Falsafah, Prinsip dan Isu dalam Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) yang berkaitan dengan TIMSS dan PISA di MalaysiaDr Ng Soo BoonBAHAGIAN PEMBANGUNAN KURIKULUMKEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA2013Apa it B!r"i#ir$T!%inga&ta# B!r"i#irD!ngarTa# Pa#ai &ta# Ta# B!r"i#ir&ta# B!r"i#ir'i#g( B!r"i#ir ) Gna%a* ota# +i#it)H,,-- A.a#a* ,a+a #ita ta# gna ota# $Berfikir ialah #!/o%!*an ,an+ia untuk membentuk konsep, memberi sebab, atau membuat penentuan. (Beyer, B.K., 1991) (kebolehan)Berfikir ialah satu #o%!#+i #!,a*iran atau operasi mental yang digunakan oleh seseorang individu. (Nickerson, erkins dan !mith, 19"#) (kemahiran)Berfikir merupakan p!,/!nt#an idea, pembentukan semula pengalaman dan penyusunan maklumat dalam bentuk tertentu. ($raenkel, %.&., 19"') (proses)Berfikir melibatkan pengelolaan op!ra+i ,!nta% tertentu yang berlaku dalam minda atau sistem kognitif seseorang yang bertu(uan untuk menyelesaikan masalah. ()ayer, &.*., 19++) (operasi) B!r"i#ir .an B!%a0ar,an -e learn -ithout thinking./nce -e learn, does it mean that -e have automatically think.Thinking is the ,!t*o. o" int!%%ig!nt %!arning, of learning that employs and re-ards mind (0e-ey, 1911)Berfikir dan BelaarSo1 i+ t*!r! nint!%%ig!nt %!arnng$2earning -ithout thought is labour lost3 thought -ithout learning is perilous(,onfucius)aught his students that4 52earning -ithout thought is labour lost3 thought . !earning and th"ught!o, it looks like learning is no good -ithout thinking67re -e assuming all learning happen -ith thinking 89eachers also like to ask us to think, but ho- to think. 9hey did not tell us ho- to think: (from a students)!tudents might be ;uite confused over -hether or not they think -hen they learn, does it mean that if they cannot ans-er a ;uestion that means they did not learn and did not think.K!,a*iran B!r"i#ir Ara+ R!n.a* 2L&T3 0oes 2/9 involved thinking too.LOT tasks re;uires a student 5< to recall a fact,perform a simple operation,orsolveafamiliartypeofproblem. =t DOESNOT requirethe student to -ork outside the familiar>S#hmal$, %&'(Lower-order thinking (LOT) is often characteri?ed by the recall of information or the application of concepts or kno-ledge to familiar situations and conte@ts. )esni#k, %&*'generally characteri?ed 2/9 as solving tasks -hile working in familiar situations and conte@ts3 or, applying algorithms already familiar to the student.Th"mps"n, +,,* S!n#1 B!4#,an1 5 T*o,p+on 216673 LOT is involved -hen students are solving tasks -here the solution re;uires applying a -el l A kno-nal gor i t hm, often -ith NO justification, explanation, or proof re;uired, and -here only a single correct ans-er is possibleLOWER ORDER THINKING2/9s need more recalling and more closed endedApa itu Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (-.Ts)/SteinandLane(1996 describe HOTas 5theuseofcomple@,n"n0alg"rithmi# thinking to solve a task in -hich there is NOT a predita!le, -ellArehearsed approach or path-aye@plicitly suggested by the task, task instruction, or a workedoute"ample.> HIGHER ORDER THINKING!esnic" (19#$ characteri?ed higher#order thinking (HOT) as HIGHER ORDER THINKINGT*o,p+on 220083 generally characteri?ed HOT involves+o%9ingta+#+-hereanalgorithmhasnotbeentaughtorusingknown algorithms -hile -orking in unfamiliar conte@ts or situations.HIGHER ORDER THINKINGSen", et al (199$ characteri?ed HOT as sol$ing tasks -here no algorithm has been taught, -here %usti&ation or e"planation are re;uired, and-heremore thanone solution may be possible. HIGHER ORDER THINKINGKenapa Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT)/SI: 'RITI'AL SKILLS ;&R 21ST 'ENTURYCRITICAL SKILLSCRITICAL SKILLSCommunicatingCommunicatingWorking CollaborativelyWorking CollaborativelyProblem SolvingProblem SolvingInformation LiteracyInformation LiteracyCreativity & InnovationCreativity & InnovationR!+pon+i/%! 'iti.C 9hese people have less resistance to getting sick.C 9he young and old can:t fight off disease as easily as others.C 9hey are more likely to catch the flu.C =f they get the flu the effects are -orse in these people.C Because organisms of young children and older people are -eaker.C /ld people get sick more easily.%o $redit,ode '4 /ther responses.C !o they don:t get the flu.C 9hey are -eaker.C 9hey need help to fight the flu.+ontoh ,oalan TI(,, # (atematik9'7 car salesman placed this advertisement in the ne-spaper4 5/ld and ne- cars for sale, different prices, average price &) #','''.>$rom the advertisement, -hich of the follo-ing must be true.7 car salesman placed this advertisement in the ne-spaper4 5/ld and ne- cars for sale, different prices, average price &) #','''.>$rom the advertisement, -hich of the follo-ing must be true.7) )ost of the cars -ould cost bet-een &)1',''' and &)H','''.B) Lalf of the cars -ould cost less than &)#',''', and half -ould cost more than&)#','''.,)7t least one of the cars -ould cost &)#','''.0) !ome of the cars -ould cost less than &) #','''. J83G2228Daripada 153 orang pelajar hanya 18% yang menjawab dengan betul.91%ohn and ,athy -ere told to divide a number by 1''. By mistake %ohn multiplied the number by 1'' and obtained an ans-er of 1#'.,athy correctly divided the number by 1''. Ehat -as her ans-er.7. '.''1#B. '.'1#,. '.1#0. 1.#&IMSS "##' (th-)rade Mathematics Concepts and Mathematics ItemsTIMSS PopulationItem Pool !"elea#ed Item#$.%opyright & 1''( by I)*+ The ,ague 9he follo-ing t-o advertisement appeared in a country -here the units if currency are ?eds.=f a company interested in renting an office of 11' s;uare meters in that country for a year, at -hich building, 7 or B, should they rent the office in order to get the lo-er price. !ho- your -ork 9he follo-ing t-o advertisement appeared in a country -here the units if currency are ?eds.=f a company interested in renting an office of 11' s;uare meters in that country for a year, at -hich building, 7 or B, should they rent the office in order to get the lo-er price. !ho- your -ork"#IL$I%& AOffice space available85 95 square meters!5 "eds per month#$$ #%$ square meters8$$ "eds per month"#IL$I%& AOffice space available85 95 square meters!5 "eds per month#$$ #%$ square meters8$$ "eds per month"#IL$I%& "Office space available&5 %'$ square meters9$ "eds per square meter per year."#IL$I%& "Office space available&5 %'$ square meters9$ "eds per square meter per year.T-.SS /00$Ehich circle has appro@imately the same fraction of its area shaded as the rectangle above.AB 'DE(an)ang sisi sebuah segiempat sama * adalah empat kali ganda segiempat sama +. *erapa kalilah lebih besar luas * berbanding luas +, -egiempat sama + -egiempat sama *'onto*@4onto* Lain9he teaching and learning processes as -ell as the decisionAmaking processes in smart schools are thinking centred. 3a4id Perkins, %&&+!chools are 5the home for the mind>, -here the process of thinking is the main content of curriculum and instruction.=n other -ords, the school curriculum is filled or infused -ith intellectual activities.2"sta, %&&%2earning to think is an important component of every activity in school.5"y#e, 6eil 7 2alh"un, +,,,Terima Kasih