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Section A [ 40 marks ]

Answerall questions in this section .

1. The process of transcription and translation are shown in the diagrams below.

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(a) Identify the structures A to F. [ 6 marks ]

A

B

C

D

E

F

(b) State the location s in the cell where transcription and translation occur. [ 2 marks ]

Transcription

Translation

(c) List two additional ways in which the process of transcription differs from translation. [ 2 marks ]

( i ) .

..

( ii ) . .

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( c ) List three ways in which cyclic photophosphorylation differs from non -cyclicphotophosphorylation [ marks ]

( i )

(ii)

(iii)

( d ) List two ways in which o idati e phosphorylation in mitochondria resemblesphotophosphorylation in chloroplasts. [ 2 marks ]

(i)

(ii)

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. The diagram below shows part of a kidney nephron.

( a ) Name the structures A to C [ marks ]

A ..

B ..

C ..

( b ) State the factors that enable ultrafiltration to occur . [ 2 marks ]

..

..

( c ) E plain why the plasma and glomerular filtrate differ in composition. [ 2 marks ]

..

..

..

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(d) Describe how the cells of the pro imal con ulated tubule are adapted to carry outreabsorption. [ marks ]

..

..

..

..

4. The diagram below shows the comb shape in chickens .

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(a) The genotype R_pp gi es a rose comb, rrP_ gi es a pea comb, R_P_ gi es a walnut comband rrpp gi es a single comb. The dash ( _ ) indicates the presence of either the dominantor recessice allele.

List all the genopypes which will produce a walnut phenotype. [ 1 mark ]

( b ) In an e periment, chickens with rose combs were crossed with chickens with pea combs.All the resulting F1 offspring differed from both parents and had walnut combs.

When pairs of these F 1 were allowed to interbreed, they produced the resulting F 2 ratio inoffspring:

9 walnut comb : rose comb : pea comb : 1 single comb

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Draw a genetic diagram to e plain both of these crosses. [ 7 marks ]

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( c ) A walnut comb chicken was crossed with a rose comb chicken. All the progeny hadwalnut combs.State the two possible pairs of parental genotypes that could produce these progeny.

[ 2 marks ]

( i )

( ii) . ...

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Section B [60 marks]Answer any fourquestions in this section.

5. ( a ) E plain the mechanism of action of enzymes [ 8 marks ]

( b ) E plain the effect of competiti e inhibitors on enzyme acti ity. [ 7 marks ]

6. ( a ) E plain the Hatch Slack pathway in C4 plants. [ 1 marks ]

( b ) E plain briefly the significance of the Hatch - Slack pathway in C4 plants.

[ 2 marks ]

7. E plain the following cycles and state its physiological importance :

( a ) Cori Cycle [ 7 marks ]

( b ) Ornithine cycle [ 8 marks ]

8. ( a ) E plain what is meant by the term homeostasis [ 2 marks ]

( b) With the aid of a diagram, e plain the mechanism of action of a non steroidhormone. [ 1 marks ]

9. ( a ) E plain briefly Darwins theory of natural selection. [5 marks ]

( b ) E plain how( i ) palaeontology

( ii) comparati e anatomy

( iii) comparati e embryologysupport the theory of e olution.

[10 marks ]

10. ( a ) E plain what is meant by the term sustainable de elopment. [ 2 marks ]

( b ) Discuss how sustainable de elopment can be implemented in the followingareas :

( i ) forestry [ 5 marks ]

( ii) agriculture [ 5 marks ]

( iii ) fisheries [ marks ]