Kuliah I Pendahuluan UNG 27-01-2014

7/23/2019 Kuliah I Pendahuluan UNG 27-01-2014

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DOSEN PENGAMPU :AANG PANJI PERMANA, ST, MT



• Introduction of structural geology• The concept of stress and strain

• Deformation and deformed rocks

• Fracture systems and classifications

• Fault systems and classifications

• Fold and others class of structures

• Tectonic regimes

Basic Concepts of Structural Geology



REFERENCES

Dais! G" #" and Reynolds! S" $"! %&&'! Structural Geology of Rock and Regions (

)nd edition! $ohn and *iley and Sons! Inc"! ++' p",eary! -"! and .ine! F" $"! %&&/! Glo0al Tectonics1 Black2ell Scientific -u0"

3o2ell! $" D"! %&45! Structural Styles in -etroleum E6ploration ( 7GCI

-u0lication! 84/ p"

9eans! *" D"! %&+'! Stress and Strain( Basic Concepts of Continuum Mechanics

for Geologists ( Springer : .erlag! Ne2 ;ork! <<&p"

9ial! D" ="! %&48! -rinciples of Sedimentary Basin =nalysis ( Springer : .erlag! p"<'+ > 8'4"

-ark! R" G"! %&44! Geological Structures and 9oing -lates ( Blackie! Glasgo2

and 3ondon! <<+ p"

-rice! N" $" and Cosgroe! %&&/! =nalysis of Geological Structures ( Cam0ridge

?niersity press! 5/) p"

Suppe! $"! %&45! -rinciples of Structural Geology ( -rentice>#all! Inc"! Engle2ood

Cliffs! Ne2 $ersey! 5<+p"T2iss! R" $" and 9oores! E" 9"! %&&)! Structural Geology ( *" #" Freeman and

Company! Ne2 ;ork! 5<) p"

T2iss! R" $" and 9oores! E" 9"! %&&)! Tectonics ( *" #" Freeman and Company! Ne2

;ork! 5<) p"

=dditional sources ( ==-G! GS=! $SG! GS-



Geologi StrukturGeologi Struktur• Geologi struktur adalah ilmu yang mempela@ari deformasi pada 0atuan yang

merupakan lapisan 0agian atas dari 0umi Akerak 0umi"

• ,ata structure 0erasal dari 0ahasa latin yang 0erarti mem0angun"

• Deformasi atau deformation adalah proses yang meru0ah 0entuk atau ukuran

dari 0atuan yang diaki0atkan oleh stress dan meninggalkan hasil yang permanen

(Strain"

• Deformation Distorsi Dilatasi Translasi Rotasi

• ,ondisi deformasi ( %" Brittle )" Ductile

• 9etoda untuk mempela@ari geologi struktur (

• 7utcrop singkapan Field Alapangan

• 3a0oratorium -emodelan Fisik

• Teoritical -emodelan Numerik

• Skala o0serasi Amicro>meso>macroscopic! regional! glo0al



CONTRACTIONAL DEFORMATIONCONTRACTIONAL DEFORMATION

Kemp et al. (1995)



Structural Geology ( Study Rock deformationStructural Geology ( Study Rock deformation

Deformation Changes in rocks caused 0y forceDeformation Changes in rocks caused 0y force

Force Stress AForce Stress Aσ

Changes A-lace! 3ength! .olume! =ngle Strain AChanges A-lace! 3ength! .olume! =ngle Strain Aε

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS



TerminologyTerminology

• Stress – The force acting on asurface, force per unit area

• Deformation – change inshape or volume of rock in

response to stress

• Strain – deformation resulting

from stress.



TerminologiTerminologi

• tres ! "a#a #ang $eker%a pada

permukaan, ga#a per satuan luas

• &eformasi ! peru$ahan $entukatau volume $atu dalam

menanggapi stres

• 'egangan ! deformasi aki$at stres.



STRESSSTRESS STRAINSTRAIN

BASIC CONCEPTSBASIC CONCEPTS

D;N=9ICS =N=3;SISD;N=9ICS =N=3;SIS

?=NTIFIC=TI7N DEF7R9=TI7N?=NTIFIC=TI7N DEF7R9=TI7N?NDERST=NDING 9EC#=NIS9?NDERST=NDING 9EC#=NIS9

,INE9=TICS =N=3;SIS,INE9=TICS =N=3;SIS

• Balancing Cross-secionsBalancing Cross-secions• Basin Reconsr!cionsBasin Reconsr!cions



STRESSSTRESS STRAINSTRAIN

RHEOLOGY RHEOLOGY LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY

STRESS versus STRAINSTRESS versus STRAIN

Rock Strength



STRESS =ND STR=INSTRESS =ND STR=IN

Stress ( Forces action on rocks – Compressie > -ushing together

– Tensional > -ulling apart

– Shear > -arallel 0ut opposite forces

Strain ( Change in sie or shape due tostress

– -lastic ersus Brittle



Tekanan dan 'eganganTekanan dan 'egangan

• Tekanan Kekuatan tindakan pada $atu

Tekan ! endorong $ersama

Tensional ! enarik terpisah

"eser ! *aralel tetapi kekuatan se$alikn#a.

• 'egangan *eru$ahan ukuran atau $entuk

karena stres

• *lastik di$andingkan 'apuh



S t r e s s

?niform ( > compressional

Differential ( > compressional

> tensional

> shear



T#pes of tressT#pes of tress

• ?niform stress ( e+ual force applied

in each direction



T#pes of tressT#pes of tress

• Differential

stress ( force

applied is greater

in one direction



Tipe TeganganTipe Tegangan

• Tegangan eragam (umum) ga#a

#ang sama diterapkan di setiap arah

• Tegangan Tidak eragam ga#a#ang di$erikan le$ih $esar dalam

satu arah



T#pes of &ifferential tressT#pes of &ifferential tress



-/02'-/02'

15-4

Elastic



Geologi Struktur Geologi Struktur

Bidang ,ontak Bidang ketidakselarasan

Intrusi Adike! sill! 0atolit! lakolit

Struktur -rimer Bidang -erlapisan

Struktur Sedimen

Struktur Sekunder ,ekar! Sesar dan -erlipatan

Cleaage! Foliasi dan 3ineasi



PRIMARY STRUCTURESPRIMARY STRUCTURES



SECONDARY STRUCTURESSECONDARY STRUCTURES



D" Con@ugateshear fractureB" 3ongitudinal splitting

C" E6tension fracture

=" Tension fracture

σ3

σ3

σ3

σ1

σ1

σ1 σ

1

Formation of Fractures

Relationship 0et2een fracture types and stress from rock e6periments



Ductile Brittle

Deformation : Formation of Fractures



Formation of Fractures



15-2b http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html

breaks flows



elationship Between Fault Plane and

Orientation of Principal Stress (S)

3o2ell A%&45

Sma6 σ%

SInt σ)

Smin σ

<

σ

< σ

2

< σ<



FAULT GEOET !ES A"# $LASS!F!$AT!O"

• =ndersonHs Dynamic Fault Classification

• Separation Classification

• Slip Classification

Foot 2all

0lock

Rotationalfaults

#anging 2all0lock

F" Sinistral>reerse

Foot 2all0lock

G"E" Sinistral>normal

#anging 2all0lock

70liue>slipfaults

Dip>slipfaults

Dip>slip

faults

B" Thrust D" 3eft>lateral! or sinistral=" Normal C" Right>lateral! or de6tral



FRA$TURESFRA$TURES

•Fracture ( a 0reak in rock due to 0rittle0ehaior to stress

• $oint ( = fracture 2ith no displacement

– $oint Sets ( multiple @oints orientedparallel to one another! in response to

regional stress

–Ground2ater flo2! hydrothermal oredeposits

• Fault ( = fracture 2ith displacement



*ecahan*ecahan

• *ecahan 'ekahan di $atu karena perilaku

tegangan

• Kekar e$uah pecahan4hancuran tanpa

perpindahanKekar erpasangan e$erapa pecahan

$erorientasi se%a%ar satu sama lain, dalam

menanggapi tegangan daerah /liran air tanah, deposit $i%ih hidrotermal

• esar *ecahan dengan perpindahan



FRACTURES AND JOINTSFRACTURES AND JOINTS



F A U L T S

A U L T S

•Dip>Slip Fault ( movement is parallel tothe dip of the fault (up and don)

• Strike>Slip Fault movement is

perpendicular to the dip of the fault

($ack and forth)

• 70liue>Slip Fault com$ination of

dip!slip and strike!slip

• #anging *all J Foot *all anging

all is over the foot all

6/78T6/78T



6/78T6/78T

SES=R T?R?N AN7R9=3 F=?3T



SES=R T?R?NAN7R9=3 F=?3T



SES=R N=I,ARE.ERSE F=?3T

SES=R N=I, ARE.ERSE F=? T



SES=R N=I, ARE.ERSE F=?3T

SES=R S?NG,?- AT#R?ST F=?3T



SES=R S?NG,?- AT#R?ST F=?3T



THRUST FAULT

(DUPLEX FAULT)

FAULTING AND FOLDINGFAULTING AND FOLDING



FAULTING AND FOLDINGFAULTING AND FOLDING



SES=R 9END=T=RASTRI,E S3I- F=?3T

R!G%T LATERAL STR!&E SL!P FAULTSR!G%T LATERAL STR!&E SL!P FAULTS



R!G%T LATERAL STR!&E SL!P FAULTSR!G%T LATERAL STR!&E SL!P FAULTS

L!PATA" (L!PATA" (FOL#FOL#S)S)




• Fold $end or ave!like feature in la#ered

rock, from plastic $ehavior of stress

• =nticline 7pard arching fold

• Syncline &onard arching fold

• #inge 3ine /is of the fold of the folded

la#er

• =6ial -lane *lane ith all of the hinge

lines of a fold

• 3im0 *ortion of la#er $eteen hinge lines



8*/T/:8*/T/:• 8ipat entuk melengkung atau gelom$ang!seperti

di $atuan $erlapis, dari perilaku tegangan $atuan#ang $ersifat plastik

• /ntiklin melengkung atau melipat keatas

• inklin melengkung atau melipat ke$aah• inge 8ine *uncak dari lipatan dari lapisan dilipat

• /ial *lane idang dengan semua lini puncak

lipatan• 8im$ (a#ap lipatan) 8apisan antara hinge lines




http://www.uta.edu/geology/Geohomepage/98%20research.htm

Deformation caused primarily by compression stress

acting on ductile rocks.

Deformation caused primarily by compression stress

acting on ductile rocks.





-3?NGING-3?NGING

F73DSF73DS



D79ES JD79ES J

B=SINSB=SINS

15-16

Structural dome -

upward arching circular

structure.

Structural basin -

downward archingcircular structure.

REGIONAL SCALE FOLDSREGIONAL SCALE FOLDS



REGIONAL SCALE FOLDSREGIONAL SCALE FOLDS

OUTCROP SCALE FOLDSOUTCROP SCALE FOLDS



OUTCROP SCALE FOLDSOUTCROP SCALE FOLDS

Salah satu contoh perlipatanSalah satu contoh perlipatan



Salah satu contoh perlipatanSalah satu contoh perlipatan

B " F $ t & St t & G &B " F $ t & St t & G &



B!"c F#n$%ent& Str#ct#r& Geo&ogB!"c F#n$%ent& Str#ct#r& Geo&og

STRESS ASTRESS Aσ

=ND STR=IN A =ND STR=IN Aε

““As Geologist I don’t believe in stess !"o#n R$%s$&'(As Geologist I don’t believe in stess !"o#n R$%s$&'(

SEISMIC DATASEISMIC DATA



SEISMIC DATASEISMIC DATA

GE737GIC 9=-SGE737GIC 9=-S



GE737GIC 9=-SGE737GIC 9=-S• 9ap urficial to!dimensional

representation of the underl#ing geologicstructures ith the use of standard s#m$olsand patterns

• Cross>Section 0ertical slice through theearth, like a road cut in the mountains.

• Fence Diagram everal cross!sections in aarea from different vies

• Block Diagram "eologic ap ith to;ross!ections



*eta "eologi*eta "eologi

• *eta representasi dua dimensi permukaan

dari struktur geologi #ang mendasari dengan

penggunaan sim$ol!sim$ol dan pola standar

• ;ross!ection slice vertikal melalui $umi,seperti %alan memotong di pegunungan.

• 6ence &iagram e$erapa lintas!$agian di

daerah dari pandangan #ang $er$eda• lok &iagram "eologi *eta dengan dua

agian elahan



eolo!ic "a#

eolo!ic Profile

eolo!ic

$ross Section



GE737GIC 9=-GE737GIC 9=-

and sectionand section

"easurin! Deformation in t%e Roc&sS i& ' Di



Stri&e ' Di#



APLI)ASI STRU)TUR GEOLOGI



-ETR73E?9 TR=-S-ETR73E?9 TR=-S



• Salt Dome

• N7R9=3

Faults

• =nticline

*-T'28-7 T'/**-T'28-7 T'/*



*-T'28-7 T'/**-T'28-7 T'/*

AT$LE

Kuliah I Pendahuluan UNG 27-01-2014

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