Terminologi Anatomi

PRINSIP UMUM PENAMAAN

• SATU NAMA UNTUK SATU STRUKTUR (KADANG-KADANG ADA PENGECUAIAN)

• HARUS ADA DALAM DAFTAR NOMINA ANATOMICA, BOLEH DITERJEMAHKAN

• MENUNJUKKAN BENTUK/LETAK/ FUNGSI (ADA NILAI DISKRIPTIFNYA)

• HINDARI EPONIM PENGGUNAAN NAMA ORANG SEPERTI TUBA EUSTACHII ATAU TUBA FALLOPII

Posisi Anatomi• SEMUA DESKRIPSI

DIEKSPRESIKAN DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN POSISI ANATOMI.

• POSISI ANATOMI/SIKAP ANATOMITUBUH BERDIRI TEGAKKEPALA, KEDUA MATA, KEDUA

IBU JARI KAKI MENGHADAP LURUS KE DEPAN

KEDUA LENGAN DI SAMPING TUBUH DENGAN TELAPAK TANGAN MENHADAP KE DEPAN.

Body Planes, Sections, and Cavitites

Body planes• Body is 3D

• Can be split into three planes

– Sagittal– Coronal– Transverse

• Anatomical Plane and section.– Perpendicular to long axis.

- Transversal = horizontal = cross sectional.

– Paralel to long axis. - Sagital. Sagital section separate

right and left of body portion at equal size.

- Parasagital . Para sagital separate right and left body portion at anequal size.

- Frontal = coronal section separate anterior and posterior of the body

Sagittal Plane• Plane splitting the body

into two parts (left and right)

• Sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally along the body

• If it splits into two equal parts = midsagittal

Coronal Plane• Plane which splits

body into anterior and posterior section

• Ie. Facelift

Transverse Plane• Separates body

along horizontal plane

• Also called a cross section

• Will divide an organism into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

Cavities• Opening within body

which protects internal organs, and allows transfer of materials/information

• 2 Divisions– Dorsal– Ventral

Dorsal Cavities• Made up of two smaller

cavities

• 1) Cranial Cavity – holds and protects brain

• 2) Spinal Cavity – column which runs through vertebra and protects spinal chord

Ventral Cavities• Divided into two

cavities

• 1) Thoracic – chest area (holds heart, lungs, and diaphragm)

• 2) Abdominopelvic – lower torso (holds digestive and reproductive organs)

Directional.– Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.– Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.– Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.– Dorsal = back = behind.– Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the

abdomen.– Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body

superior is equivalent to cranial)– Caudal = toward the tail ----- the hips are caudal to the waist.– Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to

hips.– Medial = toward the mid line– Lateral = away from midline– Proximal = toward the central of the body– Distal = away from the central of the body.– Superficial = toward body surface.– Profundus = away from body surface.

Proximal

Distal

Cranial

Caudal

Superficial

Profundus

nnnnnnnnnnnn

Abreviationa. = arteri = arteryv. = vena = veinn. = nervus = nerve m. = musculus = muscleaa. = arteriae = arteriesav. = venae = veinsaw. = musculi = musclesax. = nervi = nerves.

Terminologi Struktur• Bagian yang meninggi :

– Tuber =bulatan yang menonjol

– Tuberculum =tuber kecil– Tuberositas =tuber dg permukaan

kasar

– Condylus =bulatan besar pd ujung tulang yg bersendi

– Epicondylus =bulatan kecil di atas condylus

• Spina =bangunan spt duri• Processus =istilah umum utk tonjolan• Crista =pinggiran tajam• Labium =pinggiran berbentuk bibir• Pecten =pinggiran memanjang• eminentia =daerah yg meninggi• Cornu =bagian yg spt tanduk

• Caput =bagian ujung yg membulat

• Capitulum =caput kecil

Bagian yang cekung

• Fovea =cekungan• Foveola =cekungan kecil• Impressio =cekungan akb penekanan• Fissura =celah• Incissura =takik• Sulcus =parit• Fossa =dataran cekung• Fossula =fossa kecil

Istilah utk lubang

• Apertura =lubang masuk suatu rongga• Osteum =saluran ke dlm rongga

lain• Orificium• Foramen• Foramina• Porus

Istilah utk saluran/pipa

• Vas• Canalis• Canaliculus• Ductus• Ductulus• Tuba• Tubulus • Meatus

Istilah utk rongga

• Sinus =rongga tertutup berisi udara

• Celullae =kumpulan rongga2 kecil• Cavum =rongga yg berhub dg

rongga lain• Cavitas =cavum kecil

Movements– Flexion– Extension– Hyperextension– Adduction– Abduction– Prontaion– Supination– Retraction– Protraction– Elevation– Depression– Rotation– Circumduction– External Rotation– Internal Rotation– Inversion– Eversion– Dorsiflexion– Plantarflexion– Radial Deviation– Ulnar Deviation– Opposition

MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or decreasing the

angle between two bones– In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints

Extension• Straightening a joint or increasing

the angle between two bones– In the Anatomical Position we are extending

our joints

Hyperextension• Excessive extension of the parts at

a joint beyond anatomical position.

Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part

towards the midline of the body

Abduction• Moving a body part away

from the midline of the body

MovementsPronation• Turning the arm or

foot downward• (palm or sole of the

foot - down)• Prone

Supination• Turning the arm or

foot upward• (palm or sole of the

foot - up)• Supine

MovementsRetraction• Moving a part backward

Protraction• Moving a part forward

Elevation• Raising a part

Depression• Lowering a part

MovementsRotation• Turning on a single axis

Circumduction• Tri-planar, circular motion

at the hip or shoulder

Internal rotation• Rotation of the hip or

shoulder toward the midline

External rotation• Rotation of the hip or

shoulder away from the midline

MovementsLateral Flexion• Side-bending left or

right

Movements of the FootInversion• Turning the sole of the foot

inward

Eversion• Turning the sole of the foot

outward

Dorsiflexion• Ankle movement bringing

the foot towards the shin

Plantarflexion• Ankle movement pointing

the foot downward

Regional Terms

Medical Terminologi

Root = Kata Dasar

• Umumnya bahasa Latin • Umumnya di dapat dari Anatomi • Diberikan per sistem secara garis besar

Root (example: systema digestivus)

• Glandula saliva • Esophagus • Gaster• Hepar • Lien • Pancreas• Intestinum • dst

Prefix = awalan

Yang umum ditemukan :• Kata-kata arah ( ab-, ad-, dst) • Kata-kata jumlah ( mono-, bi-, pan-, mega-)• Kata-kata yg menunjukkan warna (rubra,

flava, alba, grisea)• Kondisi : eu-, dys-, iso-,osmo-

Suffix

• -stasis• -lysis• -plasia• -itis• -phagia• dst

Conversion of Suffix.

Single to plural us i musculus ---- musculi um a ligamentum --- ligamenta a ae. vena --- venae

Examples:terminologi Prefix Root Suffix

osteophorosis ossa phorosis

gastritis gaster itis

bicephal bi cephal

QUIZ

1. Hip __________________________2. Hip __________________________3. Hip __________________________

Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________

4. Wrist _________________________ (a) __________________________ (b) __________________________

5. Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________

6. Forearm (a) ___________________ Forearm (b) ___________________

7. Shoulder ______________________8. Shoulder ______________________9. Jaw __________________________10. Shoulder ______________________

1. Hip _Abduction_________________2. Hip _Adduction_________________3. Hip _Flexion___________________

Knee _Extension________________ Ankle _Plantarflexion____________

4. Wrist _Extension________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion____________________

5. Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ Ankle _Dorsiflexion______________

6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________

7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________9. Jaw _Protraction________________10. Shoulder _Rotation______________

Range of Motion

QUIZ

1. Red arrow :2. Blue arrow3. Green arrow

4. The areas on the front and back of the hand are

A. Palmar and dorsalB. Dorsal and distalC.Dorsal and distalD.Proximal and palmarE. Distal and proximal

5. The areas of the hand which are closer to the body are referred to as _____ and those further away are referred to as ______ respectively.

A.distal and proximalB.Dorsal and proximalC.Proximal and distalD.Palmar and distalE.Cranial and caudal

6. The Transverse Plane divide the body into  _______ and  ______ portions

choose the MOST correct answer below

A. Top and bottomB. Posterior and anteriorC.Superior and inferiorD.Proximal and distalE. Lateral and medial

7. The coronal plane divides the body into _____ and _____portions

A. Left and rightB. Posterior and anteriorC.Above and belowD.Medial and proximalE. Dorsal and caudal

8. The terms used to describe areas that are, for instance, close to the

surface of the skin or further inside the body are ______ and _______ .

A. Superficial and profundusB. Dorsal and ventralC.Cranial and caudalD.Palmar and dorsalE. Anterior and posterior

Selamat Belajar.

• A 32-year-old woman delivered a large (4800 g) baby vaginally after some difficulty with her labor. Her prenatal course was complicated by diabetes, which occurred during pregnancy. At delivery, the infant’s head emerged, but the shoulders were “stuck” behind the maternal symphysis pubis, requiring the obstetrician to apply some effort and maneuvers to free up the infant’s shoulders and complete the delivery. The infant was noted to have a good cry and pink color but was not moving its right arm.

• What is the most likely diagnosis?• What is the most likely etiology for this

condition?• What is the likely anatomical

mechanism for this disorder?

• Compression of the brachial plexus cords may occur with prolonged hyperabduction

• while performing overhead tasks. The hyperabduction syndrome of pain down the arm, paresthesia, hand weakness, and skin redness, may result from compression of the cords between the coracoid process and pectoralis minor. An axillary-type crutch that is too long can compress the posterior cord, leading to radial nerve palsy.

• Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus will also injure its continuation, the musculocutaneous nerve. Which of the following findings would you observe in a patient with this injury?

A. Weakness of abduction of the arm at the shoulder

B. Weakness of adduction of the arm at the shoulder

C. Weakness of extension of the forearm at the elbow

D. Weakness of flexion of the forearm at the elbowE. Weakness of supination of the forearm and

hand