Nota SPM 2012
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Transcript of Nota SPM 2012
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PRE-SPM NOTE
FORCES AND MOTION
PHYSIC
QUANTITY( unit)
LAW/PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA
Velocity
V ( ms-1
)
Velocity=displacement/time
V = s/t
Rate of change of distance
Kadar perubahan jarak
Acceleration
a ( ms-2
)
a = initial velocity-final velocity
time
a= v-u ( ms-2
)
t
Rate of change of velocity
Kadar perubahan halaju
Momentum
( kgms-1
)
Momentum= mass x velocity
= mv
Note: Compare elastic and
inelastic collision.
Product of mass and velocity
Conservation of momentumThe total momentum before and
after collision is the same.
Force
( N)
Force= mass x acceleration
F= ma
F = m (v-u) =mv-mu
time t
Rate of change of velocity
Kadar perubahan momentum
Note: Formula for impulsive force
Inertia Tendency of object to remain at
restor move with constant velocity
if no force is acted upon it.
Bigger mass bigger inertia
Harder to start and to stop from
moving.
Note: check example of inertia
Gravitional
Force (N)
Weight=mg g= gravitational
acceleration
Weight isdownward forcedue to
gravitational acceleration.
As object falls velocity increases but
accelaration remains constant.
Energy
Work
( Joule)
Kinetic energy= mv2
Gravitational = mgh
Potential energy
Energyis work
Principle of Conservation of energy
Energy can be transformedto other
form but the totalenergy remainthe same.
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Power
( Watt )
Power= Energy
time
Rate of energy consume
Elastic potential
Energy
Ek
Ek = kx2
EK= Fx
K = constant
X = extensionK = gradient of graph
F spring A
SpringB
X
Gradient A > Gradient B
Spring A is stiffer than spring B
Elasticitythe ability of material to
return to its original shape when the
force exerted upon it is removed.
Hookes law
F=kx, Forceis directly propotional
to extensionor compression
provided it does not exceed the
elastic limit.
Shaded area = Work done=1/2Fx
Characteristic/Modification design using Physics concept
Characteristic of design Explanation
Low mass/light object High velocity/ accelerate
Low density Light (ringan) easy to carry aroundAerodynamic shape (car)
Aerofoil shape ( airpalne)
Streamlineshape ( boat/ship)
Less air resistance, high velocity
Less air resistance, high velocity
Less water resistance, high velocity
Car safety design
Seat belt/airbag/head rest
Crumple zone/rubber bumper
Avoid injury due to inertia
Lengten time of collision, less impulsive force
Application of spring
High spring constant
Long spring
Thick spring
Spring for absorber
penyerap hentakan pada roda
Double spring
More stiff and more elastic , high frequency, ayunan
pantas.
Antirust, made of steel for long lasting.
Softer and low frequency.
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FORCES AND PRESSURE
PHYSICS
QUANTITY (UNIT)
LAW/PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/IDEA
Pressure
Nm
-2
( pascal)
Pressure = Force
AreaP= F/A
F1 F2
A A
Force per unit area
Daya yang bertindak ke atasseunit luas
F1=F2Small Area big pressure
Pressure in liquid Pressure = density x gravity x depth
P = gh
water h=5m
water= 1000kgm3
g=10ms-2
Pressure at point = gh
1000x10x5
= 50000 Pa
Bermaksud - tekanan pada suatu
titik dalam cecair.
Tekanan bertambah apabila
density and depth bertambah
secara berkadar terus.
Pascal Principle F1 = F2A1 A2P1 = P2
In an enclosed system pressure
can be transmitted equallyto all
direction .
Application - hydraulic jack or
brake.
Archimedes
Principle
Buoyancy force = Vg
V= Volume of object
= density of fluid T
g = gravitational force
T
W
Fb w
Bagi suatu object yang tenggelam
atau separa tenggelam upthrust
force is equal to the weight of
water displaced.
Semakin dalam jasad tenggelam
semakin banyak air tersesar
semakin besar daya tujahan
keatas.
For floatingobject W= Bouyancy
Bernoullis
Principle In moving fluid pressure
increases when velocity
decreases and vice verse.
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CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT
CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION
Hydraulic brake
Use oil as liquid
Made of Stainless steelLiquid used- high boiling point
Ratio of cross sectional area-
Small piston : big piston is big
Cannot be compressed, pressure transmitted efficiently
- Long lasting and antirust- Can stand heat, doesnot evaporate at high temp
- Increase force, bigger force produce
Hot air balloon
Big size
Material - canvass
Fuel - butaneBest time to launch- morning
- More air displaced, bigger upthrust force
- Water proof
- Not flammable- Low air density, easy to go up
Ship or submarine
Big volume
Streamline shape/aerodynamic
Air tank for submarine - big
Balast tank big
- Morewater displaced, bigger upthrust force
- Less water resistance
- More oxigen for passenger
- More buoyancy force, easy to go up
- More water weight, easy to go down
Hidrometer
Stem - long and small
Glass wall
Large diameter of bulb
Use lead shots
Is used to measure the density of liquid
- Smaller scale more accurate/skala kecil dan tepat
- Transparent
- Displaced more liquid
- To keep hidrometer stay upright
Water rocket
Small mass
Aerodynamic shape
45 angle of launching
Volume of water is 1/3
Bullet shape on top
- Accelerate faster
- Reduce air resistance
- Rocket go further, maximum distance
- High momentum
- Reduce air resistance
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HEAT
PHYSICS
QUANTITY
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/ IDEAS
Heat ( Joule) Q= mc
Q= Heat
m = mass of materialc = specific heat capacity
= temperature rise
HEAT is form of energy
note: temperature is thedegree of hotness of matter.
Thermal equilbrium
Kesimbangan terma
when two objects of different
temperature in contact reach
the same temperature.
Net heat transfer is zero.
Specific heat capacity C= Q (Jkg-1c)m
Heat required to raise thethe temp of 1kg material by
1 C.
Material with big c take
Longer time to heat up and
Longer time to cool down.
Latent Heat Lf=latent heat of fusion
Q=mlf ( Jkg-1)
Lv = latent heat of vaporisation
Q=mlv ( Jkg-1
)
Heat required to change 1 kg material
from solid to gas at constanttemperature.
Heat required to change 1 kg material
from liquid to gas at constant
temperature
Gas Law
Note: Draw the 3 graph
of gas law.
PV = constant
T
P= Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
P1v1=P2V2, BoylesLAW
P1= P2, Pressure LAW
T 1 T2
V1= V2, Charles LAW
T1 T2
Boyles Law- For fix mass of
gas pressure is inversely
propotional to volume
Pressure Law- For a fix mass of
gas pressure is directly
propotional to its absolute
temperature
Charles Law For a fix mass of
gas volume is directly
propotional to its absolute
temperature.
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CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATON USING PHYSICS CONCEPT
Characteristic Explanation
Cooking pan for fast cooking
Large base diameter
Low density material
Low specific heat capacity
Anti rust
Handle made of insulator/wood
Bigger area more heat transfer
Easy to carry around
Fast heating
Long lasting
Poor heat conductor
Food container to keep heat
High specific heat capacity
(inner part)
Made of good insulator
(outer part)
Low density material
High melting point
Keep heat longer
Poor heat conductor
Easy to carry around
Can withstand high temperature
Efficient electric kettle
Body- high specific heat capacity
Made of insulator
Low density
Heating element- a lot of loop
Handle made of insulator
Heating element made of nichrome
Keep heat longer
Poor conductor
Light
Increase surface area, more heat transfer
Safe to hold.
To produce high energy
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LIGHT
PHYSICS/QUANTITY
LAW/PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEAS
Law of reflection Angle i =angle r
i = incident angle
r= reflection angel
Angle of incidence=angle of reflection
Real image - image that can be
Displayed on screen
Virtual image-cannot be displayed
On screen
Convex mirror Ray Diagram
object
Image
F C
Characteristics of image formed
Smaller, upright and virtual
Concave mirror Ray diagram
Object placed between C
and F
object
C F
Characteristic of image
Bigger, upsidedown,real
Ray diagram
Object placed in front of F
image
object
C F
Characteristics of image
Bigger ,virtual, upright
Refraction of light
Snells Law
Index of refraction n
n = sin i/sin r
n = velocity in vacuum
velocity in medium
n = real depth
apparent depth
The bending of light due to changes
in velocity as light move to medium
of differnce density.
Note: n is always bigger than 1
Critical angle
C glass
c
cahaya bergerak dari kawtumpat ke kurang tumpat.
Critical angle c is incidence angle that
produces refractive angle of 90
n = 1/sin c, n is refractive index
total internal reflection occurswhen i>
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LENSES FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT
IDEA
POWER OF LENS
( DIOPTER)
P=1/focal length NOTE: f must be in meter
CONVEX LENS 1/f = 1/v +1/uu=object distance
v=image distance
f = focal length
Object
2f F F
image
object is placed between f and 2f
Refraction - light is refractedwhen it travels through lens
Characteristics of image:
Upside down,bigger,real
Application: overhead
projector
CONCAVEX LENS image
o
2F F F
O=object
Characteristic of image:
Upright, bigger, virtual
Application: magnifying glass
CHARACTERISTICS/MODIFICATION DESIGN USING PHYSICS CONCEPT
Characteristics Explanation
Cermin Keselamatan
Convex mirror
Big mirror
High refractive index
Placed at the top end
Small curvature
Wider field of view
Wider view and sharper image
Clearer image
Easier to look up
Wider angle of view
Endoscope /telecomunication cable
(Teropong organ dalaman)
Consist of a few find lines
High flexibility
High strenghRefractive index ni/no>1
More signal can be transmitted
Can be bent to move into difficult position
Does not break easily,withstand forceRepeated internal reflection can occur
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Problem: You are given 2 convex lens of focal lenght 45cm and 5 cm. Suggest a design for
telescope.
Objective lens eyepiece lens
fo Fo/fe fe
45 cm 5 cm
i) Convex lens of 45 cm is used as objective lens
ii) Convex lens of 5 cm is used as eyepiece lens
iii) Distance between 2 lens is 45+5 = 50 cmiv) The image of objective lens will fall on the focal point of eyepiece lens
v) Image is at infinity
Lenght of telescope is 50 cm
Magnification of object 45 5 = 9 X
- END OF NOTE-
GOOD LUCK
By: Puan Azizah/smkp.alam/2012
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WAVES
PHYSICS
QUANTITY/LAW
PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA
Waves
5
V=ff = 1/T
=ax
D
Graph
W,y=wavelength
X = amplitude = 5 cm
Y = Period
2 types of waves
-tranverse waves
Direction of oscillation is
Perpendicular to the
Direction of propagation
- longitudinal waves
Direction of oscillation
Parallel to direction of
Propagation.
Wave is a moving distubance.
Waves originates from vibrating
sources.
Waves oscillate and propagate at
the same time.
= wavelength, the distance
between 2 consecutives points.
f=frequency, no of oscillation in
one second. ( Htz)
T= period, time taken for one
Complete oscillation.( sec)
Amplitude/displacement=
The highest displacement from
the rest position.
Direction of oscillation
Direction of propagation
Sound wavesis the only
longitudinal waves. It is the
vibration of air molecules.
Reflection
Note: check pattern of
reflection
Wavelenth, frequency and velocity
do not change after reflection.
Displacement /
cm
Y
X
Z
Time / s
W
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Refraction
1 2
v1 v2
Deep shallow
1>2V1>V2
Di kawasan dalam gelombang
bergerak pantas , panjang
gelombang lebih dari kawasancetek.
Diffraction Gelombambang melalui celah
atau halangan
Tiada perubahan panjang
gelombang , velocity dan frequency
selepas gelombang melalui celah
atau halangan.
Amplitud berkurang.
Note : check pattern of diffraction
Interference
Distructiveinterference
Constructive inteference The effect of over lapping of two
coherent waves
Coherent waves- wave of same
frequency and phase.
Light waves
Sound waves
Fringes if dark and light.
Soft and loud sound.
dark fringes- destructive
light fringes- constructive
soft sound - destructive
loud sound- constructive
Question
1. The diagram below shows ultrawaves of velocity 1200 m/s
transmitted by a radar to the seabed. If the reflected waves is
detected 8 s later. What is the depth of the sea?
S= V x t/2
= 1200 x 8 2 = 4800 m
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2.
. The figure below shows two water waves superimposed to form interference
patterns. The distance between the two vibrating sources, a is 3.0 cm. The
separation between two adjacent antinodal lines,xis 5.40 cm, at a distance
D= 10.8 cm from the sources
antinodal line antinodal line antinodal line
Calculate the wavelength, of the water waves produced.
= ax
D
= (3.0 x 5.4) 10.8 = 1.5 cm
boat
sea
sonar
waves
sea bed
x
D=10.8 cm
a=3.0 cm
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CHARACTERISTIC AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT
Cadangan rekabentuk sebuah pelabuhan yang selamat
Characteristics Explanation
Location
Tembok tinggiTembok bertangga
Menggunakan concrete
Bercelah/ diffraction
- At bay, not expose to strong waves and storms
- memantulkan ombak, melindungi pantai- menggurangkan tenaga ombak
- Tahan lama dan kuat
- mengurangkan tenaga ombak
Cadangan ciri-ciri reka bentuk sistem radar dilapangan terbang
Characteristics Explanation
Jenis gelombang
Diameter parabola besar
Penerima signal/signal receiverdiletak pada focal point
Parabolic disc placed at highlocation
Microvaves, high frequency, high energy and velocity
Menerima banyak gelombang
Gelombang dari jauh yang selari dipantulkan pada discdan difokuskan pada focal point
Tiada penghalang. Dapat menerima signal dari semua arah.
Spt piring astrodi rumah anda yg menerima gelombang satelite berfrequency tinggi dan laju
ELECTRICITY
PHYSICS QUANTITY
LAW/PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT
CURRENT ( AMPIRE)
Voltage/potential difference
( Volt)
I = Q/t
Q= charge ( coloumb)
t= time (sec)
V =E/Q
Current is Rate of flow of charge
Current flow from positive
Terminal to negetive terminal.
Flow of charge produces current
Work done to move one Coloumb
Of charge.
OHMs LAW R=V/I v
V=IR x
y
IRX >RY
For Ohmic conductor potential
differnce is directly
Propotional to current .
Gradient = resistance R
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PHYSICS QUANTITY/
LAW/PRINCIPLE
FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA
Resistivity R series= R1 + R2+ R3............
R ParallelR=1/R1 + 1/R2+1/R3...........
Factors affecting resistivity in
a conductor
Length,diameter,temperature and material.
Emf ( Electromotive
force)
E=V+Ir
= IR+Ir
E=voltage of batery
V=voltmeter reading when
Circuit in connectedR=Resistance if rheostat
r=internal resistance
V
E gradient=r
I
POWER( watt)/Js-1
ENERGY ( Joule)/Ws
Power=energy
Time
Power=VI
Energy =Powerxtime
E=Pt
E=VIt
Soalan
Sebuah seterika berlabel
240V,1000Watt digunakan
selama 30 minit. Berapakah
tenaga yg digunakan?
E=Pt=1000x30x60=1.8x106J
Rintangan pemanas,R
P=VI,
I=P/V=1000/240=4.1A
R=V/I
=2404.1=58
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CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT
Characteristics of cabel for electricity transmission
Characteristics Explanation
Low resistivity per
meter
Low density material
Low thermal expansion
High melting point
Less power loss
Light ,does not require alot of support
Does not sag at high temperature ( melendut)
Does not expand on hot day.
Electromagnetism
PHYSICS QUANTITY/LAW Formula Definition/concept
ELectromagnet Note: Fleming left
Hand rule.
Aplication- motor
force
magnet
current
Temporary magnet made by winding
insulated wire around
Soft iron core.
Faradays law
Induction
Note: Fleming right
hand rule
Application- dynamo
F
M
I
The magnitude of induced current is
directly prpotional to the rate of
change of its relative motion.
The cutting of magnetic flux to
produce induced current
Characteristics of good transformer
Characteristics Explanation
Use soft iron core
Laminated iron core
Thick coil
Primary coil is place on top
of secondary coil.
Easily magnetized and demagnetized
Reduce eddy current
Less resistance
Reduce magnetic flux leakage.
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SMK PUNCAK ALAM
NOTA MODUL FIZIK SPM
AZIZAH TAIB/PANITIA FIZIK/SMKPA/EDISI 2013
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