Kuliah 2 - Pendahuluan Pascal

8/12/2019 Kuliah 2 - Pendahuluan Pascal

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Pendahuluan PASCAL


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Apakah Pascal itu?

Pascal adalah Bahasa pemrogramantingkat tinggi

Mudah dimengerti karena menggunakan

sintaks Bhs. Inggris sederhana sepertiBEGIN, END, READ, WRITE, IF, THEN,REPEAT, WHILE, DO, dsb.


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Apakah Pascal itu?

Pascal

Dibuat oleh Nicklaus Wirth (Swiss) pada akhirtahun 60an

Mudah dipelajari, mudah digunakan, ...

Tersedia secara gratis

Pelopor bahasa pemrograman terstruktur

Dapat berbentuk modular


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Apakah Pascal itu?

Kompiler yang banyak dikenal:

Turbo Pascal, Borland Pascal, TPW, FP


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Struktur Program Pascal

Setiap program Pascal memuat headerdan blok.

Header dimulai dengan kata PROGRAM,yang diikuti oleh nama program.

Blok memiliki dua bagian utamabagiandeklarasi dan bagian pernyataan.


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Struktur Program Pascal

Bagian deklarasi mendefiniskan variable,konstanta, penggunaan unit, fungsi,prosedur dsb.

Bagian pernyataan memuat pernyataansebenarnya yang mengakibatkan aksi

yang akan dilakukan komputer Sebuahprogram memuat paling kurang satu barispernyataan.


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Contoh 1

PROGRAM Pertama;

BEGIN

WRITELN(Selamat Pagi);END.


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Contoh 2

PROGRAM Kedua;

CONST nama=Khaeruddin;

BEGINWRITELN(Selamat Pagi ,nama);

WRITELN(Apa kabar hari ini);

END.


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9

Contoh 3

Program Ketiga;

const

NIM = 1234567;

varmatakuliah: integer;

begin

write(Masukkan jumlah MK yang anda programkan);

read(matakuliah);writeln(Mahasiswa, NIM, mengambil , matakuliah, matakuliahsemester ini);

end.

Program Heading

Declarasi

Program Body


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10

Reserved Words

program Ketiga;

const

NIM = 1234567;

var

matakuliah: integer;

begin

write(Masukkan jumlah MK yang anda programkan);

read(matakuliah

);

writeln(Mahasiswa, NIM, mengambil , matakuliah, matakuliahsemester ini);

end.


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Contoh 4

PROGRAM lingkaran; (*Header*)

(*This program calculate and print the area of a circle.*)

VAR luas, jejari:real; (*Variable Declaration*)

BEGIN

read(jejari); (*Statement*)

luas :=3.14159 * (jejari * jejari); (*Statement*)

write(luas); (*Statement*)

END.


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Pascal Fundamentals OPERATOR ARITMETIKA

+ Penjumlahan

- Pengurangan

* Perkalian

/ Pembagian bil. ril

DIV Pembagian bernilai bulat

MOD Sisa hasil bagi


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Aktivitas Dengan menggunakan OPERATOR ARITMETIKA

Tulis Sintaks Pascal untuk pernyataan berikut:

Menghitung sisa hasil bagi 20 dibagi 6, dan simpan dalam variable yangdisebut hasil.

hasil := 20 MOD 6;

Simpan dalam variable hasiljumlah 3 bilangan yang disimpan dalamvariabel n1, n2, n3 dibagi 3.

hasil := (n1 + n2 + n3) DIV 3;

Simpan dalam variable keliling, keliling suatu lingkaran jika diketahuikonstanta pidan jari-jari radius.

keliling := 2 * pi * radius;


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Fundamental Pascal

INDENTIFIER Sebuah identifier adalah sebuah nama yang diberikan

ke beberapa elemen program seperti namakonstanta, nama variable, nama prosedur, atau namaprogram

Identifiers terdiri atas huruf atau angka, dalam urutansembarang, yang harus dimulai dengan huruf.

Huruf besar maupun kecil dibolehkan.

Karakter selain huruf dn angka tidak dibolehkan.

Spasi kosong tidak dibolehkan (ingat, spasi kosongjuga karakter)

Panjang masksimum 63 karakter

Boleh menggunakan underscore

Contoh: studentName, Parent_Name


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Aktivitas

Tentukan yang mana yang DIBOLEHKAN atau TIDAK

DIBOLEHKAN

3grade NOT ALLOWED solution: grade3

StudentNAMe ALLOWED

Book Number NOT ALLOWED solution: Book_Number

Money$ NOT ALLOWED solution: Money


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Pascal Fundamentals DATA TYPES

One of the most important and interesting characteristics of Pascal is itsability to support many different types of data. You will be exposed to three.

Simple-type Data

These are single items (numbers, characters) that are associated withsingle identifiers on a one-to-one basis.

There are several different simple data types. These include the fourstandard data typesinteger, real, char and bo olean.

String-type Data

This represent strings of characters.

Structured-type Data

This consist of multiple data items that are related to one another insome specified manner. Each group of data is associated with aparticular identifier. An example is Array (will be discussed later).


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Pascal Fundamentals CONSTANTS

It is often convenient to associate a simple data item, such as anumerical value or a string, with an identifier, thus providing a name forthe data item. The identifier is called a constant if the data item isassigned permanently (ie. If the data item remains the same throughoutthe program).

A constant must always be defined before it can appear in Pascalstatement.

Example: Two items that are constant GCT and PI.

CONST gct = 17.5;

CONST pi = 3.14128


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Pascal Fundamentals VARIABLES

An identifier whose value is allowed to change during the execution of aprogram is called a variable.

Every variable must be individually declared (defined)before it can beused in a program.

The variable declaration establishes the fact that the identifier is avariable (rather than a constant) and specifies the type of the variable.


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Pascal Fundamentals ACTIVITY

1. Declare two variables, num1 and num2 to hold whole numbers.

VAR num1, num2: integer;

2. Declare a variable studentname.

VAR studentname: string;

3. Declare two variables to hold the price and name of an item.

VAR itemname: string;

VAR itemprice: real;

4. Declare a variable to hold an answer of Y for yes OR N for no.VAR answer: char;


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Pascal Fundamentals RELATIONAL OPERATORS (used to make comparisons)

= equal to

not equal to

< less than greater than

>= greater than or equal to


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Data Input and Output THE READ STATEMENT

The read statement is used to read data items from the input data fileand assign them to integer, real, char or string-type variables.

The statement is written as

read ( variablename);

Input values can be separated by commas.

THE READLN STATEMENT

The readln statement, like the read statement, is used to read dataitems from the input file and assign them to integer, real, char or stringvariables.

The difference between the two statements is the readln cause thefollowing (not the current) read or readln statement to begin by readinga new line of data, whereas the read statement will allow the followingread or readln statement to begin on the same line.

Example: readln (variablename);


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Data Input and Output THE WRITE STATEMENT

The write statement is used to write data items to the screen.

An example of this statement is written as:

write( x =, x);

THE WRITELN STATEMENT

The writeln statement is identical to the write statement, except that the writelnstatement results in an end-of-line designation being written after the last item.Therefore, any subsequent write or writeln statement will begin a new line ofoutput.


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Pseudocode to Pascal

MULAI

DEKLARASIKAN price, newprice: realCONSTANT gct 17.5

CETAK Enter the priceINPUT price

newprice (price * (gct /100)) + price

CETAK The new price is, newprice

SELESAI

Program gettingprice;

VAR price, newprice : real;

CONST gct = 17.5;

Beginwrite(Enter the Price);

read(price);

newprice := (price * (gct /100)) + price;

write (The new price is, newprice);End.


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START

DECLARE age, fare AS integer

PRINT Enter your age

READ age

IF age >= 18 THENfare 50

ELSEfare 15

ENDIFPRINT Your bus fare is $, fare

STOP

Program adultchild;

VAR age : integer;

Begin

write(Enter your age);read(age);

IF age >= 18 THEN

begin

write(You are an adult);

endELSE

begin

write (You are a child);

end;

End.


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START

DECLARE grade AS realDECLARE studentname AS string

PRINTWhat is your name?

READ studentname

PRINT Enter the gradeREAD grade

WHILE grade < 60 DOPRINT studentname, will redo test!

PRINT What is the new grade?READ grade

ENDWHILE

PRINT Congrats,, studentname, !!!

STOP

Program studentinfo;

VAR grade : real;

VAR studentname : string;

Begin

write(What is your name?);

read (studentname);

write(Enter the grade);

read (grade);

WHILE grade < 60 DO

begin

write(studentname, will redo test!);

write(What is the new grade?);

read(grade);

end;write (Congrats,, studentname,!!!);

End.


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START

DECLARE studentname AS string

FOR count 1 TO 30 DO

PRINTWhat is your name?READ studentname

ENDFOR

PRINT You have entered all 30 namesSTOP

Program gettingnames;

VAR studentname : string;

Begin

FOR count := 1 TO 30 DO

beginwrite(What is your name?);

read (studentname);

end;write (You have entered all 30 names);

End.


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LATIHAN

Soal 1. Buatlah program untukmenuliskan kalimat AssalammualikumwR. WB ke layar.


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Soal 2. Buatlah program untukmendeklarasikan sebuah variabel bertipeinteger dan isilah variabel tersebut

dengan cara assignment kemudianmencetak nilai variabel tersebut. Cobalahassignment variabel tersebut dengan

bilangan real, apa yang terjadi, amatilah!!!


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Soal 3, Soal4, Soal5. Idem no 2, dengantipe data lainnya (real, karakter, boolean).Cobalah untuk mengisi variabel dengan

nilai yang berbeda dengan tipe datavariabel tersebut !!!


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Soal 6. Dibaca bilangan yangmenyatakan tinggi badan seseorangdalam centimeter. Nilai tinggi badan

dimungkinkan dalam pecahan (100,4 ;160,67 ; 120, 45). Buatlah program yangtepat untuk mendeklarasikan variabel,

mengisi variabel dan mencetak isi variabelsesuai permasalahan tersebut.


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Soal 7. Buatlah program yangmendeklarasikan dua bilangan bertipereal. Input bilangan bertipe real tersebut

dari keyboard, lakukan operasi tambahkurangbagikali- kurangdari-lebihdari.Tampilkan hasil dari setiap operasi ke

layar.


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Soal 8. Idem dengan soal no 2. MisalL=65.5678 maka penulisan luas lingkarandi layar adalah sbb : 65.57 ( lebar

tulisan adalah 9 digit dengan 2 digit dibelakang koma)


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Soal 9. Bool1 dan Bool2 adalah variabelyang masing-masing berisi nilai TRUE danFALSE. Buatlah program untuk melakukan

operasi AND, OR, XOR, NOT terhadapvariabel tersebut.


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Soal 10. Diketahui nilai variabel n= 8(desimal). Buatlah program untukmenggeser bit bilangan 8 dalam desimal

sebanyak 2 ke kiri dan 3 ke kanan..

Kuliah 2 - Pendahuluan Pascal

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