PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH RAMAH LINGKUNGAN Oleh : Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S . FP-UB, September 2013
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Transcript of PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH RAMAH LINGKUNGAN Oleh : Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S . FP-UB, September 2013
PENGELOLAANKESUBURAN
TANAHRAMAH
LINGKUNGAN
Oleh:Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S.FP-UB, September 2013
KESUBURAN TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesuburan_tanah....9/9/2012
Kesuburan Tanah adalah kemampuan suatu tanah untuk menghasilkan produk
tanaman yang diinginkan, pada lingkungan tempat tanah itu berada. Produk tanaman berupa: buah, biji, daun, bunga, umbi,
getah, eksudat, akar, trubus, batang, biomassa, naungan, penampilan dsb.
Tanah memiliki kesuburan yang berbeda-beda tergantung sejumlah faktor pembentuk tanah yang merajai di lokasi tersebut, yaitu: Bahan induk, Iklim, Relief, Organisme, atau
Waktu.
Tanah merupakan fokus utama dalam pembahasan ilmu kesuburan tanah,
sedangkan kinerja tanaman merupakan indikator utama mutu kesuburan tanah.
CARA MENJAGA KESUBURAN TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://rishadicorp.blogspot.com/2011/03/cara-menjaga-kesuburan-tanah.html..
Untuk menjaga kesuburan tanah bisa dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut :
1. Gunakan jerami. Pada tanah sawah, biasanya setelah panen padi kita selalu membuang dan membiarkan jerami ditumpuk di pinggir sawah. Padahal jerami itu bisa kita manfaatkan untuk menyuburkan tanah. Sebarkan jerami tersebut ke lahan dan ratakan. Kemudian taburkan serbuk dolomit ke atas jerami tersebut. Fungsi dolomit untuk membantu mempercepat pelapukan daun jerami dan bisa mengatur tingkat keasaman tanah sehingga tanah bisa lebih matang dan lahan bisa segera ditanami.Setelah sekitar seminggu lahan tersebut bisa langsung dibajak dan jerami yang belum lapuk bisa dibenamkan ke dalam tanah.
2. Lubang resapan Biopori. Pada taman atau halaman rumah bisa kita lakukan metode biopori. Caranya lubangi tanah secara tegak lurus dengan menggunakan pipa besi dengan diameter sekitar 10-20 cm dan kedalaman tanah sekitar 100 cm. Jarak antar lubang resapan biopori adalah 50-100 cm. Kebutuhan jumlah lubang resapan biopori yang diperlukan berdasarkan luas tutupan bangunan. Bila tutupan bangunan dengan luas 20 m2 diperlukan lubang resapan biopori sebanyak 3 unit dan setiap tambahan luas tutupan bangunan 7 m2 diperluhan tambahan 1 unit lubang resapan biopori. Dalam pemeliharaannya lubang resapan biopori ini diisi sampah organik secara berkala dan mengambil sampah tersebut setelah menjadi kompos diperkirakan 2-3 bulan setelah terjadi proses pelapukan.
3. Tanaman Crotalaria.Untuk lahan kritis bisa dimanfaatkan untuk ditanami tanaman crotalaria. Akar tanaman crotalaria bisa mengikat nitrogen dan unsur lain yang sangat dibutuhkan tanah untuk menjadi subur. Daun dan batang tanaman crotalaria sangat baik dijadikan pupuk hijau (kompos) karena mengandung unsur-unsur yang sangat dibutuhkan tanah dan tanaman dibanding pupuk hijau dari tanaman lain.
MENJAGA KESUBURAN TANAH DENGAN CARA METODE VEGETATIF DAN MEKANIK
Diunduh dari: http://lukmanituagam.blogspot.com/2011/03/menjaga-kesuburan-tanah.html..
Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk menjaga keseburan tanah sebagai berikut
a. Metode vegetatif dilakukan dengan cara-cara berikut1. penanaman tanaman secara berjalur tegak lulus terhadap arah
aliran(strip cropping).2. penanaman tanaman secara berjalur sejajar garis kontur (contour
strip cropping).3. penutupan lahan yang memiliki lereng curam dengan tanaman
keras (buffering)4. penanaman tanaman secara permanen untuk melindungi tanah dari
tiupan angin (wind breaks).
b.metode mekanik yang umum dilakukan sebagai berikut.5. pengolahan lahan sejajar garis kontur (contour tilage).pengolahan
lahan dengan cara ini bertujuan untuk membuat pola rongga-rongga tanah sejajar kontul dan membentuk igir-igir kecil yang dapat memperlambat alilan air dan memperbesar infiltrasi air
6. penterasan lahan miring (terracering).penterasan bertujuan untuk mengurangi panjang lereng dan memperkecil kemiringan lereng sehingga dapat memperlambat alilan air.
7. pembuatan pematang (guludan)dan saluran air sejajar garis kontur.pembuatan pematangan bertujuan untuk menahan alilan air.
8. pembuatan cekdam.pembuatan cekdam bertujuan untuk memperbendung alilan air yang melewati parit-parit sehingga material tanah hasil erosi yang terangkut aliran tertahan dan terendapkan adannya cekdam menyebabkan erosi tanah dapat dikendalikan,lapisan tanah menebal,dan produktivitas tanah meningkat
PEMULIHAN KESUBURAN TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211310080041.. 9/9/2012
Chapter Four – Restoring Soil Fertility in Sub-Sahara AfricaMateete Bekunda, Nteranya Sanginga, Paul L. Woomer.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 108, 2010, Pages 183–236
Conceptual diagram of the soil fertility restoration process and the controlling factors.
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://www.aglearn.net/isfmMod1.html ...... 9/9/2012
ISFM : an approach to sustainable and cost-effective management of soil fertility.
ISFM attempts to make the best use of inherent soil nutrient stocks, locally available soil amendments and mineral fertilizers to increase
land productivity while maintaining or enhancing soil fertility.
ISFM is a shift from traditional fertilizer response trials designed to come up with recommendations for simple production increases.
The goal of ISFM is to develop comprehensive solutions that consider such diverse factors as weather, the presence of weeds,
pests and diseases, inherent soil characteristics, history of land use and spatial differences in soil fertility.
It involves a range of soil fertility enhancing methods, such as improved crop management practices, integration of livestock,
measures to control erosion and leaching, and measures to improve soil organic matter maintenance.
ISFM strategies include the combined use of soil amendments, organic materials, and mineral fertilizers to replenish soil nutrient
pools and improve the efficiency of external inputs.
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://www.aglearn.net/isfmMod1.html ...... 9/9/2012
Key aspects of the ISFM approach include:
1. Replenishing soil nutrient pools2. Maximizing on-farm recycling of nutrients.3. Reducing nutrient losses to the environment.4. Improving the efficiency of external inputs
ISFM’s basic focus is on sustainability.
The framework of sustainability involves 3 essential components:
5. Adequate, affordable food, feed and fiber supplies; 6. A profitable system for the producer; and 7. Responsible safeguards for the environment.
Sumber: http://www.back-to-basics.net/efu/pdfs/mey.pdf
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf...... 9/9/2012
Goals of a Sustainable Soil Fertility Management Program
1. To sustain high crop productivity and crop quality in food and fiber production (not maximum yields, which typically require excessive nutrient inputs to achieve) (a). Crop productivity, crop quality, and the economic viability
of a given farming operation
2. To minimize environmental quality and human health risks associated with agricultural production
a) Important steps in minimizing human health risks and on- and off-farm impacts
i. Avoid the use of all synthetically compounded materials (e.g., fertilizers and pest control agents, etc.) known to have an associated environmental quality or human health risk
ii. Avoid creating non-point source pollution through surface runoff and leaching. Agricultural nutrients can degrade the quality of groundwater or the water in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries through eutrophication.
iii. Prevent soil erosion and sedimentation of waterways. Soil loss reduces production capacity and soil entering waterways may degrade aquatic habitat.
iv. Close nutrient cycles as much as possible within the field and farm to reduce energy used and environmental impact of food and fiber production
v. Close nutrient cycles at multiple scales (e.g., watershed, regional, and national scales)
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf...... 9/9/2012
Soil fertility: The capacity of a soil to provide nutrients required by plants for growth.
This capacity to provide nutrients to crop plants is in part influenced by the physical properties of soils and is one component of soil
fertility. Desirable soil physical properties and the capacity of the soil to
provide nutrients for growing crops are both soil quality indicators.
Soil quality indicators1. Soil accepts, holds, releases, and mineralizes nutrients and
other chemical constituents2. Soil accepts, holds, and releases water to plants, streams, and
groundwater3. Soil promotes good root growth and maintains good biotic
habitat for soil organisms4. Soil resists degradation (e.g., erosion, compaction)5. Soil maintains good soil structure to provide adequate
aeration6. Good soil structure allows for rapid water infiltration7. Soil has a moderate pH (~6.0–7.0) at which most essential
soil nutrients are available8. Soil has low salinity levels9. Soil has low levels of potentially toxic elements (e.g., boron,
manganese, and aluminum)10. Balanced fertility that provides adequate levels of macro- and
micronutrients that plants and soil microbes require
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf...... 9/9/2012
Components of a Sustainable Soil Fertility Management Program
1. Improve and maintain physical and biological properties of soil
(a) Sustainable agricultural practices used to improve and sustain soil physical and biological properties
1. Maintaining or building soil organic matter (SOM) levels through inputs of compost and cover cropping: SOM has a large capacity to hold and release inorganic (cropavailable) nitrogen and other essential nutrients. Organic matter inputs enhance the stability of soil aggregates, increase the porosity and permeability to water and air, and improve the water-holding capacity of soils. Building or maintaining the level of soil carbon provides the energy and nutrients necessary to stimulate the soil biological activity responsible for decomposition, the formation of soil aggregates, and more desirable soil structure.
2. Properly timed tillage: Stimulates the decomposition of SOM by increasing aeration (O2 supply to aerobic microbes), breaking up compacted areas and large soil clods, and exposing a greater surface area of SOM for microbial breakdown. Appropriate tillage also increases water infiltration and good drainage.
3. Irrigation: For irrigation-dependent crops, manage soil moisture between 50% and 100% of field capacity through soil moisture monitoring and moisture retention techniques such as mulching
4. Use of sound crop rotations, soil amending, and fertilizing techniques all serve to improve the quality of agricultural soils, which in turn affects soil quality and crop performance.
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf...... 9/9/2012
Memperbaiki dan memelihara sifat kimia tanah
(a) Benchmarks of optimal soil chemistry
1. Balanced levels of available plant nutrients (see Unit1.11, Reading and Interpreting Soil Test Reports, for more on this subject)
2. Soil pH ~6.0–7.0: At this soil pH the greatest amount of soil nutrients are available to crops
3. Salinitas rendah: Akumulasi garam dalam tanah dapat menimbulkan gangguan pada tanaman akibat cekaman (stress) air dan garam.
ISFM: INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf...... 9/9/2012
Sustainable agricultural practices used to develop and maintain optimal soil chemical properties
1. Provide a balanced nutrient supply for the crop. As plant growth is related to the availability of the most limiting nutrient, it is essential that we consider the balance (ratios) of soil nutrients available. Yield and quality may be limited if levels of some nutrients are too high while others are too low.
2. Conduct soil analysis with periodic monitoring. Soil analysis provides current quantitative information on the nutrient profile of a given soil. Soil analysis report data should be compared to established optimal benchmarks of soil fertility when developing soil amendment plans to assure adequate but not excessive nutrient applications. Comparing results from multiple years of sampling will show whether you are depleting or accumulating soil nutrients over time, and indicate whether changes in fertility management are needed.
3. Conduct plant tissue testing. In-season plant tissue testing provides current quantitative data on the nutrient profile of growing plants. Such data may be compared with recommended nutrient levels and may be used to determine the need for mid-season supplemental fertilizing. However, be aware that most tissue testing information has been developed for systems using synthetic chemical fertilizers, and sufficiency levels may well differ for organic systems.
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://www.organicagriculture.co/soil-fertility-management.php...... 10/9/2012
Hubungan Tanaman – Tanah dan Lingkungannya
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah menjadi fokus pengelolaan kesuburan tanah untuk mendapatkan hasil
yang optimal
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: https://athene.umb.no/emner/pub/EDS215/LectureSoil.htm ...... 10/9/2012
Soil quality is of fundamental importance for agricultural production, and soil fertility management is increasingly becoming a central
issue in the decisions on food security, poverty reduction and environment management.
For the purpose of safe ecological stewardship and achieving global food security, emphasising soil fertility management is becoming
more and more important. The crucial role of soil fertility management for sustainable resource
management and food security has been recognised only quite recently.
Major plant nutrient input and output from agricultural systems
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag120e/AG120E10.htm ...... 10/9/2012
Plant nutrient management for improving crop productivity in Nepal Sherchan and K.B. Karki
Soil Science Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)Kathmandu, Nepal
An integrated nutrient model developed quite some time ago as shown below figure was a successful programme but it has not been popularized or has not been well adopted by large number of farmers. There should be a follow up study to see the impact on soil fertility management and to look on how best
we can promote to wider areas.
Integrated plant nutrient components in the Nepalese farming system
LIMA FAKTOR
PENGELOLAAN TANAH Pengendalian GULMA
.
PERGILIRAN TANAMAN(ROTASI TANAMAN)
Penyediaan AIR YANG CUKUPSoil moisture management and conservations
PENGENDALIAN HAMA & PENYAKIT(INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT)
PENYEDIAAN UNSUR HARAINTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
DINAMIKA HARA TANAH
Mempertahankan jumlah optimum unsur hara hanya dapat terlaksana dengan menciptakan keseimbangan yang baik antara penambahan dan
kehilangannya
Benefits of Organic Matter
Increases soil CEC Stabilizes nutrients
Builds soil friability and tilth
Reduces soil splash
Carbon Sequestration
C cycling in agroecosystems has a significant impact at the global scale because agriculture occupies approximately 11%
of the land surface area of the earth.
Benefits of Organic Matter
Reduces compaction and bulk density
Provides a food source for microorganisms
Increases activities of earthworms and other soil critters
POKOK-POKOK PENGELOLAAN
KESUBURAN TANAH.
1. Suplai nitrogen dari:Sisa Tanaman Tanaman biasaPupuk kandang Tanaman legumeHujan & irigasi Pupuk hijauPupuk nitrogen Kompos
2. Penambahan bahan organik melalui:Sisa tanaman legume dan non legumePupuk kandangPupuk hijau
4. Penambahan fosfat:Pupuk
superfosfat, atauPupuk lainnya
3. Penambahan kapur bila diperlukanBatu kapur kalsit atau
dolomit yg biasa dilakukan
7. Penambahan unsur mikro: Sebagai garam terpisah atau campuran
5. Penambahan kalium tersedia:
Pupuk kandangSisa tanamanPupuk Kalium
6. Kekurangan belerang diatasi dg:
Belerang, gipsum, superfosfat, Amonium
sulfat, Senyawa belerangdalam air hujan
MENGATASI KEKURANGAN NITROGEN
Penambahan & Kehilangan N-tersedia
N-tersedia
dlm tanah
Atmosfer
Pengikatan Nitrogen Pupuk
Buatan
Simbiotik Non-Simbiotik
Sisa tanamanPupuk
Kandang
Bahan Organik
Panen Tanaman
Hilang Pencucian
Hilang Erosi
MEMPERTAHANKAN BAHAN ORGANIK
TANAH Carbon Inputs to Soil
Crop residues Cover crops
Compost , and Manures
Carbon Substrate
The majority of C enters the soil in the form of complex organic matter containing highly reduced, polymeric substances.
During decomposition, energy is obtained from oxidation of the C-H bonds in the organic material.
Soil Carbon Equilibrium
Input primarily as plant products Output mediated by activity of decomposers
It is common that from 40 to 60% of the C taken up by microorganisms is immediately released as CO2.
PENTINGNYA Ca & Mg Fungsi fisiologis Ca dan Mg dalam
tanaman
Penambahan dan kehilangan
Ca dan Mg tersedia dalam
tanah
Sisa tanaman &
Pupuk Kandang
Pupuk Komersial
Mineral Tanah
KAPUR
PANEN TANAMAN
Hilang pencucian
Hilang Erosi
MEMPERTAHANKAN KETERSEDIAAN
FOSFAT.Fungsi P sangat penting dalam fisiologi tanaman
Kehilangan & Penambahan P-tersedia
P-tersedia dalam tanah
Sisa tanamanPukuk
kandang
Pukuk komersial
Mineral P-tanah
Bahan Organik Tanah
Terangkut tanaman
Hilang Pencucian
Hilang Erosi Fiksasi
KETERSEDIAAN KALIUM
Tanah mineral umumnya mengandung cukup banyak kalium, kisaran 40 ton setiap hektar lapisan olah tanah. Namun demikian
hanya sebagian kecil yangtersedia bagi tanaman
Kehilangan & Penambahan Kalium:
K-tersedia tanah
Pupuk komersial
Sisa tanaman & Pupuk Kandang
Mineral-Klambat tersedia
Terangkut tanaman
Kehilangan pencucian
Kehilangan erosi
Kehilangan Fiksasi
The Soil Food Web
In 1 teaspoon of soil there are…
5 or more ------------ Earthworms Up to 100 ……………. Arthropods 10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders ……. Nematodes Several thousand flagellates & amoebaOne to several hundred ciliates ……. Protozoa 6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end ………. Fungi 100 million to 1 billion …………. Bacteria
Diunduh dari: http://soilfoodweb.ca/about_us.html...... 10/9/2012
What is the Soil Foodweb and why is it so Important? The soil foodweb is the tonnes of beneficial bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes that live in soil or compost whose value has been overlooked, undervalued and misunderstood for decades. Recent discoveries in soil
biology show a huge potential to improve current organic, biological and conventional growing and farming and move away from costly synthetic
inputs.
CADANGAN KARBON TANAH
Nonhumic substances—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Humic substances—humic acid, fulvic acid, humin
BOT berpengaruh terhadap:
- Hara tanaman- Kesehatan tanah dan
tanaman- sifat-sifat fisika, kimiawi
dan biologis tanah
BOT ----- FRAKSI RINGAN
The light fraction (LF) with a density of ~1.6 gm cm-3 is relatively mineral free and consists of partially decomposed plant material, fine
roots and microbial biomass with a rapid turnover time. The LF is a source of readily mineralizable C and N, accounts for ~50%
of total soil C and declines rapidly under cultivation.
Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/articles/71/3/1020...... 10/9/2012
Carbon Sequestration and Soil Aggregation in Center-Pivot Irrigated and Dryland Cultivated Farming Systems
Jeroen Gillabel, Karolien Denefb, John Brennerc, Roel Merckxd and Keith Paustian
SSSAJ. Vol. 71 No. 3, p. 1020-1028
BOT --- FRAKSI BERAT --- The Heavy Fraction The heavy fraction (HF) is organic matter adsorbed
onto mineral surfaces and sequestered within organomineral aggregates.
The HF is less sensitive to disturbance an chemically more resistant than the LF.
Diunduh dari: . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071709004003..... 10/9/2012
Long-term fertilization and manuring effects on physically-separated soil organic matter pools under a wheat–wheat–maize cropping system in an arid
region of ChinaLong Hai, Xiao Gang Li, Feng Min Li, Dong Rang Suo, Georg Guggenberger
Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Volume 42, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 253–259.
About two thirds of macro OM was actually located within 2–0.05 mm organo-mineral associations or/and aggregates.
Bacteria vs. Fungi Bacteria are smaller than fungi and can occupy smaller pores and thus
potentially have greater access to material contained within these pores. Bacteria are less disrupted than are fungi by tillage practices commonly
used in agriculture.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710001355 ...... 10/9/2012
Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matterYakov Kuzyakov
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 42, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 1363–1371
PEs (Priming effects) – the interactions between living and dead organic matter – should be incorporated in models of C and N dynamics, and that microbial biomass should regarded
not only as a C pool but also as an active driver of C and N turnover.
Sequence of processes inducing apparent (aPE) and real (rPE) priming effects: 1. Input of available organics by rhizodeposition (Exudation). 2. Activation of microorganisms (mainly r-strategists) by available organics (Activation). 3. Activation of K-strategists. 4. Production of extracellular enzymes that degrade SOM by K-strategists (Enzyme production). 5. SOM decomposition and production of available organics and mineral
nutrients. 6. Uptake of nutrients by roots. The dynamics and sequence of individual processes are described in detail in Blagodatskaya and Kuzyakov (2008).
→ fluxes; — — → effects; ········ dynamics of apparent priming effects (aPEs) and real priming effects (rPEs).
Soil Fungi Fungi tend to be selected for by plant residues with high C/N ratios.
Fungi have a greater influence on decomposition in no-till systems in which surface residues select for organisms that can withstand low water potentials and obtain nutrients from the
underlying soil profile.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710003500...... 10/9/2012
Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect
S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J.M.G. Bloor, V. Maire, B. Mary, S. Revaillot, P.A. Maron.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Volume 43, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 86–96
Fungi are the predominant actors of cellulose decomposition and induced PE and they adjust their degradation activity to nutrient availability. The predominant role of fungi can be explained by their ability to
grow as mycelium which allows them to explore soil space and mine large reserve of SOM.
The bank mechanism adjusting the sequestration of nutrients and carbon in soil organic matter (SOM) to the availability of nutrients in soil solution tested in this study. This mechanism is based on the assumption that microbial degradation of recalcitrant SOM (priming effect) is modulated by the concentration of nutrients in soil solution . When nutrient availability is low (a), for example because the plant uptake of nutrient is high, the microbial mining of SOM could be intense and eventually exceed the formation of new SOM through
humification of fresh-C, leading to net destruction of SOM and release of mineral nutrients. In contrast, when soluble nutrients are abundant (b), microbial immobilization of N should increase while mining of SOM
should decrease, leading to a greater sequestration of nutrients in SOM. Given that plant demand of mineral nutrients is highly variable and depends on many factors such as plant phenology, soil moisture and light availability, the bank mechanism could help to synchronize the availability of soluble nutrients to plant
uptake. Numbers indicate the chronology of events induced by a change in plant uptake of nutrients.
PENTINGNYA BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH
Bagaimana BOT mempengaruhi hubungan Tanah-Tanaman?
1. Decomposed organic matter provides nutrients for plant growth (Mineralization)2. It determines the soil’s temperature, air ventilation, structure and water management3. It contains bioregulators which affects plant growth4. It contains bioregulators, which affects plant growth (enzymes, hormones, etc.)5. Its carbon and energy content is the soil’s energy battery for future use6. It determines the soil’s capacity to compensating, regenerating and protecting the
environment regenerating and protecting the environment.
Organic matter decomposition and the soil food web
When plant residues are returned to the soil, various organic compounds undergo decomposition. Decomposition is a biological process that includes the physical breakdown and biochemical
transformation of complex organic molecules of dead material into simpler organic and inorganic molecules (Juma, N.G. 1998. The pedosphere and its dynamics: a systems approach to soil science. Volume 1.
Edmonton, Canada, Quality Color Press Inc. 315 pp.)The continual addition of decaying plant residues to the soil surface contributes to the biological activity and the carbon cycling process in the soil. Breakdown of soil organic matter and root growth and decay
also contribute to these processes. Carbon cycling is the continuous transformation of organic and inorganic carbon compounds by plants and micro- and macro-organisms between the soil, plants and the
atmosphere.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e05.htm...... 10/9/2012
PENTINGNYA BOT
1. Organic material in the soil is essentially derived from residual plant and animal material, synthesised by microbes and decomposed under influence of temperature, moisture and ambient soil conditions
2. Soil organic matter is extremely important in all soil processes3. Cultivation can have a significant effect on the organic matter content of the soil4. In essentially warm and dry areas like Southern Europe, depletion of organic matter
can be rapid because the processes of decomposition are accelerated at high temperatures
5. Generally, plant roots are not sufficiently numerous to replace the organic matter that is lost
Humic substances retain nutrients available on demand for plantsFunctions of humus:
1. improved fertilizer efficiency;2. longlife N - for example, urea performs 60-80 days longer;3. improved nutrient uptake, particularly of P and Ca;4. stimulation of beneficial soil life;5. provides magnified nutrition for reduced disease, insect and frost impact;6. salinity management - humates “buffer” plants from excess sodium;7. organic humates are a catalyst for increasing soil C levels.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e05.htm#TopOfPage...... 10/9/2012
Humus consists of different humic substances:1. Fulvic acids: the fraction of humus that is soluble in water under all pH conditions. Their
colour is commonly light yellow to yellow-brown.2. Humic acids: the fraction of humus that is soluble in water, except for conditions more acid
than pH 2. Common colours are dark brown to black.3. Humin: the fraction of humus that is not soluble in water at any pH and that cannot be
extracted with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Commonly black in colour.
The term acid is used to describe humic materials because humus behaves like weak acids.Fulvic and humic acids are complex mixtures of large molecules. Humic acids are larger than
fulvic acids. Research suggests that the different substances are differentiated from each other on the basis of their water solubility.
Fulvic acids are produced in the earlier stages of humus formation. The relative amounts of humic and fulvic acids in soils vary with soil type and management practices. The humus of forest soils is characterized by a high content of fulvic acids, while the humus of agricultural and grassland
areas contains more humic acids.
MANFAAT BOT
➢ Storehouse for nutrients ➢ Source of fertility ➢ Contributes to soil aeration thereby reducing soil compaction
➢ Important ‘building block’ for the soil structure ➢ Aids formation of stable aggregates ➢ Improves infiltration/permability ➢ Increase in storage capacity for water. ➢ Buffer against rapid changes in soil reaction (pH) ➢ Acts as an energy source for soil micro-organisms
Organic matter within the soil serves several functions. From a practical agricultural standpoint, it is important for two main reasons: (i) as a “revolving nutrient fund”; and
(ii) as an agent to improve soil structure, maintain tilth and minimize erosion.As a revolving nutrient fund, organic matter serves two main functions:1. As soil organic matter is derived mainly from plant residues, it contains all of the
essential plant nutrients. Therefore, accumulated organic matter is a storehouse of plant nutrients.
2. The stable organic fraction (humus) adsorbs and holds nutrients in a plant-available form.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm#TopOfPage...... 10/9/2012
Degradasi: HILANGNYA BOT1. During field operations, fresh topsoil becomes exposed and dries rapidly on the
surface2. Organic compounds are released to the atmosphere result from breakdown of soil
aggregates bound together by humic materials3. Unless the organic matter is quickly replenished, the system is in a state of
degradation leading eventually to un-sustainability4. The removal of crop residues in dry ecosystems, which are inherently marginal, can
cause such systems to be quickly transformed from a stage of fragility to total exhaustion and depletion
Selecting Indicators to Evaluate Soil Quality Zueng-Sang Chen
Department of Agricultural ChemistryNational Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC, 1999-08-01
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1...... 11/9/2012
Changes in Soil Organic Matter Content (MT/Ha) Calculated in Taiwan under Different Soil Management Systems with Long-Term Application of Composts or
Fertilizers
FAKTOR YG PENGARUHI BOT
Natural factors: ➢ Climate ➢ Soil parent material: acid or alkaline (or even saline) ➢ Land cover and or vegetation type ➢ Topography – slope and aspect
Human-induced factors:➢Land use and farming systems➢Land management (cultivation)➢Land degradation
Potential environmental effects of corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal with emphasis on soil organic matter and erosion
Linda Mann, Virginia Tolbert, Janet Cushman.Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 89, Issue 3, May 2002, Pages 149–
166.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880901001669 ...... 10/9/2012
Simplified conceptual model of interactions and feedbacks between tillage and soil factors affecting soil organic matter content (adapted from Fig. 2 in Paustian et al.
(1997)).
FAKTOR IKLIM PENGARUHI BOT:
Temperature:OM decomposition rapid in warm climates
OM Decomposition is slower for cool regions
Within zones of uniform moisture and comparable vegetation -- Av total OM increases 2x to 3x for each 10 deg
C fall in mean temperature
Moisture:OM decomposition rapid in warm climates
OM Decomposition is slower for cool regions
Under comparable conditions , Av total OM increases as the effective moisture increases.
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Sumber: pgsgrow.com/blog/tag/organic-gardening/
The organic matter in SOIL helps feed all the organisms and release nutrients.
Humus acts like glue that holds all the particles together, and it helps prevent erosion and increases a
garden's moisture holding ability. Humus also increases fertility by making nutrients more available to the organic garden plants' roots.
Diunduh dari: http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/soil.ht
ml ...... 11/9/2012
SOIL is Alive!This living-life helps with garden health, fertility,
decomposition of organic matter, replenishment of
nutrients, humus formation, and promotion of root growth, nutrient uptake, and herbicide
and pesticide breakdown.
Structure of soil, indicating presence of bacteria, inorganic, and organic matter
Sumber: www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sci...ones.htm
The high productivity of most virgin soils has always been associated with their high content of organic
matter, and the decrease in the supply with cultivation has generally been paralleled by a corresponding
decrease in productivity.
PUPUK - PEMUPUKAN
• Fertilizer is one management option used almost universally
• Must replace soil nutrients lost by harvest
• Over-fertilization can result in dangerous pollution
• Teknologi meningkatkan efisiensi pupuk
PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
SASARANNYA:– Peningkatan hasil produksi– Reduce costs/unit production– Improve product quality– Avoid environmental pollution
– Memperbaiki kesehatan dan estetika lingkungan
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
• Efficient land managers: spend <20% of production costs on fertilizers, expect >50% increase in yields
• Pupuk tidak menguntungkan kalau :– Water is the most limiting factor– Other growth hindrances – insects,
diseases, acidity, extreme cold– Increased yield has less market
value than the cost of buying/app of fertilizer
• Fertilizers – generally most profitable farm input
• Soil fertility problems usually the easiest to solve
• Soil nutrients typically present in finite amounts, don’t replenish themselves
• Crops typically contain: (in rank of amount found in the plant) N, K, Ca, P, Mg, S
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
PUPUK – INPUT EKONOMI
• Utilizing fertilizers may help cut unit cost of production by maximizing yield– Improved fertility = improved yields,
improved aesthetic appeal• Environmental concerns abound
– Fertilizer laws viewed as lax by some– Farmers may be the primary cause of
non-point-source pollution
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
EKOLOGI-EKONOMI PUPUK
– Bahan polutan :• Nitrat
– Percolate through to groundwater– Not safe to drink– Cause “Blue-baby” syndrome – inhibits
oxygenation of blood– Becoming common near heavily fertilized
fields, feedlots, dairies• Fosfat
– Pollute surface waters by runoff– Promotes algae growth in rivers/ponds– Depletes available oxygen in the water for
fish
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
– Wise use of fertilizers must be encouraged, actually improve the environment• Crops, trees, etc. - remove more CO2,
decrease sediment, dust, erosion• Plays important role for future of the
planet
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
EKOLOGI PEMUPUKAN
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
• Pengelolaan Lahan sekala Besar –Medium
– Pengelolaan Sekala Besar• Low levels of operational precision,
little reliance on sophisticated technology
• May be most feasible/profitable for some
• Simple & low-tech• Some shy away from high tech for other
reasons
• Kerugian– Some parts of field may receive too much/little
fertilizer or pesticide– Less than optimal yields– Inefficient use of fertilizers & pesticides– Higher cost of production/unit– Environmental pollution due to over application
• Keuntungan– Minimal technological training & instrumentation
needed– Field operations can be performed w/ standard,
readily available, cheaper equipment.
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
– Pengelolaan sekala medium• Subdivide field into two+
management units– Delineation may be based on:
» Soil types» Past management differences» Farmer’s observations
• Ex. High, medium, low N application areas in the field
• Same equipment/technology needs as for large-scale management farmers
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Diunduh dari: ..
Pengelolaan sekala Medium :Does improve efficiency of farm inputs
Can reduce excessive applications of chemicals/fertilizers
May do spot treatments/applications w/in a field due to field observations
Small-Scale Management (Precision Farming)
Global Positioning System (GPS) – network of U.S. satellites w/ a signal detection system used to locate positions on the ground
– Soil sample fields on a grid– Data collection points no more than a few
feet apart– Each sample site mapped using GPS– Custom applicators can custom apply
fertilizers at variable rates that change constantly as the applicator travels the field – variable rate application, site-specific management, precision farming
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Precision Farming
– Potential to substantially decrease fertilizer/chemical application rates
– Potential to substantially decrease input costs
– Does require expensive technology, equipment & extensive technical knowledge
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Precision Farming
Standard method for determining soil fertility
Use of precision farming to minimize inputs
Accuracy of soil sample is key!!!!
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Precision Farming
Kedalaman dan Banyaknya Sampel Tanah
– Sampling depth – 7-12” for typical soil analysis• Shallower depth for no-till/sod crops
– acid-layer can form at very top of soil structure
• For accurate N analysis – 24-36” depth
– For composite sampling – fewer # samples decreases accuracy of analysis
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Frekuenasi Sampling Tanah: Waktu dan Lokasi
– New land, land new to you – yearly for 1st few yrs until you understand the soil
– Every 2-3 yrs, unless concern for environmental problems
– Analysis – determines which nutrients can be made available in the soil & which will need to be supplied
– Samples often pulled in fall to provide enough time for analysis/amendments
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
• Spring sampling is more accurate, but conditions may not be favorable, or not sufficient time
– Sampling row crops problematic• Can hit a fertilizer zone• Hard to get enough representative
samples
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
• Uniformity of Sampling Areas– Examine field for differences in soil
characteristics, past treatments– Consider:
• Uniformity of productivity• Topography• Soil texture• Soil structure• Drainage• Depth/color topsoil• Past management
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Law of the Minimum: growth of the plant is limited most by the essential plant nutrient present in the least relative amount (first-limiting)
• Soil Acidity Evaluation– pH measured w/ electrode &
solution– Lime requirement – amount of lime
required to achieve desired pH• Reported as buffer pH
HUKUM MINIMUM
UJI TANAH untuk NITROEGEN
– No good tests for soil available N– Most states provide N recommendations
based on yrs of field plots trials on various crops, soils, management, fertilizers
– N recommendations consider: . Tanaman sebelumnya• Estimates N carryover• N needed to decompose residues• Projected yields• Climate
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
– Lab N tests accurate, but nearly impossible to interpret• Some will discourage N testing
– Perilaku reqaksi N dalam tanah “unpredictable “– sehingga analisis laboratorium tidak sahih• Pencucian N• Denitrifikasi • Mineralisasi N-organik• Pengaruh Iklim
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
– N recommendations based on yield goals rather than soil reserves
– Corn Rule – ……. kg N/ha of yield goal• How much N should be recommended for
corn following corn, expected yield 2.5 ton/ha?
• How much N should be recommended for corn following soybeans, expected yield 5 ton/ha?
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Rekomendasi pemupukan N
• UJI TANAH untuk P dan K– Widely used to predict probability of crop response
to fertilization
– Survei Tanah:• 47% soil tested medium to low for P• 43% soil tested medium to low for K• P & K soil levels declining in many states
– Uji Tanah untuk P• Quite reliable – soil P is very stable from yr to yr• Most soil P unavailable to crops• Soil test extracts & measures what may actually be
available
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
– UJI TANAH untuk K
• Tests both exchangeable & soluble reserves• Conflicting testing procedures over which is
most accurate– Some estimate upper threshold needs ~159-
246#/ac (above which no response to K fertilizer)
– Others - 335#/ac on clay soils (calculated based on soil CEC – higher CEC = decreased available K)
– Some experimentation w/ soil probes checking K, NO3, PO4, SO4
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• Uji Tanah untuk Ca dan Mg– Related to need for lime– Well-limed soils rarely Ca & Mg
deficient– Mg deficiency more common than Ca
• Coarse-textured or acidic soils• Many yrs using non-Mg containing lime
– Mg testing for:• Exchangeable soil Mg• % Mg saturation of soil colloids• Ratio of K:Mg
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• Uji Tanah untuk S dan B– S testing inaccurate – acts much like N
• Can test – but must take variability into account
– Rekomendasi kandungan Boron• <1.0 ppm – deficient for plant growth• 1-5.0 ppm – adequate• >5.0 ppm – excess/toxicity risks
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
UJI TANAH untuk UNSUR MIKRO
– Difficult to develop accurate tests due to relatively infrequent need for field supplementation
– Can be done, if requested for a specific need
– Adds expense to soil analysis
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Bagaimana Uji Tanah yang Baik?
– Analyses recalibrated regularly based on field trial studies
– Validity of analysis related directly to accuracy of sample, information provided to the lab.
– Soil analyses generally very valid for: P, K, soluble salts, pH, lime• Other tests should only be used on as-
needed basis– Extra cost– Less accurate
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
ANALISIS TANAMAN
Evaluasi Ketersediaan hara dalam tanah:
Analisis Tanaman vs. Uji Tanah
– Plant most accurate report on what nutrients are actually available
– Plant analysis leaves little to no room for amendments to the soil
– When deficiencies are acknowledged, yield usually already affected
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
– Kapan Analisis Tanaman diperlukan?• Treatment of an easily-corrected deficiency• Long-growing crops: turf, tree fruits, forests, sugar
cane
• Uji Cepat di Lapangan– Can test for N, K status in plants
• Collect ~20 leaves for sample– Must be random from different locations– Don’t select only affected-looking leaves
• Chop/mix, squeeze sap & test• Most effective for greenhouse/nursery growers
– Amendments can easily be made– High possible economic losses
ANALISIS TANAMAN
• Analisis Total Tanaman– Done in a lab– Should be tested by stage of
development– Indicate part of plant sampled & be
consistent – Dry to prevent spoilage (confounds
results)– Wrap in paper and mail w/ complete
report – complete history, information critical
– Random sampling key
ANALISIS TANAMAN
• Interpreting Plant Analyses– Accurate interpretation difficult if not
all critical information provided– Element classified as deficient if below
threshold nutrient levels• Levels change through season, stage of
development, etc.– Some general disagreement from
scientists on what threshold levels are
ANALISIS TANAMAN
INTERPRETASI ANALISIS TANAMAN
Kisaran Kritis Kadar Hara (CNR)– CNR – ranges at which nutrients are:
• Visually deficient• Hidden deficient• Slightly deficient• Sufficient supply• Kisaran Toksik
ANALISIS TANAMAN
– Chlorosis – yellowish to whitish appearance to foliage, stem
– Necrosis – dead tissue– Causes: disease, insect damage, salt
accumulation, stress, nutrient deficiencies
– Beberapa gejala visual “sama” antara gangguan defisiensi dan gangguan penyakit
ANALISIS TANAMAN
Gejala Defisirensi Hara
– Nutrients are relocated in the plant by two pathways• Xylem – water-carrying vessels
–All nutrients can pass through• Phloem – sugar-carrying vessels
–Not all nutrients can relocate–Mobile nutrients – travel freely–Immobile nutrients – can’t be
moved from their location in the plant
– Defisiensi hara yang mobil cenderung terjadi pada daun-daun tua
ANALISIS TANAMAN
– Immobile nutrient deficiencies – symptoms on shoot/root tips, fruits• Can’t be treated from the soil w/ fertilizer
– plant can’t send Ca (ex) to the ripening fruit
– Mobile nutrients:• N, P, K, Cl, Mg, S
– Immobile nutrients:• Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mo, S
– Unsur hara sangat immobile adalah: B, Ca
ANALISIS TANAMAN
MOBILITAS HARA
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Berbagai laboratorium/pakar membuat rekomendasi yang berbeda-
beda.
Filosofi tradisional menghadapi tantangan:
1. Dosis pupuk P
2. Rekomendasi pupuk N berdasarkan hasil tanaman
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/articles/74/6/2211 ...... 11/9/2012
Utilization of Poultry Manure Phosphorus for Corn ProductionDaniel E. Kaisera, Antonio P. Mallarino and J. E. Sawyer
SSSAJ. 2009 Vol. 74 No. 6, p. 2211-2222
Corn plant P concentration (V5–V6 growth stage) response to fertilizer and poultry manure P across seven sites responsive to fertilizer (Table 4).
Average total manure P applied across these sites was 55 kg ha−1 for the low rate and 110 kg ha−1 for the high rate.
Vertical lines indicate one-half confident intervals (P ≤ 0.10) for means comparisons.
– Harus mempunyai cukup banyak data lapangan untuk mengkorelasikan hasil tanaman dnegan kebutuhan haranya
– Once a general amount of fertilizer is known:• Subtract for manure application• Subtract for residual P or N• Add/subtract for N, P, S because of
soil organic matter levels – can count on them supplying some
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Membuat Rekomendasi Pemupukan
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Diunduh dari: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447047&topicorder=2&maxto=6&minto=1 ...... 11/9/2012
Yield response as influenced by soil test level and soil test recommendation approach. (Hergert, 1997)
The Scientific Basis for Making Fertilizer Recommendations
KUALITAS PUPUK
GRADE PUPUK – amounts of N, P, K in a fertilizer required by law to be listed
•Also required:–Weight of material, manufacturer
•Optional:–Filler composition, acidity in soil potential
Calculating fertilizer N, P, K amounts•10-20-10•15-12-18
Amounts listed as: elemental N, phosphate, potash (not direct indication of elemental P, K supplied)
Kemasaman Pupuk
– Most affect soil acidity in some regard
• Superphosphate, Triplesuperphosphate, Potash – neutral
• MAP, DAP, all N fertilizers – acidifiers
KUALITAS PUPUK
– Fungsi-fungsi:• Elemental charge• Tendency to form insoluble compounds• Adsorption ability• Soil texture• Water movement• Konsentrasi ionm-ion lainnya
KUALITAS PUPUK
Kelarutan dan Mobilitas dalam Tanah
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
– Contoh-contoh Mobilitas hara
• P hanya dapat bergerak sejauh beberapa sentimeter dalam tanah
– Sehingga pupuk P harus ditempatkan di dekat zone akar tanaman
• N dapat bergerak jauh mengikuti pergerakan air tanah
KUALITAS PUPUK
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Calculating Fertilizer Mixtures
– Mixing 34-0-0 ammonium nitrate & 0-46-0 TSP to get 1 ton mixture of 15-10-0• How much of each do we need?
– How about if we needed a 12-14-6 fertilizer for a customer?• What might we use for each ingredient?• How much of each would we need?
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
Menghitung Campuran Pupuk
• Weights of Fertilizer to Apply
– Planting corn expected to yield 125 bu/ac• How much N do we need?• Soil analysis recommended 88#/ac
phosphate• How much ammonium nitrate & TSP do
we need?• What is our final application rate?
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
DOSIS PUPUK
Calculations Involving Liquid Fertilizers– Use dry fertilizer calculation if sold
by weight– If sold by volume, usually applied by
volume
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
DOSIS PUPUK CAIR
APLIKASI PUPUK
Starter (Pop-Up) Fertilizers
Addition of fertilizer w/ the seed during planting, dribbled in a strip near the see, banding w/in 2” of seed
Most beneficial for P, K – some for N, but not as necessary
Advantages:Cold soilsLow nutrient levels in the root zoneFast-growing plants
Disadvantages:Slows plantingCan burn seedling, if placed too close
APLIKASI PUPUK
Broadcast Application: Pupuk Disebar di permukaan tanah
Uniform application across entire surface
Left on surface, or incorporated
Somewhat less efficiency of fertilizerEspecially when not incorporated quickly
Why?
Alasan Aplikasi pupuk secara disebar:
• Only practical method of application – pastures, turf, etc.
• Low-fertility soils needing high fertilizer rates
• Easy, cheap, personal preference• Flexible – split applications, ability to add
after crop is growing
APLIKASI PUPUK
• Deep Banding– Application of strips into the soil– Either between/side of row, where the seed
may be planted– Typically 4-12” depth– Knifing in anhydrous most common
• Gas able to dissolve in soil water before it escapes
• Losses can be high if dry, sandy
APLIKASI PUPUK
Pupuk dibenamkan secara mendalam
APLIKASI PUPUK
Deep Banding
Kerugian:Strong equipment neededHigh fuel costsDanger of dealing w/ anhydrous
Keuntungan:High yield response potential
Puts fertilizer where most roots are, very efficient use
• Split Application– Divided total fertilizer rates delivered
in 2+ applications– Reasons to split applications
• If large applications are needed – increase efficiency of nutrient use
• Soil conditions dictate – risk for high nutrient losses
• Control vegetative growth in early stages
APLIKASI PUPUK
SPLIT APPLICATION
– Keuntungan:• Increased efficiency of N utilization• Provide a “boost” to the plant during
growth– Kerugian:
• Extra pass through field• Not effective for P, K because of
immobility
APLIKASI PUPUK
• Side-Dressing or Topdressing– Side-dressing – surface or shallow
band application put on after crop is growing• Broadcast, surface stripped, sprayed,
knifed– Principles to consider:
• Decreases potential N losses• Added in the furrow to allow water to
help w/ infiltration• Not effective for P, K
APLIKASI PUPUK
Point Injector Application
– place P, K into soil in the root zone without significant root damage
– Used more in small plots, gardens– Push stick, rod into soil, fill w/ fertilizer, cover– Effective for: fruit trees, grapes, shrubs, etc.– Not common in field use
APLIKASI PUPUK
Application of fertilizer with irrigation water
– Can apply large quantities of nutrients
– Very effective for N• Some see 30-50% more efficient use of
N• Cut of 50% in N rates w/ same/better
yield– Must be careful of potential problem
with salts
APLIKASI PUPUK
FERTIGATION
– Able to apply when need is highest
– Immediate/convenient application– Most effective on soils with poor
nutrient retention & for mobile nutrients
Chemigation also possible.. ?
APLIKASI PUPUK
FERTIGATION
Aplikasi DaunFoliar Application
– foliage wetted to maximize nutrient absorption through leaf stomata & epidermis– Feasible for: N supplementation, pesticides,
micronutrients, etc.– Guidelines:
• Only suited for applications of small amount (can burn plant)
• Decreased rates can be used
APLIKASI PUPUK
Foliar Application
• Need wetting agent to help the spray to distribute evenly across surface
• Helpful when root conditions restrict nutrient uptake
• Quick response/remedy to deficiency (also short residual)
• Wind must be calm, humidity >70%, temp <85° F
APLIKASI PUPUK
Memupuk padi dan tanah-tanah tergenang lainnya
– Paddy rice – production on water covered soils• Water 2-6” deep• One of very few crops that tolerate
anaerobic conditions
– Difficult to fertilize due to high nutrient loss risks
APLIKASI PUPUK
Great focus on increasing efficiency of fertilizer use
• Research• Real-time sensors in soils that
immediately detect nutrient deficiency• Transgenic plants
Efisiensi Pupuk:
Fraction / percentage of added fertilizer that is actually used by the plant
EFISIENSI PUPUK
Memupuk padi dan tanah-tanah tergenang lainnya
• Efisiensi Pupuk :– 30-70% for N– 5-30% for P– 50-80% for K
• Maximum profits rarely at maximum yields
– Last amounts of fertilizer to produce more yield cost more than yield increase
– Management also key
• Penerapan BMP dapat meningkatkan:– Encourage environmental protection– Couple w/ agronomic success– Increase economic yields, leading to
sustainable ag
EFISIENSI PUPUK
– Some plants better scavengers than others– Absorption greatly affected by fertilizer
distribution– Smaller root system = shorter growing
season = >dependence on fertilizer
– Growth rates & size also effect amount of nutrients demanded
EFISIENSI PUPUK
SISTEM AKAR TANAMAN
GULMA:
– Response to fertilizer much like crops– N fertilization may increase weed
growth > crop growth– Application method can also affect
weed growth• Ex – broadcast fertilizer can tend to help
weeds get good start
EFISIENSI PUPUK
1. Availability of nutrients directed impacted by soil water content
2. Drip fertigation may be most efficient use of water & fertilizer• Common in greenhouses• Can be effective in field use
3. The farming system uses drip irrigation
EFISIENSI PUPUK
INTERAKSI PUPUK - AIR
Arahan Pemupukan yang Optimal:
• Avoid large additions of N or K (50#/ac +) on sandy soils – use split application
• Avoid broadcast applications of urea & ammonia on warm/moist soils – volatilizes easily – incorporate
• Avoid N losses on poorly drained soils by using ammonium
• Band P• Use starter fertilizer
EFISIENSI PUPUK
MEMEUPUK SECARA EFISIEN
EFISIENSI PUPUK
• Keep N & K fertilizers out of seedling zone to avoid burn
• Reduce leaching by avoiding application before rain or irrigation
• Foliar apply, if feasible/appropriate• Know nutrient demands of crop• Improve management• Remember law of minimum• Soil test
Arahan Pemupukan yang Optimal:
Manfaat pupuk kandang:• Recycles nutrients• Potential to reduce pollution• Adds C to soil• Improve aggregation, infiltration,
microbial vigorRisikonya:
• Increased weed pressure• High cost of obtaining/applying if you
don’t own it• Not as convenient as commercial
fertilizer• Pollution anxiety
PUPUK KANDANG
PUPUK KANDANG
• Nutrient Production & Recovery– Production rates predictable &
measurable– Ration has heavy influence on
nutrients in manure
– Generous applications of manure no longer norm• Some states require & enforce strict
manure management guidelines
– Restricted application due to soil P levels instead of N
– Manure still can’t meet plant needs alone• Crops remove much higher levels of
nutrients/ac
PUPUK KANDANG
Neraca Hara Ppk Kandang
PUPUK KANDANG
– Banyak keuntungan menggunakan pupuk kandang
– Manure production unevenly distributed in farmland
– Biaya angkut tidak murah
– Too abundant in areas, not enough land for application
Penggunaan Pupuk Kandang
– Keseimbangan tiga faktor:
• Supply crop nutrients• Dispose of waste• Protect environment
– More focus on manure later
PUPUK KANDANG
Penggunaan Pupuk Kandang
PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAHOleh:
Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S.FP-UB, September 2012