Perlaksanaan Polisi. Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi….. BimbinganBimbingan KewanganKewangan...
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Transcript of Perlaksanaan Polisi. Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi….. BimbinganBimbingan KewanganKewangan...
Perlaksanaan PolisiPerlaksanaan Polisi
Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi….. Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi…..
• Bimbingan Bimbingan
• KewanganKewangan
• Aktiviti/pelan tindakan Aktiviti/pelan tindakan
• PerundanganPerundangan
Perlaksanaan PolisiPerlaksanaan Polisi
•Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam
Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi:Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi:
- kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk - kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan. melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan.
- dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan - dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan sebagainya.sebagainya.
- sokongan pihak pemerintah.- sokongan pihak pemerintah.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONPOLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Perlaksanaan BerterusanPerlaksanaan BerterusanPenghakisan Secara PerlahanPenghakisan Secara PerlahanPertambahan KumulatifPertambahan KumulatifPembaharuanPembaharuan
Perlaksanaan Polisi Berterusan Perlaksanaan Polisi Berterusan
• Polisi yang berjaya dan masih Polisi yang berjaya dan masih dilaksanakan. dilaksanakan.
• Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada tahun 2020tahun 2020
Starting Point: 1991Starting Point: 1991 Current: 2008Current: 2008
2020
Penghakisan Secara PerlahanPenghakisan Secara Perlahan
• Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi akhirnya gagal secara perlahan. akhirnya gagal secara perlahan.
Seperti Bunga Api
Contoh:Contoh:
Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) ProjectMultimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project
A national policy towards ICTA national policy towards ICT
Launched in 1996Launched in 1996
To gear Malaysian economy rapidly into the digital ageTo gear Malaysian economy rapidly into the digital age
To bridge the digital divide (within Malaysia & between To bridge the digital divide (within Malaysia & between countries)countries)
Declining Policy ImplementationDeclining Policy Implementation
Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) ProjectMultimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project
Creation of Cyberjaya & Putrajaya ‘Smart Cities’Creation of Cyberjaya & Putrajaya ‘Smart Cities’
Work electronicallyWork electronically
IT Nirvana…Malaysians &IT Nirvana…Malaysians &foreigners work hand in hand inforeigners work hand in hand inhand for multimedia developments hand for multimedia developments
BUTBUT
• Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998
• The political struggle btwn Dr. M and The political struggle btwn Dr. M and AnwarAnwar
• Cause capital flight from AsiaCause capital flight from Asia
Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC project was not as successful as it was project was not as successful as it was envisioned to be.envisioned to be.
Cumulative Policy ImplementationCumulative Policy Implementation
• Starts of small and ends up big…Starts of small and ends up big…
Cumulative Policy ImplementationCumulative Policy Implementation
NATIONAL NATIONAL POLICY ON BATIK POLICY ON BATIK
PROMOTIONPROMOTION
Revived Policy ImplementationRevived Policy Implementation
• A policy that begins to shutter but was A policy that begins to shutter but was saved by certain changes (environmental saved by certain changes (environmental or support)or support)
PERTANIAN
2 Phases of 2 Phases of Policy ImplementationPolicy Implementation
• Law : rules and laws are created so that Law : rules and laws are created so that policy could be implemented.policy could be implemented.
• Action : All the programs and activities Action : All the programs and activities carried out by responsible agents/institutions carried out by responsible agents/institutions
to realize the policyto realize the policy
Key Tasks for ImplementationKey Tasks for ImplementationPlanningPlanning
• Responsible agentsResponsible agents
• Timeline: Determine when the policy goal Timeline: Determine when the policy goal should be achieved –short, long, medium..should be achieved –short, long, medium..
• Promotion to target groupsPromotion to target groups
• Assure mechanism of accountabilityAssure mechanism of accountability
• EvaluationEvaluation
Responsible AgentsResponsible Agents
Key tasksKey tasks
EstablishingEstablishing
Organizational Organizational
OwnershipOwnership
IssueIssue
Which Which department?department?
Which agency?Which agency?
CriteriaCriteria
Issue definitionIssue definition
Origin of policy Origin of policy problemproblem
Past ownershipPast ownership
ExperienceExperience
Impact Impact
on on ImplementationImplementation
Level of innovationLevel of innovation
Policy directionPolicy direction
TimelineTimeline
Key tasksKey tasks
DevelopingDeveloping
timeframestimeframes
IssueIssue
Short term?Short term?
Long term?Long term?
How realistic?How realistic?
CriteriaCriteria
Nature of the Nature of the problemproblem
Political Political pressurepressure
Level of Level of consultationconsultation
New IssuesNew Issues
Impact Impact
on on ImplementationImplementation
Project or strategies Project or strategies focusfocus
Adequacy of Adequacy of resourcesresources
PromotionPromotion
Key tasksKey tasks
MarketingMarketing
IssueIssue
Communication Communication channelchannel
Audience Audience identificationidentification
Alerting Alerting stakeholders to stakeholders to policy existencepolicy existence
Selling policySelling policy
Getting feedbackGetting feedback
CriteriaCriteria
Type of policyType of policy
Nature of policy Nature of policy instruments instruments
(coercive or non (coercive or non coercive)coercive)
Complexity of Complexity of issueissue
Impact Impact
on on ImplementationImplementation
Suits the problemSuits the problem
CostCost
Assure Mechanism of Enforcement & Assure Mechanism of Enforcement & AccountabilityAccountability
Key tasksKey tasks
Enforcement andEnforcement and
AccountabilityAccountability
IssueIssue
Ensuring Ensuring authorized policy authorized policy is implementedis implemented
Mechanisms of Mechanisms of enforcement enforcement
(agent, reporting (agent, reporting process etc)process etc)
CoordinationCoordination
Legal issuesLegal issues
etcetc
CriteriaCriteria
Choice of policy Choice of policy instrumentinstrument
Agency Agency seniorityseniority
Political priorityPolitical priority
Impact Impact
on on ImplementationImplementation
Prevent redefinition Prevent redefinition of problemof problem
Reporting processesReporting processes
Performance Performance indicatorsindicators
EvaluationEvaluation
Key tasksKey tasks
Review OutcomesReview Outcomes
IssueIssue
Assessment Assessment criteriacriteria
ProcessesProcesses
TimeframesTimeframes
CriteriaCriteria
Nature of issueNature of issue
MeasurabilityMeasurability
Impact Impact
on on ImplementationImplementation
RenewalRenewal
ModificationModification
Enforcement FailureEnforcement Failure
• Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due to enforcement failure.to enforcement failure.
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Resource ConstraintsResource Constraints
Enforcing the policy would be too costly Enforcing the policy would be too costly due to the number of staff or due to the number of staff or administrative requirementsadministrative requirements
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Inappropriate implementation strategyInappropriate implementation strategy
Overly complex policy strategies can lead to Overly complex policy strategies can lead to failure in delivery of a policy.failure in delivery of a policy.
CAUSECAUSE EFFECTEFFECTOver complexOver complexstrategiesstrategies
that weakens thethat weakens thecause and effect linkcause and effect link
FailureFailureOf Of
PolicyPolicy
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Wrong Implementation OrganizationWrong Implementation Organization
Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the task because:task because:
a)a) No prior experienceNo prior experienceb)b) Mismatch between agency’s expertise and culture with Mismatch between agency’s expertise and culture with
that of stakeholder’s. that of stakeholder’s. c)c) No operational expertiseNo operational expertise
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Inappropriate Choice of Policy Inappropriate Choice of Policy InstrumentInstrument
Example: Smoking issueExample: Smoking issue
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Communication MistakesCommunication Mistakes
Failure to communicate to implementing Failure to communicate to implementing agencies, developers of policy agencies, developers of policy instrument, or due to incorrect instrument, or due to incorrect interpretation of the policyinterpretation of the policy
Reasons for Enforcement FailureReasons for Enforcement Failure
• Operational ImpracticalityOperational Impracticality
Inadequate resources; inadequate Inadequate resources; inadequate training of implementation agents; delay training of implementation agents; delay in operations (and the nature of problem in operations (and the nature of problem has changed); failure to plan has changed); failure to plan implementation sequenceimplementation sequence