Metode Penambangan BawahTanah Underground Mining Methods

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNGFakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan PerminyakanKelompok Keahlian Teknik Pertambangan

Metode Penambangan Bawah Tanah(Underground Mining Methods)untuk Masa Depan Pertambangan Indonesia

Ridho Kresna Wattimena

Mining Outlook 201812 September 2018

Mengapa Tambang Bawah Tanah?


Gambar diambil dari berbagai sumber

Tantangan Tambang Bawah Tanah

1. Pemilihan Metode PenambanganBadan Bijih Mekanika BatuanKetebalan Kondisi badan bijihKemiringan Kondisi massa batuan hanging wallBentuk umum Kondisi massa batuan foot wallDistribusi kadar Kekuatan contoh badan bijihKuantitas kadar Kekuatan contoh hanging wallKedalaman Kekuatan contoh foot wall

Disarikandariberbagaisumber

Lingkungan + Tata Ruang + Ekonomi


1. Pemilihan Metode Penambangan

Metode PenambanganKetebalan Badan Bijih (m)

< 3 3-10 10-30 30-100 > 100Open Pit 1 2 3 4 4Block Caving -50 -50 0 3 4Sublevel Stoping -10 2 4 3 2Sublevel Caving -50 -10 3 4 4Long Wall 4 2 -10 -50 -50Room & Pillar 4 2 -10 -50 -50Shrinkage 4 4 3 -10 -50Cut & Fill 3 4 4 1 -10Top Slicing 1 0 0 2 1Square Set 4 3 2 0 0

Contoh


2. Kestabilan lubang bukaan

Tegangan tinggiStruktur geologi



2. Kestabilan lubang bukaan

Batuan lemah Air



3. Biaya the deeper you go, the more expensive it is to mine a)

You have to bring in specialized equipment and spend more on ground support to ensure stability b)

The added complexity and expense can undermine investor confidence, especially given the fact that it costs up to $1-billion to establish a new mining operation c)

a) Prof. G. Chitombo, Professor and Chair of Minerals Industry Engagement, University of Queensland, Australia

b) Prof. P. Kaiser, Vice President, Centre for Excellence in Mining Innovation, Canadac) Damien Duff, R&D Program Director for Smart Underground Mining and Integrated

Technologies


4. Inovasi dan Teknologi

Perencanaan tambang Pengoperasian alat



Pengeboran lubang tembak peledakan



Peledakan batuan



Penyanggaan lubang bukaan Ventilasi

Contoh: Metode Block Caving

Metode tambang bawah tanah dengan biayaproduksi per ton termurah.

Capital-intensive operation (Oancea, 2013) Biaya 2-10 Milyar USD Development 15-20 tahun. 70% capex sebelum mendapatkan keuntungan. Look for mining companies with deep pockets.

Desain tidak fleksibel + ketrampilan tenaga kerja.

Lokasi deposit sangat menentukan.

Block Caving: Design

Eadie, B, 2003. A framework for modellingfragmentation in block caving. Ph D thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Harries, N J, 2001. Rock mass characterisation for cave mine engineering. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Mawdesley, C, 2002. Predicting rock mass cavability in block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Wattimena, R K, 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Block Caving: Draw Control

Halim, A E, 2006. Study of the influence of interactive draw upon drawpoint spacing in block and sublevel caving mines. Ph D thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Power, G R, 2004. Modelling granular flow in caving mines: Large scale physical modelling and full scale experiments. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Castro, R L, 2007. Study of the mechanisms of gravity flow for block caving. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Block Caving: Induced Stresses

Sumber:Wattimena, R K, 2003. Designing undercut and production level drifts in block caving mines. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

6-12 x tegangan vertikal awal

Sumber:Trueman R, Pierce M, Wattimena R K, 2002. Quantifying stresses and support requirements in the undercut and production level drifts of block and panel caving mines. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 39: 617–632.

Block Caving: Induced Stresses

1. Beban statis meningkat 2. Material terkompaksi

3. Aktivitas seismik meningkat

4. Continuous caving tidak tercapai

5. Tegangan terinduksi berlangsung lama

Block Caving: Drawing

Sumber:Tamrock

Sumber:Wattimena, R K, Widijanto, E, Sahupala, H, 2005. Convergence monitoring for evaluating the stability of extraction level after drawpoints closing in DOZ underground mine, PT Freeport Indonesia. Proc. 3rd Int Sym Earth Sci Tech, Fukuoka, Japan.

Block Caving: Drawing

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNGFakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan PerminyakanKelompok Keahlian Teknik Pertambangan

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Metode Penambangan BawahTanah Underground Mining Methods

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