PROPOSAL TESIS perbaikan_1.docx

8/9/2019 PROPOSAL TESIS perbaikan_1.docx

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale


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In globalization era, we can find the indication about interaction process

between language and culture in the world. Cross culture understanding is needed

when we make interaction with other nations. In this era, competitions happen in

every sector in our life. Mastering information, knowledge, and technology are

also needed in gaining a better life. Translation holds an important role in

spreading information. Translator helps people in getting information. Their job is

transferring one language to other language, which is euivalence. !arimurti


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"ridalaksana #$%%&' ()* defines euivalence is a closest meaning. It means that

translator must be able to present a translation that does not deviate significantly

from the true meaning contained in the source language.

Translation is not an easy job. Translators must not only master the source

language and the target language well, but they also must have a thorough

understanding of the field of knowledge that is transformed into the target

language. +ach social connotations, cultural, and emotional needs must be


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included in the target language and must be understood well by a translator.

Matters relating to the preparation of the words and specific phrases, special

epressions, local epectations and so on should be calculated accurately.

The purpose of translation is to provide the euivalent semantic translation

between the -ource anguage #-* and the Target anguage #T*. The eactly

euivalent is not possible because there are differences between the source

language and the target language. /ccording to 0usuf #1&&2' 2*, each language


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has uniue characteristics that differ with others. Machali #as cited in /nisa $%1$'

$* states that language is a system, which has structure, because it has a certain

pattern. In transferring, a good translator has to be able in choosing the right word,

phrase or sentence which has euivalence in semantic with -ource anguage,

though he must transform synta from -ource anguage to Target anguage.

Moentaha #$%%)' 1(* eplains the difficulty in translating is due to the different

grammatical systems in both languages, for eample noun in Indonesian3 to


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indicate plural nouns is known a repetition system "buku-buku4, while in +nglish

noun plural marked by the morpheme 5s, 4books4.

/ccording to 6ida 7 Taber in their book The Theory and Practice of

Translation, eplains that in translating, a translator must be able to reproduce the

message and it must be good in grammatical and leical adjustments. Moentaha

#$%%)' 1%8* grammatical transformation, which also is syntactic transformation, is

a transformation of grammatical structure without changing the leical


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components. 9rammatical transformation is applied to analyze shifts between

source language and Target anguage and shifts occur to create dynamic models

of translation. Moreover, thematic structure is applied to compare shifts of theme

and rheme in clause level both in -ource anguage and in Target anguage.

In Catford perspective, in translation, there are grammatical translations.

#1&)(' :1* It is restricted translation in which the source language grammar of a

tet is replaced by euivalent target language grammar, but it is without


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replacement of leis. !e also eplains his concept of shift in translation #1&)(' :)*

that translation euivalence may occurs between sentence, clauses, group, word

and morphemes. It is called level shift and category sift that divided into four3 1*

structure shift, $* class shift, ;* unit shift or rank5change, and 2* intra5system shift.

6ewmark #1&88' 8(* mentions that a shift, Catfordarbelnet*. !e eplains that shift or transposition is a


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translation procedure that concern in changing of grammar from -ource anguage

to Target anguage.

/ccording to ?roshina #$%%8' (%* transformation in translation develops the

ideas of transformational grammar introduced by 6. Chomsky. Chomsky


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basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are

constructed by means of so-called transformation! In contrast, back-

transformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surfacestructure to its underlying kernels,A #6ida and Taber, 1&)&' ;&*

?roshina #$%%8' 2(* states in her page that translation transformations can

divided into three categories3 grammatical transformations, leical

transformations, and comple #leical and grammatical* transformations. BDEFGH

#$%%$' $1* states grammatical transformations can be divided into four types3 1*

Transposition, $* eplacement, ;* /ddition, and 2* Jmission.


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9rammatical transformations always occur in a translation. This cannot be

avoided because each language has its own uniueness in grammar that

distinguishes it from other languages. Kecause of the uniueness of each

language, makes writers want to investigate further what kinds of grammatical

transformations that occur in +nglish translation that Indonesian as source

language. Transformation in translation is interesting because in gaining the

euivalence between -ource anguage and Target anguage, translator can


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consider some theories and techniues such as grammatical transformation,

dynamic euivalence. /ll will be discussed in chapter $.

In this research, the writer eager to analyze grammatical transformations,

that can be found in +nglish translation 4!abibie 7 /inun4. It is very interesting

and challenging because as we know that the novel is the best seller and the author

of the novel is the important person in our country. !e is Kaharudin Lusuf

!abibie, the third president of Indonesia. !e is not a writer but he managed to


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write the novel because of his sorrow for being left by his beloved wife, >r. !j.

!asri /inun !abibie who died in $%1%.

1.2 o!"#lation o$ t%e &t#'(

The formulations of study on this research are'

1. hat types of grammatical transformations occur in the Target anguageN


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$. hat types of grammatical transformation those often appear in the Target

anguageN;. Jn which syntactic levels grammatical transformations occur in the Target

anguageN

1.3 T%e O)*e+ti,e- o$ t%e &t#'(


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To achieve the aim of research, the writer has been set some objectives

research, namely'1. To analyze and describe types of grammatical transformations occur in Target

anguage.

$. To analyze and describe the type of grammatical transformation that often

appears in the target language.

;. To analyze and describe on which syntactic level grammatical transformation

occur in the Target anguage.


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1.4 T%e T%eo!eti+al O#tline

Theory is needed to analyze a problem. !ere the researcher will try to apply

some theories related to the grammatical transformation in the translation, such as3

transposition, replacement, addition, omission, and mi types.

To meet this study, the writer will use and apply various references and book

related to translation study and grammatical transformation between +nglish as


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Target anguage and Indonesia as -ource anguage. The theories are come from

6ida and Taber #1&)&*, Catford #1&)(*, BDEFGH #$%%$*, Keker #$%%8*.

1.5 T%e et%o' an' t%e Te+%ni/#e o$ t%e &t#'(

1.5.1 The Method of the Study

This research is uantitative descriptive. Its aims are to describe and reveal a

problem. The method allows researchers could compare the specific phenomena


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or called a comparative study. -ometimes researchers conduct classification, as

well as the study of phenomena by specifying a particular standard or norm. Many

eperts called this method with the name of the normative survey. This kind of

method is also called a case study.


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1.5.2 The Technique of Study

The writer tries to analyze translation in the +nglish translation of

Indonesian novel !abibie 7 /inun. /ccording translation theory, many kinds of

strategies that can be used to analyze a translation, but the researcher only

interested in grammatical transformation that appear in the Target anguage. It is

interesting because translation is the form of comple transformation but it can be

simplified by euivalence meaning. In achieving euivalence, the translator can


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conduct translation techniue, grammatical transformations, namely3

transposition, replacement, addition, and omission. /ccording to BDEFGH #$%%$'

$(* in most cases, it is necessary to combine them. !owever, before go so far to

grammatical transformation, here the writer will discuss about translation study,

dynamic euivalence, tetual euivalence, syntactic hierarchy, clause pattern.

1.6 Data &o#!+e


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The writer will try to observe Indonesian novel !abibie 7 /inun written by

Kacharuddin Lusuf !abibie #$%1%* and compare it with its +nglish version,

!abibie 7 /inun The ?ower of ove translated by -.K. Loedono #$%11*.

The writer will collect every sentence in the -ource anguage, Indonesian,

and its euivalence sentence in the Target anguage, +nglish version. The

sentences that the researcher collect as her data is sentences which eperience

grammatical transformation, such as transposition, replacement, addition, and


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omission. The researcher will also collect every sentence eperience mied types

of grammatical transformation. In her research, she also will analyze syntactic

level where grammatical transformations occur in Target anguage.

1.7 ei%t an' Rele,an+e


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eight and relevance in this research is that translation is linguistics field.

Translations give effect to the understanding of culture. The relevance of its

research is that language is a tool of thinking. /s a language teacher, the writer

has to try to understand the way her students thought. Ky understanding the

grammatical transformation that occurred in the two languages, Indonesian, which

is used as a tool of thought, and +nglish as the target language, then the writer can

assist students in understanding the changes that occur between Indonesian and


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+nglish. -he also epects that this research can be useful to other teachers and

students.


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CHAPTER II

THEORETICA ACROUND

2.1 P!e,io#- Re-ea!+%


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The previous research has become a reference for the writer to conduct

research that is different from previous studies. This is important because she

hopes that her research can give good effect for others in the future. ?revious

studies are as follows' aurinaviciute #$%1%*, -adiyani #$%11*, and /nisah #$%1$*.

aurinaviciute #$%1%* analyzed grammatical translation transformations3

transposition, addition, omission, substitution, and mied type. -he also compared


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the two languages grammatically3 +nglish as -ource anguage and ithuanian as

Target anguage.

-adiyani #$%11* analyzed how Indonesian passive voice can be translated

into +nglish. !e eplained concept passive voice both +nglish concept and

Indonesia. !e also eplained about shift and semantics in translation theory.

/nisah #$%1$* analyzed translation transformation between +nglish as

-ource anguage and Indonesia as Target anguage. -he describes translation


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transformation In terms of language conventions #addition, omission, and

semantic transformation* and In terms of cultural conventions #addition, omission,

and semantic transformation*. -he also eplained about function of translation

transformation.

The writer will analyze grammatical transformations that occur in target

language #+nglish* namely transposition, replacement, addition, and omission.

-he also will analyze mied types of grammatical transformation. -he also will


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analyze syntactic level where grammatical transformation occure in Target

anguage. This study is translation study. The two languages that the writer will

use as her data are Indonesia as -ource anguage and +nglish as Target anguage.

-he is collecting data from Indonesian novel !abibie 7 /inun and its +nglish

version.

2.2 T!an-lation &t#'(


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Translation has been defined in various ways. Catford #1&)(' $%* defines

translation as follows3 @The replacement of tetual material in one language #-*

by euivalent tetual material in another language #T* and the term euivalent is

a clearly a key termA. It means that translation is the situation in which all the

linguistic levels of the source tet #phonology, graphology, grammar and leis* are

replaced by target language material. !e also states that the theory of translation is

concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is conseuently a


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branch of comparative linguistic. It means that translation is also can be studied as

a branch of comparative linguistic. hen the translator translates or transforms

language from one into another they compare the two languages, not just leis but

also in grammatical. The same idea is stated by BDEFGH #$%%$' (* that translation

is a process in turning a tet from one language into another, which epress the

same message but in different signs or language.


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6ida 7 Taber #1&)& ' 1$* states that the primary purpose of the translation is

to reproduce the message. Message from the source language is reproduced to be

the same message in the target language. It must be in the closest natural

euivalence. Onderstanding reproducing message can be in two ways, first in

terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 6ida and Tiber recognize that

the aim of translating is @reproducing the message.A In reproducing message, one

must make a good many grammatical and leical adjustments. Moentaha #$%%)'


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11* give the eplanation about reproducing message, he said it could be happened

the information or message in - is understood grammatically but when it is

transformed into T the message must be understood leically. The clause, She

had been rather prettyis understood grammatically in +nglish. !owever, when

the clause is transformed into Indonesian, the message can be understood

leically,Dia dulu pernah begitu cantik. The change is because there is no past

perfect tense in Indonesian pattern. 6ewmark #1&88':* states that translation is a


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skill that consists of efforts to change the message and or a written statement from

one language to the message and or similar statements in other languages.

arson #1&82';* says that the translation includes translating the source

language into target language, which begins from the first language form towards

the second language form using semantic language structure. In this case, the

message that is transferred must be adhered to and only the shape is changed.

arson #1&82' (1* states' in translation, the source language tet is replaced by the


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form of tet in the target language. arson further eplains that the form of

language refers to words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs.

/ccording to Lakobson #as cited in =enuti $%%%' 112* that It is possible to

establish euivalence in translation.There are three kinds of euivalence3

Intralingual #within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase*, Interlingual

#between two languages*, Intersemiotic #between sign systems*. Lakobson claims

that translation involves two euivalent messages in two different codes.


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Prom all theories above the writer can conclude that each language has a

grammatical structure and leical composition that differs one another. +very

language has a system of its own and has the characteristics that differentiate with

other languages. This can be bridged with reproducing the same message or

euivalence message that emphasizes to the whole content.

2.3 T!an-lation in -(nta+ti+ %ie!a!+%(


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Translation is the process of transforming tet in the source language to the

form of tet in target language. This goes without altering the content of the

original tet. /ccording to Moentaha #$%%)' ;$ 5 22* in transforming the message

or tet, the change can occur in level units of language such as phoneme level,

morpheme level, word level, phrase level, sentence level, and tet level.

The writer will try to analyze the grammatical transformation in the

Indonesian novel as -ource anguage and its +nglish version as Target anguage.


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2.3.1 Phoneme Level

?honeme can be identified as the smallest unit of sound in a language,

which can differentiate two words. Translation in phoneme level between

Indonesian and +nglish occurs only in oral translation, for eample' >iana is

pronounced in Indonesian as QdianaR, and as QdaiSnR in +nglish. ?honeme U i U is


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transformed into diphthong U ai U, phoneme U a U is transformed into phoneme U S U,

and phoneme U a U is transformed into phoneme U U.

2.3.2 Morpheme Level

Morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit in language, in - can be

euivalent with morpheme in T. ook at the eample of Indonesian morpheme

that is euivalent with +nglish morpheme in the table $.1.

Table 2.1


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Indonei

a

!n"lih

swa-

pra-

dwi-

swa-

auto#

pre#

bi#

elf

swadayaV autoactivity

prasearahV prehistory

dwibahasaV bilingual

swasembada V elf5sifficient


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2.3.3 $ord Level

/ccording to Kolinger and -ears #as cited in Keker 1&&$'11* word is the

smallest unit of language that can be used by itself. "ridalaksana #$%%8' 11%*

determines word as a language unit that can stand5alone.

/ccording to Moentaha #$%%)' ;:*, translation in word level is the one that

is common done by translator. In transferring the source language into the target

language, the translator will start translating by looking at word by word. The


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illustration of translation in word level between Indonesian and +nglish can be

seen in the table $.$.

Table 2.2

1

.

#yah

Pather

Tinggal

ives

$i

in

%urabaya.

-urabaya.

$

.

&emarin

0esterday

dia

he

$ating

came

kemari!

here.

; %iapa mengatakan padamu hal ini'


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. ho told you thisN

Translation in word level means that a word is as a unit of translation but it

is still limited. It usually occurs in some words that can be translated in word

level, and some of them must occur in a higher5level3 phrase, clause or sentence.


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2.3.% Phrae Level

icards, ?latt and eber #1&8(' ;&* classify phrase as 4a group of words

which form a grammatical unit. / phrase does not contain a finite verb and does

not have a subject, predicate structure4. Moentaha #$%%)' ;8* identifies translation

in phrase level is as idiom. Idiom is an epression which functions as a single unit

and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts #icards, ?latt 7

eber 1&8(' 1;2*. That is why the process of translating in this level can not be


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done by looking up word by word because phrase plays as a unit of translation. It

is often happens that a phrase in the - as a unit of translation must be

transformed into a phrase freely in the T, or called absolute construction.

Compare a phrase #Indonesian* as - with its translation #+nglish*.

Table 2.3

1

.

$ia duduk di kursidengan kaki bersilang!

!e set on the chair &ith her hi le" croed

ord level


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$

.

$ia duduk di kursi, kakinya diangkat!

!e set on the chair, hi le" in the air.

?hrase level

In some Indonesian phrase units meet its euivalence in +nglish phrase units

through change of word order.

Table 2.%

2 ; $ 1

-' Sindrom Pernafasan Akut Parah


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T

'

Severe 'cute (epiratory Syndrome

1 $ ; 2

The noun Syndrome occupies final position #number 2*, but the noun

Sindrom occupies initial position #number 2*, whereas the adjectives Severe,

'cute, and (epiratoryoccupy anteposition # number 1,$,;*, but the adjectives

Pernafasan, Akut, danParahoccupy postposition #number ;, $, 1*. The head


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word in - is Sindrom and the head word in T is Syndrome. Koth of them

classified as noun so that the phrase is noun phrase. The interesting thing is the

arrangement of the noun phrase above. In the -, the nounSindromis clarified by

the adjectives Parah, Akut) and Pernafasan #backward*, but in the T, the

adjectives Serve) 'cute, and (epiratoryclarify the noun Syndrome#forward*.


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2.3.5 Sentence Level

In some cases, when phrase is untranslatable then to achieve euivalence,

translation process can be carried in sentence level as translation unit #Moentaha

$%%)' 2%*. The unit of translation in sentence level can be simple sentence or

comple sentence.

Table 2.5

-' (angan begitu naif)


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T' >o not imagine such a vain thingW -imple sentence

-' #pa yang harus disasmpaikan kepadanya'

T' ill you leave a messageN -imple sentence

-' $ia lemah dalam estetika!

T' !e was not advanced in aesthetic taste. -imple sentence

-' $engan menggunakan mobil ibu, saya dan *anny

berangkat menuu rumah keluarga +esari!

T' Taking my mother


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Kesari home.

2.3.* Te+t Level

In this level, the unit of translation is a whole tet. Tet is a group of

independent sentences #Moentaha $%%)'2$*. The two tets inform the same

content. The information contains artistic aesthetic transform into Target

anguage without reducing the artistic aesthetic. ook at a poem written by


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obert Kurns and its translation below. The following is an eample of the

translation in tet level.

-' /nd turned me round to hide the flood

That in my een was swelling.

i< altered voice, uoth I, -weet ass.

-weet as yon howthorn blassom

JW !appy, happy may be,


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That


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$ari pada hari yang indah,

$an yang paling bahagia ialah

ang paling mahal

2.4 E/#i,alen+e


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Catford #1&)(* identifies that @what is generally meant by translation, i.e.

the situation in which all the linguistic levels of the source tet #phonology,

graphology, grammar and leis* are replaced by target language material.

+uivalence in this type of translation is normally only achieved at the level of

grammar and leis.A It means that from all linguistic levels, which can meet

euivalence in Target anguage, is grammar and leis.


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6ida and Taber #1&)&' 1;* stated that translating consists of reproducing

closest meaning of the source language to the Target anguage. it is called natural

euivalent, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. The translator

must strive for euivalence rather than identity. It is because the euivalence is

related to reproducing the message, but identity is about conservation of the form

of the utterance. In reproducing the euivalence message between source language


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and target language, the translator must make a good many grammatical and

leical adjustments.

Muntaha #$%%)'2* the linguistic euivalence is an euivalence in language

systems' leical, grammatically and stylists. It is important in the translation

theory because is not only the language systems that euivalent, but also

euivalence in contents of the messages because of differences in language

systems in both -T and T.


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2.%.1 Type of !quivalence

Catford


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$. Tetual euivalence is any T tet or portion of tet, which is

observed on a particular occasion to be the euivalent of a given - tet or

portion of tet. Por eample is translating adjective by an adverbial phrase.

?opovic #as cited in -usan Kasnett' 1&&8';$* distinguishes four types'

1. inguistic euivalence, where there is homogeneity

on the linguistic level of both - and T tet, i.e. word for word translation.

$. ?aradigmatic euivalence, where there is

euivalence of the elements of a paradigmatic epressive ais, i.e. elements of


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grammar, which ?opovic sees as being a higher category than leical

euivalence,;. -tylistic #translation* euivalence, where there is

functional euivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an

epressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.

2. Tetual #syntagmatic* euivalence, where is in

euivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a tet, i.e. euivalence of form

and shape.


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The types of euivalence according to 6ida are formal euivalence and

dynamic euivalence. 6ida defined these as follow'

1. Pormal euivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and

content ...one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should

match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.

$. >ynamic euivalence is based on what 6ida calls Xthe principle of euivalent

effect< where Xthe relation between receptor and message should be


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substantially the same as that which eisted between the original receptors and

the message


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2.%.2 Problem of !quivalence

The principle that a translation should have an euivalence relation with

the source language tet is problematic. There are three main reasons why an

eact euivalence or effect is difficult to achieve. Pirst, it is impossible for a tet

to have constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions

!arvey, !iggins and !sywood #as cited in -adiyani $%11' 12*. -econdly,

translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source


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language tet. Thus, producing an objective effect on the target tet readers, which

is the same as that on the source tet readers is an unrealistic epectation. Thirdly,

it may not be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the

source tet when it was first produced #ibid, Miao $%%%'12* gives a specific

eample of the impossibility of the euivalence relation.

Moentaha eplains #$%%)'1$* every language has a system of grammatical

and leical system itself. +ach language has a grammatical structure and leical

composition that differ from the grammatical structures and leical composition


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of other languages. Muntaha also state that #$%%)'1(* language difficulties in the

translation are3 difference grammatical system of the two languages, both in

Indonesian and +nglish. Por eample, nouns have singular #singulars* and plural

#pluralist*. In general, the plural noun in Indonesian epressed by repetition

system, such as homes, or with the word, people, while the indicator plural in

+nglish is marked by the morpheme5s,5en,5a5so5e5,5oo5ee so5. -o to gain ecellent

euivalence, translation is done in sentence level. In +nglish, translation


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transformation considers seuence of tenses, but Indonesian grammar does not

have kind of seuence of tense, Muntaha #$%%)'2%*.

Kaker #$%%1' $1* identifies some problems in euivalence are as follow'

1. Culture5specific concepts

$. The source5language concept is not

leicalized in the target language

;. The source5language word is

semantically comple


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2. The source and target languages

make different distinctions in meaning(. The target language lacks a specific

term #hyponym*

). >ifferences in physical or

interpersonal perspective

:. >ifferences in epressive meaning

8. >ifferences in form

&. >ifferences in freuency and purpose

of using specific forms


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1%. The use of loan words in the source

tet.

Transforming one language into another is not easy. Many factors can be a

serious problem in translating process. The problems appear in the process of

translating must be considered well by the translator. The important thing is the

translator can produce a better translation that present euivalence message or


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content in the Target anguage as close as the writer


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each word occupies their respective functions. Certain functions normally

occupied by certain type of words. Certain types of word convey certain meaning.

!ere part of speech plays an important role in reviewing the sentence and browse

the intent contained in the relevant sentences.

ichards, ?latt, eber eplain about word #1&8(' ;11*3 a word is the

smallest of the grammar which can occur on its own in speech or writing. Types of

words can be categorized as follow #>juharie, $%%%2'$;*


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1. 6oun

$. /djective

;. =erb2. /dverb

(. /rticle

). ?ronoun

:. Conjunction

8. >eterminer

&. Interjection

2.6 Cla#-e-


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/ccording to illiams #$%%(' $* grammar is the formal study of the

structure of a language and describes how words fit together in meaningful

construction. 9erot and ignel #1&&2' $* also state that grammar is a theory of

language of how language is put together and how it work. ichards, ?latt, and

eber #1&8(' 1$(* also state that grammar is a description of the structure of a

language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are

combined to produce sentences in the language.


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-neddon #1&&)' :, 1$:, $;1, ;%&* identifies sentence, clause, phrase, and

word as follow'

1. / sentence is a construction, which is grammatically complete that

epresses a statement, uestion, command, or eclamation. Types of sentence

consist of two3 there are simple sentence and comple sentence.

$. / clause is a construction which contains a predicate and, with

some minor eceptions, a subject. / clause is either independent or

dependent.


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;. / phrase is a group of words, which is grammatically euivalent to

a single word, being able to occur in the same places as that word. Types of

+nglish phrase are as follow'

1. 6oun ?hrase

$. ?repositional phrase.

;. /djective ?hrase.

2. /dverb ?hrase

(. =erb ?hrase

). Infinitive ?hrase

:. 9erund ?hrase

8. ?articiple ?hrase


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/ccording to -ujatna #$%%8' ;1* a clause is a group of words that often

contrasted with phrases pattern #verb phrase, noun phrase, adverb phrase etc.*. a

clause consists of a subject and a predicate. Clause can be recognized as

independent clause and dependent clause. Independent clause can stand alone and

make sense. Independent clause is part of a comple sentence. Clause can be

considered as a basic grammatical pattern for sentences in the language being


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taught, and which can be used as a model for producing other sentences in the

language #ichards, ?latt, eber3 1&8(' ;11*. Kaker #$%%1' 8;* makes clear the

important of grammatical pattern. !e states that the grammatical pattern of a

language determines eperience aspects, which must be epressed in language

given. Por instance, in +nglish have two forms of nouns3 singular form and plural

form #manUmen, childUchildren, carUcars. / sentence can be called a clause but a


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clause cannot be always recognized as a sentence. The elements in constructing a

clause or a sentence in general are -ubject, ?redicate.

/ccording to >juharie #$%%2' $81* sentence elements are consisted of five

such as -ubject, =erb #?redicate*, Jbject #6oun*, /dverb, and Complement.

There are two kinds of sentence3 simple sentence and comple sentence. !ere are

simple sentence pattern both in +nglish and in Indonesia.


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Table 2.*

Indoneia !+planation

1. -5?

$. -5?5J

;. -5?5?el

2. -5?5"et

(. -5?5J5?el

). -5?5J5"et

-ubject Y ?redicate #Intransitive =erb*

-ubject Y ?redicate #Transitive =erb* Y Jbject

-ubject Y ?redicate #transitive verb* Y Complement

-ubject Y ?redicate #transitive verb* Y /dverb

-ubject Y ?redicate #transitive verb* Y Jbject Y Complement


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-ubject Y ?redicate #transitive verb* Y Jbject Y /dverb

Table 2.,

!n"lih !+planation

1. -=

$. -=/

;. -=C

2. -=J

(. -=JJ

). -=J/

:. -=JC

-ubject Y Intransitive =erb

-ubject Y =erb Y /dverbial Complement

-ubject Y inking =erb Y -ubject Complement

-ubject Y Transitive =erb Y >irect Jbject

-ubject Y Transitive =erb Y Indirect Jbject Y>irect Jbject


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-ubjectY Transitive =erb Y >irect Jbject Y /dverbial Complement

-ubject Y Transitive =erb Y >irect Jbject Complement

2.7 !a""ati+al T!an-$o!"ation-

/ccording to Kaker #$%%8' 8;* 9rammar is organized along two main

dimensions' morphology and synta. Morphology covers the structure of words,


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the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrasts in the

grammatical system. -ynta covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses,

and sentences.

In order to achieve translation euivalence we have to resort to different

grammatical and leical changes, which are called transformations. The idea of

transformational grammar came from Chomsky with transformational grammar

theory.


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0usuf #1&&2' 1%)* eplains about Chomsky


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/ccording to 6ida 7 Taber #1&)&' ;&* ...in all languages, there are half a dozen to

a dozen basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are

constructed by means of so5called @transformationsA.

These restructured epressions are what many linguists call @kernelsA3 that

is to say, they are the basic structural elements out of which the language builds its

elaborate surface structures. In fact, one of the most important insights coming

from @transformational grammarA is the fact that in all language there are half a

dozen to a dozen basic structures out of which formations that are even more


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elaborate are constructed by means of so5called @transformations.A In contrast,

back5transformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surface structure

to its underlying kernels.

6ida 7 Taber #1&)&' ;;* states that the system of translation consists of a

more elaborate procedure comprising three stages'

1. /nalysis, in which the surface structure #i.e., the message as given in

language /*, is analyzed in terms of #a* the grammatical relationships and #b*

the meanings of the words and combinations of words.


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$. Transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the

translator from language / to language K.;. estructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to

make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language

This approach may be diagrammed as in -i"ure 2.1.

-i"ure 2.1

/ K #eceptor*


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#/nalysis* #estructuring*

Z #Transfer* 0

/ccording to ?roshina #$%%8' (%* states transformation in translation

develops the ideas of generative grammar introduced by 6. Chomsky. Chomsky


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grammatical transformations are morphological or syntactical changes in

translated units. It completes change of the appearance of a translated word,

phrase, or sentence. -he states in her page that translation transformations can

divided into three categories3 grammatical transformations, leical

transformations, and comple #leical and grammatical* transformations. BDEFGH

#$%%$' $1* states grammatical transformations can be divided into four types3 1*

Transposition, $* eplacement, ;* /ddition, and 2* Jmission.


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2.,.1 Tranpoition

/ccording to BDEFGH #$%%$' $1*, transposition appears to rearrange or

change in the order of linguistic elements or levels such as words, phrases, clauses

or sentences. Transposition of words and phrases can be made to happen by some

reasons such as differences in the accepted word in - and T , presence or

absence of emphasis, differences in the means of communicative synta.


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Transposition is most often connected with the notions of theme and rheme. The

transformation of the sentence elements is sometimes called sentence restructuring

because the sentence is being restructured in the process of translation. This

restructuring consists in changing syntactic functions of words in a sentence.

Transposition is understood to be the change of positionUorder of linguistic

elements in the target language in comparison with a source language.


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-' %aya tidak menyangka bertemu dengan #inun dan tampaknya demikian

pula Ainun.

T' I never epected to see /inun and apparently he did not e+pect to ee

me.

Prom the eample of transposition above, we can find that the sentence

element adverb phrase, demikian pula Ainunis restructured in Target anguage

into he did not e+pect to ee meas clause.


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-T' Ainun kaget pula melihat saya yang lebih dari . tahun tidak pernah

bertemu!

T' ot havin" had eenme for more than seven years, 'inun &a bemued.

The eample above illustrates transposition. There is a change of sentence

element from - to T. The word melihatin - plays a role as ?erdicate but in

- it is changed to ot havin" had een as -ubject clause.Ainun kagetwhich


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plays a role as verb phrase in -, occupies initial position, is restructured as main

clause in T, 'inun &a bemuedthat occupies final position.

!ere are another eample of transposition.


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Table 2./

- T

CU/>

L

Tera0hir I -U6

-U6 aya hadlatviited ?U=?

?U= ber0unun" them JU6

JU6? 0e 0eluar"a eari In 15% CU??

CU?? pada tahun 15% 't their houe CU??

CU?? di rumah mere0a In the 4iumbuleuit area of

andun"

CU??


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CU?? di 4iumbuleuit andun"

Tera0hir

at beginning as C

aya

in the middle as -

ber0unun"

=erb

0e 0eluar"a eari

Transposition'

change of positionUorder

Lat

In the middle as ?

I

at beginning as -

eplacement

Change of word class

had viited

=?

them


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?? 6

!ere in - the word Terakhir functions as Complement #adjective* and the

word ayais as -ubject. The predicate of this Indonesian sentence is berkunjung!

eluarga !esari is as Jbject, and the rest are Complement #adverb*. Therefore,

the sentence pattern of - is C[-[?[J[C. In T, Ifunctions as -ubject. The verb

phrase had lat viitedtakes place as ?redicate, themis as Jbject, and the rests is

Complement. -o, the sentence pattern of T is -5?5J5C.


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!ere are changes of word position between - and T. The word 4terakhir4

position in the beginning of the sentence euivalent with the word 4last4 but the

position has changed. It is in the middle of verb phrase. The word @sayaA position

after the Complement #terakhir* euivalent with the word @IA but the position has

changed. It is at the beginning of the sentence. The change is called transposition.


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2.,.2 (eplacement

eplacement can affect nearly all types of linguistic units3 replacement of

word forms, parts of speech, sentence elements, sentence members, sentence type

and types of syntactic relations. This type of transformation is the way that

replacement singular to plural, past forms to present, passive to active.

-T' Mereka menuntut 0enai0angaji.


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T' They insist on hi"herwages.

!ere noun 0enai0an in Kahasa as -ource anguage turned into an adjective

#digree of comparison* hi"her in +nglish as Target anguage. This means that

there has been a transposition of the word classes. The position of an adjective in

+nglish may occur before noun.

-' Temanku menjemputkudi stasiun!

T' I &a met by my friendat the station.


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/ctive form in - change into passive form in T. It calls substitution. The

subject @temankuA in - transform into @IA #as object in -* in Target anguage.

-' %ekitar pukul /0 pagi hari 1abu tanggal . 2aret /345, *anny 6(!7!

8abibie9 adik kandung saya mengaak untuk berkunung ke &eluarga

+esari!

T' /round 1% /M ednesday, March :, 1&)$, my younger brother Panny

#L.+. !abibie* invited me to pay a viitto the Kesari family.


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In the case above, we can see that in - the word Xberkunung< euivalent with the

prhase Xto pay a visit


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other word, it contains word groups or sentences cannot give enough information

or lack information so that the translator must give further information in target

language.

-' Kagaimanapun, saya diundang dan saya etuu.

T' -till, I was invited and I "ave my conent.


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"ivehas a wider meaning in terms of semantics, rather than verbs a"ree. The

phrase "ive my conentis euivalent to the word etuubecause the situation is

in a formal situation.

-' Tahun 1&)% ia selesai.

T' !e completed hi tudiein 1&)%

The information in - is not clear so it must be additional eplanation to make

clear the message or information in the T.


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2.,.% miion

Jmission is symptomatic as opposed to the addition. Jmission in

translation is to remove or eliminate the abundant word called semantic

redundancy without the abundant word3 the meaning is already euivalent in T.

-' !uku-bukumenumpuk di meanya!

T' Kooks piled on his desk.


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The catagory of plural in Indonesian is leically formed by repetition of the noun

bu0u#bu0u. -o, it is necessary to omit the repetition.

-' -aya pindah rumahke Lalan "imia agar dekat ke tempat kerja.

T' I moved to jalan "imia to be closer to work.

The informatioan Xrumah< is omitted in T because the information needed has

been represented by the word Xmoved


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(!-!(!4!S

/nisah, +.. $%1$. Transformasi Teremahan +ahasa Inggris &e +ahasa

Indonesia %tudi kasus $alam +uku # :hild :alled It! 0ogyakarta'

Oniversitas 9ajah Mada.

Kaker, Mona.1&&$. In ;ther inguistic Theory of Translation. Jford' Jford Oniversity

?ress.


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>epartemen ?endidikan 6asional. $%%8. &amus +esar +ahasa Indonesia Pusat

+ahasa. Lakarta' ?T.9ramedia ?ustaka Otama.

>eterding, >avied ! 7 ?oedjosoedarmo, 9loria .$%%1. The ?rammar of7nglish. -ingapore' ?arentice !all.

>Luharie, J.-. $%%2. Tehnik dan Panduan 2eneremahkan +ahasa Inggris @

+ahasa Indonesia! Kandung' C=. 0rama idya.

!abibie, K.L. $%11. 8abbie A #inun The Power of >o=e. Lakarta' ?T.T!C

Mandiri.

!abibie, K.L. $%1$.8abbie A #inun. Lakarta' ?T.T!C Mandiri.

9erot, inda 7 ignell ?eter. 1&&2. Making -ense of Punctional 9rammar.

/ustralia' 9erd -tabler.

"ridalaksana, !arimurti. $%%&. &amus >inguistik 7disi &eempat. Lakarta'

9ramedia ?ustaka Otama.


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!orbacauskiene, Lolita 7?etroniene, -aule' $%1$. Translation Transformations of

>eBical :ollocations. http'UUd.doi.orgU1%.(:((Uj%1.sal.%.$%.11&1'

-TO>ILJ-arson, M. . #1&82* Meaning5Kased Translation' a 9uide to Cross5anguage

+uivalence, arham' Oniversity ?ress of /merica.

Iaurinavicuite, Inga. $%1%. The Pecculiarities of ?rammatical Translation

Transformations in 2odern 7nglish >iterature! -iauliai' -iauliai

Oniversity

Munday, Leremy. $%%1.Introducing Translation %tudies Theories and #pplication.

ondon' JOT+>9+.

6ewmark, ?eter. 1&88.# TeBtbook of Translation. O"' ?rentice !all International

td.

6ida, +./. 7 Charles Taber. 1&)&. The Theory #nd Practice ;f Translation!

eiden' +.L.Krill.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.20.1191http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.20.1191


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6ikita, >ruzhinin. $%%&. The 1ole of ?rammatical Transformations while

Translating. Moscow' The Moscow ?ower +ngineering institute.

?roshina, \oya. $%%8. Theory of Translation 67nglish and 1ussian9!=ladivostokPar +astern Oniversity ?ress.

icards, L 7 ?latt, L 7 eber !. 1&8(. >ongman $ictionary of #pplied

>inguistics!!ongkong' ongman.

-adiyani. $%11. The Translation of Indonesian Passi=e Coice Into 7nglish with

1eference To +awang 2erah $an +awang Putih #nd ItDs Translation

2iss ;nion #nd ?arlic. >enpasar' Oniversitas Odayana.

-neddon, L.6. 1&&). Indonesian a :omprehensi=e ?ranmmar. 6ew 0ork'

outledge ondon.

=enuti, awrence. $%%%. The Translation %tudies 1eader. ondon and 6ew 0ork'

outledge.


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=inay, L.?., >arbelnet, L. 1&&(. :omparati=e %tylistic of *rench and 7nglish a

2etodologi for Translation. /msterdam' Lohn Kenjamins ?ublishing

Company.illiams, Lames, >. 1&2&. The TeacherDs ?rammar +ook. 6ew Lersey' awrence

+rlbaum /ssociates Inc ?ublisher.

u, 0ing 7 Zu, unjiang. $%11. The /pplication of Chomsky+MI ?OKI-!+ Manufactured in

Pinland. >oi' 1%.2;%2Ujlt.$.$.;&5;&&.

0usuf, -uhendra. 1&&2. Teori Teremah Pengantar ke arah Pendekatan >inguistik

dan %osiolinguistik. Kandung' C=. Mandar Maju.

BDEFGH, J.K. $%%$. Introduction to Theory and Practice of Translation on The

7nglish >anguage! J+ 6J=9JJ>' 6izhny 6ovgorod -tate

I69OI-TIC O6I=+-IT0.


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T!T'TI6! 7TLI!


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4'8PT!( I 9 IT(:74TI ;;;;;;;;;;;;;......

1.1 ationale ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].......

1.$ The Pormulation of the -tudy]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]..

1.; The Jbjectives of the -tudy]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

1.2 Theoretical Jutline]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]......

1.( The method and Techniue of the -tudy]]]]]]]]]]].

1.(.1 Method of the -tudy]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

1

1

2

(

(

(

)


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1.(.$ Techniue of Collecting >ata]]]]]]]]]]]]]......

1.) >ata -ource]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]......

1.: eight and elevance ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]...

48'PT!( II 9 T8!(!TI4'L '4


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$.;.1 ?honeme evel]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]..

$.;.$ Morpheme evel]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.;.; ord evel]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.;.2 ?hrase evel]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]...

$.;.( -entence evel]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]...

$.;.) Tet evel ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.2 +uivalence]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]......

1;

1;

1;

12

1)

1)

1:


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$.2.1 Types of +uivalence]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]...

$.2.$ ?roblem of +uivalence]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.( ord Class]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]...

$.) Clauses]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.:. Thematic -tructure' Theme and

heme]]]]]]]]]]].

$.8 9rammatical Transformation ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].

$.8.1 Transposition ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]......

18

$%

$$

$;

$(

$:

$&


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$.8.$ eplacement]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]].....

$.8.; /ddition]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

$.8.2 Jmission]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]..............

48'PT!( III :'T' ''L>SIS

;.1 Transpositions Transformation

;.$ eplacements Transformation

;$

;;

;2


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;.; /dditions Transformation

;.2 Jmissions Transformation

;.( Mied Types of 9rammatical Transformation

;.) The Most Preuent Type of 9rammatical Transformation

;.: -yntactic evel where 9rammatical Transformation occure


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