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Transcript of Tubuh Jalan Ka
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TUBUH JALAN KA
(ROAD BED)
29 APRIL 2005
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KOMPONEN JALAN KA • TUBUH JALAN KA (ROAD BED)
– PADA LOKASI TIMBUNAN:
TANAH ASLI (BASE SOIL) TANAH TIMBUNAN (EMBANKMENT)
TANAH DASAR (SUBGRADE)
– PADA LOKASI GALIAN
TANAH ASLI (BASE SOIL)
TANAH DASAR (SUBGRADE)
• LAPISAN BALAS (BALLAST BED)
– LAPISAN PASIR (SUB BALLAST)
– LAPISAN BATUAN (BALLAST)
• JALAN KA (TRACK STRUCTURE)– BANTALAN (SLEEPER)
– REL (RAIL)
– PENAMBAT (FASTENING)
– SAMBUNGAN (CONNECTOR)
• DRAINASE
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SKEMA TUBUH JALAN KA PADA GALIAN DAN TIMBUNAN
§
Tanah Asli
Subgrade
Berm
Subballast
Ballast
TUBUH JALAN PADA GALIAN
§
Timbunan
Subgrade
Tanah Asli
TUBUH JALAN KA PADA TIMBUNAN
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TUBUH JALAN KA TANAH ASLI (BASE SOIL)
SPESIFIKASI TANAH ASLI (BASE SOIL):Tanah asli harus memiliki daya dukung yang cukup
untuk beban konstruksi jalan KA (>70 MN/m3) yang
direncanakan dan bebas dari permasalahan penurunan
(free from settlement)
Termasuk klasifikasi tanah stabil (jika tidak maka harus
dilakukan perbaikan tanah)
Kemiringan tanah asli harus miring ke arah luar sebesar 5%
Bila kedalaman galian > 10 m, maka setiap kedalaman 7
m harus dibuat “BERM” selebar 1,5 m.
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TANAH TIMBUNAN(EMBANKMENT)
SPESIFIKASI TANAH TIMBUNAN:
Mudah dipadatkan, stabil terhadap beban kereta api, air, gempa dan bebas dari penurunan tanah.
Memiliki nilai CBR > 8% dari contoh tanah yang telah direndam air selama 24 jam dengan kondisi 95% d maks. Lapisan teratas setebal
30 cm harus memiliki kepadatan sebesar 100% d maks. Kemiringan tanah asli ke arah luar sebesar 5%
Material bagian atas tanah timbunan setebal 1 m harus lebih baik dari bagian bawah.
Faktor keamanan lereng terhadap bahaya longsor min 1,5. Permukaan atas tanah timbunan min 0,75 m diatas muka air
tertinggi.
Jika ketinggian tanah timbunan > 6 m maka setiap ketinggian 6 m
harus dibuat “BERM” selebar 1,5 m.
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LAPISAN DASAR (SUBGRADE)
FUNGSI LAPISAN TANAH DASAR:
Mencegah naiknya lumpur ke lapisan balas akibat adanya pori-
pori pada tanah timbunan dan tanah asli
SPESIFIKASI LAPISAN TANAH DASAR:
Mudah dipadatkan, stabil terhadap beban kereta api, air, gempa dan bebas dari penurunan tanah.
Memiliki nilai CBR > 8 % dari contoh tanah yang telah direndam air
selama 24 jam dengan kondisi 95% d maks. Lapisan teratas setebal
30 cm harus memiliki kepadatan sebesar 100% d maks
Tebal lapisan tanah dasar sebesar 30 CM
Lebar lapisan tanah dasar sama dengan lapisan dibawahnya
Kemiringan lapisan tanah dasar ke arah luar sebesar 5%
Lapisan tanah dasar harus terletak min 0,75 m dari permukaan
air
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DATA-DATA YANG DIPERLUKAN DALAMPERENCANAAN TUBUH JALAN KA
DATA GEOLOGIDigunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi lokasi secara umum yang ditinjau dari disipilin ilmu geologi.
DATA HIDROLOGIDigunakan untuk merencanakan drainase/saluranair/pematusan dari badan jalan, dengan tujuan untuk mencegah kerusakan badan jalan tersebut akibat pengaruhair
DATA TANAH
Digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi tanah (daya dukung,kadar air, jenis tanah, karakteristik tanah, dll)
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DATA GEOLOGI
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dari data geologi:
• Jenis bentukan geologi dan sejarahnya
• Deskripsi permukaan tanah dan batuan
• Deskripsi masa tanah terutama mengenai sesar ataulipatan-lipatan
• Bentuk lereng dan evaluasinya serta kemungkinanproses-proses yang masih berjalan seperti gerakan tanahdan pelapukan batuan serta pengikisan permukaan
• Kemiringan dan panjang rel, baik di tempat-tempat yangsudah stabil maupun yang memperlihatkan tanda-tanda
kelongsoran
• Keadaan-keadaan yang khusus dari permukaan, sepertilembah, jurang, sungai, danau dan hal-hal khususlainnya.
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DATA HIDROLOGI
Data hidrologi yang diperlukan
Data curah hujan harian maupun tahunan
Keadaan vegetasi
Parit-parit dan sungai-sungai
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DATA TANAH
Data tanah didapat dari hasil penyelidikan tanah di lapangandan laboratorium
Metoda penyelidikan tanah di lapangan:
• Bor tanah/Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
• CBR (California Bearing Ratio)
• Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Metoda penyelidikan tanah di Laboratorium:
• Indeks tanah (Kadar air, Berat isi tanah, Berat jenis tanah, Angka pori, Derajat kejenuhan tanah, dll)
•
Karakteristik tanah (Gradasi, Batas Atterberg)• Sifat Fisik ( Kohesi/c, sudut geser/ø, qu dan sensitivitas,
Modulus elastis/E)
• Sifat lain(Koefisien kompresi /Cc, Koefisien
konsolidasi/Cv, Koefisien permeabilitas/k)
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Lower EmbankmentToe of Slope
Slope
Berm
Shoulder of Slope
Subgrade
Upper Embankment3 m
Roadbed
SubballastBallast
Formation Level
(Filling)
Foundation Soil
EMBANKMENT
TECHNICAL TERM
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EMBANKMENT
Design Regulation for
Indonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
(1) Embankment
Slope gradient, G
G 1/ 1.5
For rock
embankment
1/1.5 ~ 1/1.1 (BS)
Depth from formation
Level D
G
D < 9 m 1/1.5 ~ 1/1.8
9 D < 15 1/1.8 ~ 1/2.0
D 15 1/2.0 ~
G
D < 9 m 1/1.5 ~ 1/ 2.0
9 D < 15 1/1.8 ~ 1/2.0
D 15 1/2.0 ~
At present G= 1/ 2.0
is used where
D< 9 m
Berm
Gradient 5%
D > 6 m, berm is required No standard
3%
D > 6 m, berm is
required at D = 3 m
after every 6 m
Same as A
Same as C
5 % Gradient is
better for heavy rain.
Berm is very important
for stability.
Bearing stratum of
embankment
No regulation No standard
Volcanic cohesive soil
N value 3
Fine grained soil
N value > 4
Same as C
It is better to
decide the limit
of N value.
Safety factor for circular
slide
SF 1.5 SF 1.5 (AREMA) SF 1.4 Same as A Safety factor 1.5 is
reasonable
1
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EMBANKMENT
Use of soft ground
improvement
Settlement 50 cmAllowable settlement after operation
is 100 ~ 200 mmSettlement 20 cm after operation
Settlement after
operation is moreimportant
Material of embankment
No regulation
Construction spec of
Kutoarjo – Yogya
Borrow material
CBR 6
Recommend
A.B group
(BS)
Suitable material
A B group
Allowable by stabilization
C D E group
Same as C
CBR 6 at 95 % of maxi dry
density
Japanese standard is practical.
CBR standard is
desirable
to judge the material.
Compacted embankment
Density 95 % of
maximum dry density in
laboratory
Same as A
(AREMA)
Density 100 % of maxi density
from test construction
K 30 value 70 MN/m3
(Plate load test )
Same as A
Same as C
Quality control by
density based on labodensity is most easy
and practical.
2
Design Regulation for
Indonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard forIndonesian Railway
Reason of recommendation
A B C
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CUT AREA
TECHNICAL TERM
Toe of SlopeCut Slope
Berm
Shoulder of Slope
Base Soil 3 mRoadbed
Subgrade
SubballastBallast
Formation Level
Foundation
Soil
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CUT AREA
(2) Cut area
Gradient of cut slope
No regulation
From experience
(BS)
For rock slope
1/1 ~ 1/ 0.36For sand: 1/ 1.5For clay: ½(AREMA)
Standard gradient
from statistic dataSame as C
It is better for safety to
use statistic data.
Width between toe of cut
slope and edge of sideditch
a 70 cm Sufficient width (BS) No standard Same as AIt is necessary for thesafety of inspector
Berm
H 10 m with berm
at every 7 m height No standard Same as A
K 30 Value 70 MN / m3 Same as A
Berm is useful for safety of cut slope
Foundation soil
No regulation No standardIF K 30 Value 70 MN / m
3
Foundation soil shall be improvedSame as C
Bearing capacity isimportant
3
Design Regulation for
Indonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
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Relation between K30 value at the site
and CBR in laboratory
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SUBGRADEDesign Regulation for
Indonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
(3) Subgrade
Gradient
5 % No standard 3 % Same as A It is due to heavy rain
Location
Subgrade shall be located
minimum 0.75 m abovehighest ground water level
No standard No standard It is desirable that A It is difficult to keep
always mini 0.75 m.
Thickness
Thickness of subgrademini, 30 cm
No standard Same as A Same as A
Material of subgrade
CBR 8
No standard
No standard
Quality of natural earth and crusher
run for subgrade
CBR 8 at 95 % of max dry
density
Same as C
CBR standard is
useful to check the
material.
Compacted subgrade
Density 100 % No standard
K 30 Value 110 MN/ m3
or
Density 95 % of maxi dry density
Same as C
Mini 95 % density atthe site is practical.
Reinforced subgrade
material
No standard No standardAsphaltic concrete + stabilized
crushed rock Same as C
4
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CUT AREADesign Regulation forIndonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard forIndonesian Railway
Reason of recommendation
A B C
(4) Drainage
Rainfall recurrence
Rainfall recurrence
Railroadclass
Normaldrainagefacility*(year)
Moreimportantdrainagefacility *
(year)
1 15 25
2 10 15
3 7 10
4 3 5
5 3 5
Kind of drainage structure
Rainfall
recurrence
(year)
Ordinary drainage structure 5
Drainage at thetoe of slope
5
Drainage at theshoulder of cutslope
More than5
Specialdrainagestructure
Drainage passingacross the railway(pipe culvert and
box culvert )
Morethan 10
Kind of drainage structure
Rainfall
recurrence
(year)
Ordinary drainage structure 5
Drainage at thetoe of slope
10
Drainage at theshoulder of cutslope
15Specialdrainagestructure
Drainage passingacross the railway(pipe culvert and
box culvert )
25
The capacity of drainage structures
which cross therailway is most
important.
Gradient of drainage
structure
No standard Not less than 0.3 %(BS)
Same as B Same as B
Minimum diameter of drain
pipe
No standard
15 cm (BS)
6 inch (AREMA)for cleaning
No standard 15 cm
5
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SLOPE PROTECTIONDesign Regulation forIndonesian Railway
(R. No. 10)
BS or AREMA Design Standard of railway
in Japan
New Design standard forIndonesian Railway
Reason of recommendation
A B C
(5) Slope protection
Thickness of top soil
No standard 10 ~ 20 cm (BS) 10 cm
Top soil of 10 cmthickness can be
easily compacted
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CONSTRUCTION STANDARD OF
INDONESIAN RAILWAY
DIVISION II: EARHTWORK
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EMBANKMENTConstruction specification
between Kutoarjo and YogyaBS or AREMA
Construction Standard of
Railway
in Japan
New Construction Standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
(1) Embankment
Borrow material
CBR 6%CBR 6% at 95% of maximum dry
density
Thickness of compactedone layer
30 cm
Coarse soils 70~30 cm
Fine soils 10 ~ 45 cm
(depending on type of plant) (BS)
Same as A Same as AThickness 30 cm is
practical
Density test
Each layer,3 points for each 100 mlot.
No standard
Alternative 1
Density test : Every 5 layers 3 points
for each 100 m lot
Plate load test : on top of
embankment 3 points for each 100 m
lot
Alternative 2(Upper embankment)
Each layer
2 points for each100 m lot
2 points is enoughfor one section
Plate load test
Every 5 layers,1 point for each 500 m lot
No standard
Plate load test : Every 5 layer 3
points for each 100 m lot
(Lower embankment )Density test : Every 5 layers 3 pointsfor each 100 m lot
On top of embankment1 point for each 100 m lot.
Plate load test is not
practical. It should be minimized.
Grade control
No specification No standard + 3 cm , -5 cm(in case of ordinary subgrade) Same as C
1
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CUT AREA
Construction specification
between Kutoarjo and YogyaBS or AREMA
Construction Standard of
Railway
in Japan
New Construction Standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
(2) Cut area
Density test of foundation
soil
3 points for each 100 m lot No standard 2 point for each 100 m lot Same as C
Plate load test
1 point for each 500 m lot 2 point for each 100 m lot 1 point for each 100 m lot
Plate load test is
troublesome.
Test point should be
minimized.
Grade control
No specification No standard
+ 3 cm
- 5 cm
( same as embankment )
Same as C
2
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SUBGRADEConstruction specification
between Kutoarjo and YogyaBS or AREMA
Construction Standard of
Railway
in Japan
New Construction Standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
(3) Subgrade
Thickness of one layer of
subgrade
T 15 cm No standard Same as A Same as A
15 cm thickness is
desirable for enough
compaction
Density test
3 point for each layer for
100 m lot No standard 2 point for each layer at100 m lot Same as C
Plate load test
1 point at the top of
subgrade or 500 m lot No standard
2 point at the top of subgrade for
100 m lotSame as C
Grade control
Within 25 mm Same as A Same as AWithin ± 25 mm for
grade control is
reasonable
Horizontally
Within 20 mm No standard Same as A
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Quality Control of Earthwork
(Recommendation)
(Embankment)
Density Test 100
d 95 % Interval
Embankment2 m
30 cm
CBR ≥ 6
Plate load test 100 m
K 70 MN/ m3 interval
Density test 100 m
d 95 % interval
2 m
CBR ≥ 8 CBR ≥ 8
15 cm
CBR ≥ 6
Subgrade
(Each layer)
Embankment
CBR is at 95 % of maximum dry
density in laboratory Density test must be not less than
95 % of maximum dry density
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Quality Control of Earthwork
(Recommendation)
Density test 100 m
d 95 % intervalSubgrade
Plate load test 100 m
K
70 MN/ m
3
interval
Foundation
soil
2 m
CBR ≥ 8 CBR ≥ 8
15 cm
In case of K 30 < 70 MN/ m3
soil improvement is required
2 m
Density test 100 m
d 95 % interval
Cut area
CBR is at 95 % of maximum dry
density in laboratory
Density test must be not less than
95 % of maximum dry density
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MAINTENANCE STANDARD OF
INDONESIAN RAILWAY
DIVISION II: EARHTWORK
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Maintenance standard of
Indonesian HighwayBS or AREMA
Maintenance Standard of
Japanese Railway
New Maintenance Standard for
Indonesian Railway
Reason of
recommendation
A B C
Periodic inspection
No standard No standard
a) Stable earthwork
Once two years
b) Unstable earthwork
Three times a year
a) Stable earthwork
Once two years
b) Unstable earthwork.
Twice a year
Three times a year for
especially unstable earthwork
As a minimum
necessity
Inspection during or just
after heavy rain
No standard No standard
Collapse of embankment
occurs from the rainfall of 80
mm continuously in Japan
(Average 201 mm)
It is desirable that the inspection is
conducted when the rainfall is
approximately more than 80 mm
continuously.
Standard to
indicate the
necessity of
inspection is useful.
Cleaning of drainage
structure
No standard
Ditches of all types
require periodicmaintenance(AREMA)
No standard
a) Side ditch
Not less than once a year
b) Silt traps and manhole
Not less than once a year
c) Drain pipe
Not less than once a year
or once two years
a) Side ditch
Not less than four times a year
b) Silt traps and manhole
Not less than four times a year
c) Drain pipe
Not less than twice a year
Some standard is
necessary for
practice
International road
maintenance
Handbook
Maintenance manual of
Highway in Japan
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0
5
10
15
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
R = 201mm
= 90mm
Continuous rainfall, R (mm)
O c
c u r r e n c e o f f a i l u r e ( % )
Relation for continuous rainfall and
occurrence of failure of embankment