SISTEM PERNAFASAN
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Gross Anatomy of Lungs
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Levels of Organization: CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Respiratory System
Sistem Pernafasan
Bronchial Tree
Sistem pernafasan
AnatomiSistem Pernafasan1. Hidung4.laring3.Faring2. Sinus5.Trakhea
6.Bronkus
BronkhiolusTerminalRespiratorius7. AlveoliSacsDuct8. Kapiler
1.Hidung
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillaryLighten skullWarms and moisten airProduce mucous
2.Sinus
Dibagi 3 regio @ Nasofaring @ Orofaring @ Laringofaring
3. Faring
Pharynx:ThroatMade of some skeletal muscle for swallowingNasopharynxair passageway, secrete mucous, pseudo. Colu. Epi, tonsilstrap pathogensOropharynxboth food and air, strat. Colum epi, protection, high friction area with food, tonsilsLaryngopharynxfood and air, stat. squamous epi, larynx, divides espophagus and trachea
NasofaringPosterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvulaAdenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoringOpening of auditory tube leading to middle ear
OrofaringThat part of the throat that you can see when you look in the mirrorpalatinetonsils
4.Laring
5.Trachea
- Panjang trachea 4-6 inchi Disangga oleh cincin bentuk C inkomplet
6. Bronkus
7.alveoli
Respiratory System
Primary (1o) BronchiTrachea branches into L&R primary bronchi (bronchus, sng.)
Paru-paru
Dibagi dalam lobus-lobusoleh fisura Paru kanan 2 fisura dengan 3 lobus Paru kiri 1 fisura dengan 2 lobus
Cilia w/ goblet cells line airwaysThe mucus escalator read about cystic fibrosis (p. 637) Lining of Airways
Serous MembranesCover the organs of trunk cavities & line themParietal lines cavity wallsVisceral covers organsSerous fluid secreted for lubrication by membranesNamed for their specific cavity & organsPericardium refers to heartPleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavityPeritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
Membran SerosaPleura viseralPleura parietalisMelapisi dinding thorakMenghasilkan sekret (cairan pleura)-Lapisi dinding paru- Hasilkan sekret (cairan pleura)
Membran Serosa
Fungsi Sistem Pernafasan1.Pertukaran CO2 dan O2 antara atmosfer and darahAtmosfer DarahO2CO2PARU
Fungsi Sistem PernafasanGerakan udara dari dan berasal dari paruMenghasilkan suara termasuk untuk bicara
Proses OksigenisasiVentilasiDifusiTransfortasiPerfusi
Difusi di Alveoli
Respiratory System PurposeTakes in oxygenDisposes of wastesCarbon dioxideExcess waterO2 + GlucoseCO2 + H2OThe Cell
PerfusiPO2=100 mmHgPCO2=40 mmHgTissue-Gas Exchange PO2=40 mmHgPCO2=50 mmHg
Pneumotaxic center- located in pons superior to respiratory center in medulla:
inhibitory effect on inspiration appears to be active only in labored breathing
when activity of inspiration center stops, inhibitory impulses cease from pneumotaxic center and inspiratory impulses initiatedApneustic center- located in lower portion of pons Nerve impulses stimulate inspiratory center Constantly active at baseline but overridden by pneumotaxic center
Chemical ControlActivities of respiratory centers are determined by changes in O2 and CO2 and H+ concentrationsPCO2 is the major determinant in controlling respirationsChemoreceptive area in medulla sensitive to changes in CO2 and pH increase/ decrease plasma PCO2 is accompanied by changes in pH in the CSF
ChemoreceptorsMonitor arterial PO2Located in medulla and peripherally in bifurcation of carotid arteries and aortic archConditions of shock where hypotension is present arterial PO2 levels may drop enough to stimulate receptorsThis can occur without a significant increase in PCO2 however, usually metabolic acidosis is present secondary to anaerobic metabolismHigh altitudes where barometric pressure is low causing arterial PO2 to fall
Neural MechanismsVagal reflex (Herring- Breuer reflex): stretch or inflation endings of Vagus nerve in bronchi, bronchioles, lungs to medulla discharges inhibitory impulses causing inspiration to stop expiration occurs, lungs deflate and stretch receptors are no longer stimulatedLimits inspiration and prevents overinflation
Increase in PCO2 and the resulting decrease in pH adversely affects cellular metabolismExcess CO2 must be eliminated to return pH to normal body responds to an increase in PCO2 of 5mmHg with an increase in ventilation of 100%
Conversely a decrease in PCO2 inhibits ventilation, allowing CO2 to accumulate and return PCO2 to normalPO2 plays small role however, if arterial PO2 falls and pH and PCO2 are constant ventilation will increase
ChemoreceptorsMonitor arterial PO2Located in medulla and peripherally in bifurcation of carotid arteries and aortic archConditions of shock where hypotension is present arterial PO2 levels may drop enough to stimulate receptorsThis can occur without a significant increase in PCO2 however, usually metabolic acidosis is present secondary to anaerobic metabolismHigh altitudes where barometric pressure is low causing arterial PO2 to fall
A. Saluran Respirasi Atas
Kavum NasalisFaring
Saluran Pernafasan atas
NasopharynxFunction ofthe uvula
EpiglottisEpiglottis coverslarynx and directs foodintoesophagus
EpiglottisCartilage at base of tongueMoves down when tongue swallowsCovers opening to lower respiratory systemDirects food into esophagus
B. Saluran pernafasan bawah
LarynxTracheaBronchiole treeLung
BronchogramRIGHT LEFT
2. TracheaAbout 4-5 inches longSupported by incomplete C-shaped rings
Trachea:Windpipe, leads to lungsFlexible, mobilePseudostratified columnar epimucous with cilia, propel to larynxHylaine cartc ringsFunctions of c rings:Flexible to stretch with inhale, exhalePrevent from collapsingKeep airway open, no stickNot oallow esophagus to expand
Tracheaends as the carina
ANTERIORPOSTERIORTracheal Cartilage
Alveolus
Air exchange surface of the lungAlveoli (Alveolus)
Air Exchangearteriole carryingunoxygenated bloodvenuole carryingoxygenated blood
1. Larynx (ant. to post.)Defined by two cartilagesThyroidCricoid
1. Larynx (post. to ant.)Thyroid cartilage is incompleteCricoid cartilage is complete
Vocal cordsLocated in larynx
Differences betweenR&L primary bronchiRight is widerRight is more verticalAsperated objects more likely to go down right side (75%)
Bronchial BranchingRight primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchiLeft primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchiSecondary bronchi on both sides branch into a total of 10 tertiary or segmental bronchi.Each segmental bronchus supplies a specific segment of the lung.Each branch gets a branch from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
Tertiary BranchingTertiary bronchi branch into bronchiolesBronchioles are not supported by cartilage
Pengaturan PernafasanKimiaPersarafan
AsthmaCaused by constriction of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the bronchiolesExhalation more affected than inhalation
Respiratory BronchiolesSmallestWalls are very thinNo cilia or goblet cellsDeliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs
AlveolusEach lung contains ~ 150 million alveoliWall comprised of simple squamous epithelial cellsTwo types of alveolar cellsType I very thin and makes up most of the wallType II not as thin and produces surfactant, a detergent that allows the lung to expand the first time a baby inhales
Respiratory System AnatomyBronchiolesSmallest airwaysWalls consist entirely of smooth muscle (no cartilage present)Constriction increases resistance to airflowDilation reduces resistance to airflow
General:Trilyun sel membutuhkan oksigen terus menerusTidak tahan terhadap oksigen , dapat bertahan dengan tidak ada air dan makanan
Fungsi:Supplai tubuh terhadap oksigen
4 proses sistem respirasiVentilasi paru:Keluar masuk udara ke paruVentilasi Pernafasan eksternalPertukaran gas oksigen dengan karbon dioksidaAntara darah dan udaraTransport gas Antara paru dan jaringanPenggunaan sistem kardiovaskular Darah sebagai tranfortasiPernafasan internalKapiler sistemikPertukaran gas darah dan sel
Nose:Only external feature of systemfunctions:Airway, moisten/warms entering air, filters air, resonating chamber for speech, house olfactory receptorsInside called nasal cavityNostrilsexternal naresHairs filterRespiratory mucosainside nasal cavityPseudostratified cilia columnar epiSecrete mucousLysozyme in mucous1 quart/dayCilia CellsMove mucous with bacteria to pharynx stomachdigestedOn cold daycilia sluggish, mucous accumulate in nasal cavity, runny nose on winter dayVeins under skinwarms airConchae- increase surface area to filter airmore surface area contact with mucous
Respiratory System AnatomyAlveoliAir sacsSite of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with blood
Oxygen & CO2 ExchangeOnce blood travels through the pulmonary semilunar valve, it enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. This is called the pulmonary circulation. Blood then enters the capillary vessels in the lungs. Here, oxygen travels from the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, passes from the blood into the alveoli. Carbon dioxide leaves the body upon exhaling. Once the blood is purified and oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
Diafragma
Respiratory System PhysiologyInspiration Active process Chest cavity expands Intrathoracic pressure falls Air flows in until pressure equalizesExpiration Passive process Chest cavity size decreases Intrathoracic pressure rises Air flows out until pressure equalizes
Larynx:Voice boxFunctions: airwayswitch for food and air, voice productionCartilagemostly hylaine cartilageThyroid cartilageAdam apple, larger in males due to sex hormone increase growth in pubertyCricoid cartilageanchors tracheaEpiglottiscovers larynx when swallowing, guardian of airways, cough when anything enters larynx, no give fluids when unconsciousVocal cordsligaments, no blood vessels, vibrate to produce sound (TVC), FVC no vibrate, no soundGlottisopening that air passes in
TERIMA KASIH
TERIMA KASIH
Increase in PCO2 and the resulting decrease in pH adversely affects cellular metabolismExcess CO2 must be eliminated to return pH to normal body responds to an increase in PCO2 of 5mmHg with an increase in ventilation of 100%
Conversely a decrease in PCO2 inhibits ventilation, allowing CO2 to accumulate and return PCO2 to normalPO2 plays small role however, if arterial PO2 falls and pH and PCO2 are constant ventilation will increase