8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
1/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
2/83
Pengenalan
Merupakan kemahiran asas yang perlu
dipelajari untuk menghadapi cabaran alam
semulajadi dalam kegiatan luar.
Pengetahuan dalam kraf perkhemahan adalah
penting dan digunakan apabila individu
melakukan aktiviti perkhemahan atau
pengembaraan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 2
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
3/83
Rasional
Melatih diri untuk menjadi lebih mahir dan
berkeyakinan dalam menghadapi cabaran
alam semulajadi dan habitatnya. Memupuk perasaan cinta terhadap alam
semulajadi dan mensyukuri ciptaanNya.
Mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni danmenghayati keindahan flora dan fauna yang
terdapat di muka bumi
7/30/2010 zaireey 3
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
4/83
Objektif
Mengalakkan masyarakat untuk mengaplikasikemahiran dan teknik kraf perkhemahandalam kegiatan luar.
Memahami habitat dan alam semula jadi danmengetahui cara untuk hidup apabila beradadi dalam hutan.
Memberi kesedaran kepada masyarakattentang kepentingan menjaga alam sekitardengan cara yang sepatutnya.
7/30/2010 zaireey 4
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
5/83
Jenis-jenis Kraf Perkhemahan
Fire craft
Ropes craft
Woodcraft Tool craft
Khemah
Shelter (tempat berteduh)
7/30/2010 zaireey 5
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
6/83
Fire craft
Api penting digunakan dalam kehidupan
seharian.
Selain itu, digunakan untuk membekalkancahaya, memanaskan suhu badan, keselesaan,
memasak dan sebagainya.
Api juga boleh merosakkan alam sekitar jikadisalahgunakan iaitu tanah menjadi hitam,
merosakkan dahan dan akar pokok
7/30/2010 zaireey 6
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
7/83
Membuat Unggun Api
Kaedah Fire Triangle bentuk hurufA.
Menggunakan 3 elemen iaitu:Haba, angin danbahan bakar
Bentukkan hurufA menggunakan ranting kayudengan bukaan huruf A menghala arah angin
Letakkan rabuk/bahan mudah terbakar di dalamhuruf A dan nyalakan api.
Kipas secara perlahan dan letakkan lagi bahanbakar untuk menyalakan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 7
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
8/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
9/83
Bahan
Kertas tebal
Sarang telur
Surat khabar Lilin
Dahan /ranting kayu
7/30/2010 zaireey 9
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
10/83
Jenis-jenis Kraf Api
Hunters Fire
Reflector Fire
Star Fire
Teepee Fire
Log Cabin Fire
Council Fire
7/30/2010 zaireey 10
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
11/83
Hunter's Fire
Selain daripada menjadi bahan bakar, kayu-
kayu ini juga berfungsi sebagai tungku untuk
memasak kerana ia disusun rapat.
7/30/2010 zaireey 11
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
12/83
Reflector Fire
Fungsi utama api jenis ini ialah untuk menghalakanhaba ke satu arah.Contoh:memanaskan badan. Bolehdigunakan untuk memanggang.
7/30/2010 zaireey 12
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
13/83
Star Fire
Boleh menggunakan kayu yang pelbagai saiz
dan panjang.
7/30/2010 zaireey 13
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
14/83
Teepee Fire
paling sesuai dan mudah digunakan.Tetapi
sukar untuk didirikan kerana perlu susun dan
seimbangkan kayu.
7/30/2010 zaireey 14
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
15/83
Log Cabin Fire
Senang dan mudah didirikan kerana ia sangat stabil,
apabila terbakar, api hanya membakar bahagian dalam
7/30/2010 zaireey 15
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
16/83
Council Fire
Dikenali sebagai Api piramid.
Sangat stabil,mudah membakar dan senang
dinyalakan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 16
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
17/83
Ropes craft
Kemahiran asas berkaitan ikatan dan simpulan
tali.
Ikatan tali perlu dipelajari untuk digunakandalam kehidupan seharian.
Dalam kraf tali, ia penting untuk membuat
ikatan pada pelbagai jenis kraf dalam aktiviti
perkhemahan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 17
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
18/83
7/30/2010 zaireey 18
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
19/83
Jenis-jenis Tali
Manila
Sisal
Jute
Cotton
Nilon
Polyester
Polypropylen
Polyethylene
7/30/2010 zaireey 19
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
20/83
Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)
Overhand
This is the simplest knot. Thereforeprobably the most used. The knot isvery useful to support knots in yarns.The loose ends become a bit thicker.When this support makes the total bendtoo bulky you have to look for anotherbend. The overhand knot is not strong,so it is not used in situations where youmight expect great force. It also reduces
the strength of the rope or yarn byabout 50%. But as an "anti-slip-knot" itdoes not have to withstand a lot.
7/30/2010 zaireey 20
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
21/83
The Double Overhandknot
The double overhand knot is beautiful, thickerthan the common overhand knot, but not anystronger. But use it with caution. The doubleoverhand knot is also called the bloodknot when itis used at the end of a whip. This knot has several
ways of tying and in principle two ways of workingup. Both ways of tying shown here also show bothresults. The bloodknot shown in the middle is thepreferred way of working up the second way oftying marked with the crosses. The bloodknot isvery hard to untie after it has been under stress. If
you put an object through the cross-marked holethe knot will work up as the strangleknot. It isusefull to practice this way.
7/30/2010 zaireey 21
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
22/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
23/83
Figure Eight
7/30/2010 zaireey 23
This knot is larger, stronger and more easy to
untie than the overhand knot. It does not
harm your rope as much as the overhand knot
does. So therefore sailors use this knot in most
cases. (! not for bend support, where the
smaller overhand is used, or in rope, a
permanent small stopper)
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
24/83
Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)
Figure Eight Double
7/30/2010 zaireey 24
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
25/83
Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)
Double Overhand
7/30/2010 zaireey 25
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
26/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
27/83
Joiner Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 27
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
28/83
Joiner Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 28
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
29/83
Joiner Knots
The square Knot is usedto join the two ends ofthe same rope orbandage. ("Right over left
- left over right"). It isonly useful in simpleapplications. It is easytied and will not jam, so itis always easy to untie. Itis used to tie packages,and as a base for he
shoe-bow. Its relatives,the granny, the thief-knotand the what-knot allhave their purposes, butnot as a trustful knots.
7/30/2010 zaireey 29
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
30/83
Joiner Knots
(The Sheet Bend)
The sheet bend is one of themost important knots forjoining two rope ends,especially if the ropes are ofdifferent sizes. Sailors namedit in the days of sailing shipswhen they would "bend"
(tie) the "sheets"'(ropes in the rigging of aship). Begin with a bight inthe larger rope. Then weavethe end of the smaller ropethrough the eye, around thebight, and back under itself.
Snug it carefully beforeapplying any strain to theknot.
7/30/2010 zaireey 30
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
31/83
Loop Knots
The Bowline Knot is one of themost useful and one of thesimplest ways of putting a fixedloop in the end of a rope. It is easy
to tie and untie, it never slips norjams and has a high breakingstrength. If the loop is expected tobe heavily loaded, the bowline is,in fact, not secure enough. Thereis a rule of thumb which states
that the loose end should be aslong as 12 times the circumferencefor the sake of safety.
7/30/2010 zaireey 31
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
32/83
Loop Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 32
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
33/83
Loop Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 33
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
34/83
Loop Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 34
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
35/83
End Securing Knots
The clove hitch is a veryimportant knot since alllashing projects start withthis knot. Without extra
support, it is untrustworthyin any situation, except as acrossing knot. If you have touse it, work it up properly;pull length-wise only atboth ends before you load
the working end.
7/30/2010 zaireey 35
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
36/83
End Securing Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 36
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
37/83
End Securing Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 37
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
38/83
End Securing Knots
7/30/2010 zaireey 38
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
39/83
tautline hitch
The tautline hitch is aremarkably useful knot. Itis adjustable ANDtrustworthy. Anyone whouses a tent should know
this knot. Place rope endaround pole, make a turnbelow it, then bring ropeup across the standingpart around the pole andtuck through. It is the bestway to adjust your lines tothe tent-poles. It is themost simple of theadjustable knot family.
7/30/2010 zaireey 39
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
40/83
HalfHitches
HalfHitches is areliable and usefulknot for attaching arope to a pole orboat mooring. As itsname suggests, it istwo half hitches,one after the other.
To finish, push themtogether and snugthem by pulling onthe standing part.
7/30/2010 zaireey 40
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
41/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
42/83
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
43/83
Lashing
7/30/2010 zaireey 43
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
44/83
Lashing
7/30/2010 zaireey 44
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
45/83
The Sheepshank knot
The Sheepshank knot is usedto shorten a rope that isfastened at both ends. Takeup the slack, then make anunderhand loop and slide itover the blight and pull tight.Do the same to the other endto complete the knot. Thesheepshank is only atemporary knot as it stands.
But it can be made morepermanent by adding asecond half hitch to eachend.
7/30/2010 zaireey 45
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
46/83
Eye Splice To make an eye splice in three stranded
rope, unlay the strands for a short distance
and bend the rope to form an eye of thedesired size, placing two end strands acrossat right angle to the lay of the standing partof the rope and the other strand behind(A). Then take the centre strand under thenearest strand of the standing part (B).Take the first end strand under the nextstrand, going where the second strandcame out (C). Turn the rope over and tuckthe third strand under the remainingstrand of the standing part, going wherethe first strand comes out (D). There shouldnow be an end strand projecting from eachspace of the standing part (E). Thiscompletes the first tuck. Tuck each strand
in turn over and under one, making threefull tucks and two taper tucks. The tapertuck is made with the strand thinned downby scraping away some of the fibers. Tocomplete the splice, roll it underfoot, thenstretch it and finally cut off surplus end.
7/30/2010 zaireey 46
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
47/83
Whipping a rope
The end of a rope should always bebound or whipped to prevent it fromfraying or becomingunlade. Whippings are usually madewith a strong twine and the lengthof whip should be approximately
equal to the diameter of the rope onwhich it is used.
Following the above illustration, laya loop along the rope and thenmaking a series ofvery tight turnsover the loop until the desiredlength of whip is obtained.Theworking end is finally brought upthrough the loop and pulled out ofsight by pulling on the oppositeend. Both ends are then trimmed.
7/30/2010 zaireey 47
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
48/83
Slippery Hitch
Very useful because of
the ease with which it
can be released in
emergency. It holdssecurely for so long as
there is a strain on the
standing end.
7/30/2010 zaireey 48
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
49/83
Boat Knot
This is a method of
securing a rope to a
thole pin or other
small piece of wood
on a boat. It is
quickly released.
7/30/2010 zaireey 49
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
50/83
Double Boat Knot
A bight is simplypassed throughthe ring and amarlin spike or
other round pieceof wood is putbetween the bightor the rope.
Withdrawal of thespike quicklyreleases the knot.
7/30/2010 zaireey 50
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
51/83
Slippery Hitch
Very usefulbecause of theease with whichit can be
released inemergency. Itholds securelyfor so long as
there is a strainon the standingend.
7/30/2010 zaireey 51
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
52/83
Rolling Hitch
To fasten a rope to a spar. This is a very secure
fastening.
7/30/2010 zaireey 52
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
53/83
.Halliard Hitch
For fastening a rope to a spar. The sketch
shows the hitch open. When pulled taut, and
the hitches closed, it makes a very neat and
secure fastening.
7/30/2010 zaireey 53
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
54/83
Blackwall Hitch
A quick way to secure a rope to a hook. The
strain on the standing end will hold the rope
secure to the hook.
7/30/2010 zaireey 54
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
55/83
Noose Hitch
This is a quick and easy method of securing a
rope to a spar or beam. If desired, the rope
can be made more secure by means of the
overhand knot shown in Fig
7/30/2010 zaireey 55
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
56/83
Cat's Paw Hitch
For securing a rope to a hook or a spar. It is
most useful because it is so easily tied.
7/30/2010 zaireey 56
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
57/83
Lark's Head
This is an easymethod of securing arope to a ring or
hook. If desired tomake more secure, itcan be stoppered, asshown, with an
overhand or thumbknot.
7/30/2010 zaireey 57
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
58/83
Double Lark's Head
The bight is
first made.
The ends
passed
through it.
This knot is
verysecure.
7/30/2010 zaireey 58
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
59/83
Triple Lark's Head
The apparentlycomplicated knot iseasily made by takingthe bight of the rope
through the ring, theends are passedthrough the bight andup through the ring,then down through
its own bight. Like thedouble lark's head,this knot is absolutelysecure.
7/30/2010 zaireey 59
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
60/83
Sailor's Backhand Knot
Used to secure
a rope to a ring
or hook. This is
very similar to
the rolling hitch
and sailor's
backhand knot(alternative
variation).
7/30/2010 zaireey 60
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
61/83
Sailor's Knot
Simply two
half
hitches
round the
standing
end of the
rope.
7/30/2010 zaireey 61
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
62/83
Wood craft
Dalam perkhemahan, individu perlumempelajari cara untuk membina kraf kayuatau disebut sebagai gajet
Gajet penting dalam aktiviti luar danmempunyai pelbagai fungsi iaitu:
Memudahkan pengurusan tempat ataukawasan perkhemahan.
Menjadikan aktiviti perkhemahan lebihtersusun dan teratur.
7/30/2010 zaireey 62
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
63/83
Jenis-jenis wood craft
Ampai kain
7/30/2010 zaireey 63
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
64/83
Kerusi
7/30/2010 zaireey 64
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
65/83
Tempat buang sampah.
7/30/2010 zaireey 65
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
66/83
Dapur- bowl stand, hook, mug tree, cook shelter
7/30/2010 zaireey 66
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
67/83
Meja dan kerusi
7/30/2010 zaireey 67
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
68/83
Tangga
7/30/2010 zaireey 68
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
69/83
Katil
7/30/2010 zaireey 69
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
70/83
Tool craft
Kemahiran menggunakan alatan semasa
berada di luar atau dalam hutan.
Kemahiran ini penting kerana dapat
membantu dan memudahkan individu untuk
melakukan aktiviti ketika berada di hutan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 70
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
71/83
Jenis-jenis alatan/senjata
Club (belantan)
Pisau
Batu Kayu
Buluh
Besi
7/30/2010 zaireey 71
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
72/83
Khemah
Khemah merupakan alatan penting dalam
menjalankan aktiviti luar
Ciri-ciri tapak atau kawasan khemah:
Mendapatkan kebenaran dan maklumat
Kemudahan asas seperti bekalan air
Kawasan lapang Tidak terlalu jauh dari penduduk atau
perkampungan
7/30/2010 zaireey 72
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
73/83
Mendirikan Khemah:
Menentukan arah cahaya matahari terbit dan
terbenam.
Berlawanan dengan arah tiupan angin.
Tempat yang selamat dan sesuai seperti tanah
rata, lapang, teduh dan selesa.
Elakkan mendirikan khemah di bawah pokok yang
reput, tua dan mudah tumbang,berumput tebaldan dipenuhi lalang supaya mengelakan serangga
atau binatang berbisa.
7/30/2010 zaireey 73
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
74/83
Jenis-jenis khemah
Khemah terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk, saiz dan
kegunaan iaitu:
Rigde tent
Frame tent
Dome tent
Bell tent
7/30/2010 zaireey 74
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
75/83
Ridge tent
Mempunyai tiangyang melintang disepanjang bumbung.
Diperbuat daripadamaterial nylon yangringan supaya mudahdibawa dan dilipat
7/30/2010 zaireey 75
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
76/83
Dome tent
Berbentuk gelembung dan menggunakan material yangsesuai dan fleksibel.
Ringan, mudah dibawa dan sesuai digunakan untuk
perkhemahan seperti di sekolah dan sebagainya.
7/30/2010 zaireey 76
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
77/83
Frame tent
Khemah jenis besar yang biasa digunakanuntuk perkhemahan keluarga.
Rangka khemah akan dipasang dahulu dankanvas dipasang kemudian.
7/30/2010 zaireey 77
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
78/83
Bell tent
Mempunyai satu tiang tinggi di puncak khemah.
Khemah jenis ini sudah jarang digunakan dan
digantikan dengan khemah jenis DO
ME
.
7/30/2010 zaireey 78
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
79/83
Shelter
Shelter sukar untuk dibina dan memerlukan
kemahiran yang tinggi
Boleh melindungi daripada serangga,panas,
hujan, angin, salji dan suhu sejuk.
Boleh menyembunyikan diri daripada musuh
bahaya
7/30/2010 zaireey 79
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
80/83
Jenis-jenis Shelter
Phonco-Lean-To
Mudah dan cepat dibina.
Diikat pada dua batang pokok Shelter tertutup pada satu bahagian sahaja
Pastikan shelter tidak menghala arah angin
7/30/2010 zaireey 80
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
81/83
Phonco Tent
Mudah dibina.
Diikat diantara dua pokok
Shelter tertutup pada dua bahagian,kiri dan kanan.
7/30/2010 zaireey 81
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
82/83
One man Shelter
Mudah dibina dan terhalang dari rintangan angin.
Saiz yang kecil menjadikan ia lebih sejuk dan nyaman.
7/30/2010 zaireey 82
8/9/2019 Kraf Perkhemahan.pp
83/83
Rujukan
Rujukan
http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/skills/b-p/wb/
http://www.campcraftwildernessskills.com/ http://tions.net/CA256EA900408BD5/vwWWW/
http://www.bushcraftnorthwest.com/articles/
http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/
http://ga-op349-royalrangers.netfirms.com/
Top Related