawang to Kg. Kinarut Laut


Maintain natural shoreline processes

Preserve headland as aesthetic landscape feature

13 C5-09: Kg. Kinarut Laut to Sg. Kinarut

Protect against coastline erosion




14 C5-10: Sg. Kinarut Mangroves Conserve mangroves



15 C5-11: Palm Beach Maintain housing development

16 C5-12: Kinarut Beach Manage coastline retreat

Maintain/ improve water quality status


Maintain residential

Maintain housing area and beach amenity for public access

Exec summary 7-3

17 C5-13: Kg. Karang to Lok Kawi Army Base

Improve water quality status

Restrict further expansion of water village

Maintain drainage function and flushing

Maintain residential area allocation

Maintain commercial area allocation

18 C5-14: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase I

Promote tourism development; integrated within proposed tourism cluster

Conserve live coral reefs seaward of the proposed tourism cluster

Permit loss of poor quality reef within proposed tourism cluster reclamation area

19 C5-15: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase II

Promote tourism development; integrated within proposed tourism cluster

Conserve live coral reefs seaward of the proposed tourism cluster

Permit loss of poor quality reef within proposed tourism cluster reclamation area

20 C5-16: Meruntum Lagoon North Conserve seagrass

Maintain / protect lagoon integrity and flushing

Conserve mangroves


Maintain flushing/ discharge capacity


Relocation or transformation of water village area

21 C5-17: Sg. Putatan to Tg. Dumpil Preserve flushing capacity


Improve flood conveyance

Protection JKR complex from coastline erosion

Conserve mangroves

Protect reclamation/housing against erosion


22 C5-18: Tg. Dumpil Preserve headland as aesthetic landscape feature

23 C5-19: Tg. Dumpil to Sg. Petagas Improve river mouth navigability and flood conveyance


Protect village against erosion

Improve flushing capacity

Manage coastline retreat

24 C5-20: Kota Kinabalu Internation Airport (KKIA)

Protect airport run way

25 C5-20b: Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) Runway Extended

Protect airport run way



7-4 Exec Summary

26 C5-21: Tg. Aru Beach Improve water quality status

Maintain discharge capacity and improve drainage system (divert outlets away from beach area)

Improve coastal protection

Improve recreational amenity

Improve protected areas/ seawalls, which are degraded/ hazardous

Traffic (master/ action plan required)

Maintain private housing areas

Convert / encourage tourism activities (tourism belt)

27 C5-22: Pulau Dinawan Preserve current beach condition

Maintain and promote resort as tourism destination


Conserve seagrass

28 C6-01: Shangri – La’s Tg. Aru Resort (STAR)

Maintain beach quality for recreation

Maintain resort facilities

29 C6-02: Kg. Tg. Aru to Sutera Harbour

Improve aesthetic value/ waste management

Improve water quality

Beautify coastline

30 C6-03: Sutera Harbour / Sembulan

Provide public access to shoreline


Maintain/ promote high-end residential development

Maintain cleanliness of drains and improve water quality

Maintain navigability

31 C6-04: KK Times Square Maintain/ promote commercial development

Protect reclamation from erosion

Maintain cleanliness of drains and improve water quality

32 C6-05: Central Bus Station Optimise land utilisation in line with coastal location

Protect reclamation from erosion

Consider streamlining frontage in Suria/ Jesselton residences area

33 C6-06: Kota Kinabalu Waterfront Protect reclamation from erosion

Consider streamlining frontage in Suria/ Jesselton residences area

Improve waste management, aesthetic value, access

Improve jetty/ landing access points

Improve amenities, accessibility for public connectivity and coherence

Maintain commercial/ residential areas

Exec summary 7-5

34 C6-07: Kota Kinabalu Port Optimise land utilisation in line with coastal location

Maintain navigability for boat/ shipping operations

Public access to shoreline to be maintained/ connectivity to KK city centre/ Likas Beach

35 C6-08: Tg. Lipat to Likas Beach Protect coastal road

Maintain tidal flushing

Conserve mangroves

Improve accessibility to public and connectivity to KK city centre and Likas beach

36 C6-09: Likas Beach to Anjung Selera

Maintain and improve beach and coastline

Maintain coastal protection

Improve water and beach quality

Improve recreational amenities

Improve waste and wastewater management

37 C6-09b: Likas Lagoon Protect wetland

Maintain flood retention function

Potential for public recreational use

38 C6-10: Sg. Inanam Mangroves Conserve mangroves



39 C6-11: Sg. Inanam to Kg. Layang - Layang

Maintain village area


Low density development

Restrict/ optimise land use to that which requires or optimizes coastal location/ natural landscape

Maintain jetty accessibility

Conserve live corals

Maintain landscape feature

40 C6-12: Kg. Tarak – Tarak to Sg. Menggatal

Maintain aesthetic landscape value


Maintain access to village area

Improve sanitation and waste management


Conserve seagrass

41 C6-13: Sg. Menggatal Estuary Conserve mangroves

Maintain village areas

Maintain navigation access/ fish landing

Improve sanitation and waste management


Preserve drainage/ flushing capacity

Improve river mouth navigability



7-6 Exec Summary

42 C6-14: UiTM Campus Maintain and promote tertiary education

Preserve ridge as aesthetic landscape feature and buffer zone

43 C6-15: Sapangar Bay Industrial Area

Maintain navigability

Maintain water quality

Conserve seagrass

44 C6-16: Sapangar Fish Factory Maintain navigability


Protect coastal road


Maintain aesthetic landscape value of vegetated hills

Do nothing for reefs anddead corals

45 C6-17: Sapangar Naval Base Maintain security area and buffer zone


46 C6-18: Ocean Quarry Maintain quarry site

47 C6-19: Tg. Gaya and Tg. Kaitan Maintain aesthetic value


Prohibit development

48 C6-20: Pulau Sapangar Conserve live corals

Provision of sanitation/ waste management

Preserve/ improve water quality status around the farms

49 C6-21: Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP)

Conserve life corals

Maintain tourism facilities

Maintain island status


Ensure aesthetic value of beach


Conserve mangroves

Conserve seagrass

50 C6-22: Gaya Island To improve water quality and ensure no impacts to Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP)

51 C6-22b: Tg. Logong Preserve current unspoiled condition of headland

52 C6-22c: Gayana Island Resort Maintain aesthetic value and amenities of resort

53 C7-01: Nexus Karambunai Manage coastline retreat

Protect resort and villas against erosion

Maintain and promote as tourism destination

Potential for fringing coral reefs rehabilitation

Exec summary 7-7

54 C7-02: Kuala Karambunai and Estuaries



Improve river mouth navigability


Protect gas pipeline against erosion or scour

Conserve seagrass

Maintain and protect recreational centre against river bank erosion

55 C7-02b: Petronas Complex Control industrial development

56 C7-02c: Salut – Mengkabung Estuaries

Conserve mangroves

Maintain tidal prism


Conserve seagrass


Maintain villages sanitation and cleanliness


57 C7-02d: Gayang Preserve / improve water status



Promote low to middle sized industry activities

58 C7-03: Shangri – La’s Rasa Ria Resort

Preserve current beach condition



59 C7-03b: Estuary between Tg. Badak and Kg. Trayong



Preserve aesthetic value of forest / vegetation

60 C7-03c: Kg. Trayong Maintain and improve village areas


61 C7-04: Kuala Tambalang Preserve present condition of river mouth



Maintain as tourism destination

62 C7-05: Sabandar Beach Manage coastline retreat

Maintain and promote tourism development

Protect resort and residential against erosion


63 C7-05b: Tambalang Estuary Mangroves

Conserve mangrove

Preserve/ improve water quality status



7-8 Exec Summary

64 C7-06: Sabandar Beach Preserve current condition of river mouth

Preserve or increase sediment supply to prevent further coastal erosion

Improve accessibility and safety for boat navigation

Allow for morphological fluctuations at river sand spits

Conserve mangrove

65 C7-07: Mimpian Jadi Resort Preserve current beach condition

Maintain and promote as tourism destination

Maintain aesthetic value and amenities of resort

66 C7-08: Sulaman Estuary Maintain tidal prism


Preserve present condition of river mouth



Conserve mangrove

Conserve seagrass




67 C7-09: Sulaman Peninsula Preserve current beach condition


Exec summary 8-1

8 Conclusion

Through the various recommendations and guidelines proposed in the ISMP, it will take the relevant stakeholders and authorities a large amount of effort to ensure they are being enforced efficiently in order to guarantee the successful implementation. This is often the critical stage in executing any new management plan and in particular integrated shoreline management plans, with its multi-sectoral considerations. Government agencies involved as well as NGOs should commit further and collaborate together which would not only promise credible outcome but also would lead to savings in both human and financial resources. Public awareness towards preserving the sustainability of shoreline and its features too is hoped to be raised and the workshops conducted as part of the study were an encouraging start.

The recommendations of this ISMP cover the planning stage (what to do where), project implementation (how to develop, e.g. setback considerations) and on-going monitoring programmes. The implementation of the ISMP would therefore fulfil the main aims of the study, namely to:

Reduce risks to people and property from coastal erosion and/or flooding; Improve and enhance the quality of recreational beaches; Assist in the conservation of the coastal environment and areas of historical, archaeological

value; Assist in the planning of land use along the coastal area; Assist the State Government and the various State Government Agencies/Departments in

making informed decisions with respect to the development in the coastal area.

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