Sistem Otot

Otot yang terletak di bahagian median badan. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari： otot kepala dan leher otot spine (tulang belakang/tulang punggung)

Otot yang bersambung dengan otot aksial. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari： otot bahu dan tangan otot kaki

Pandangan Depan Pandangan Belakang

Frontalis

Korugator supersili

Obikularis okuli

Levator labi superioris

Zigomatikus major

Masseter

Risorius

Levator anguli oris

Platisma

Depresor anguli oris

Sternokleidomastoid

Omohioid

Trapezius

7

Frontalis

• Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis

• Insertion: Skin over forehead

• Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Epicranial Aponeurosis

8

Occipitalis

• Origin: Occipital and temporal bones

• Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis

• Action: Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

9

Orbicularis Oculi

• Origin: Medial orbital margin and zygomatic bone

• Insertion: Skin surrounding eye

• Action: Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead

10

Temporalis

• Origin: Temporal fossa

• Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible

• Action: Elevates and retracts mandible

11

Masseter

• Origin: Zygomatic process and arch

• Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible

• Action: Elevates mandible

12

Orbicularis Oris

• Origin: By muscular skips to surround muscles

• Insertion: Muscles interlace to surround mouth

• Action: Closes and purses lips

13

• Origin: Zygomatic arch

• Insertion: Corner of mouth

• Action: Elevates corner of mouth

Zygomaticus Major

14

• Origin: Fascia of masseter

• Insertion: Corner of mouth

• Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally

Risorius

16

• Origin: Medial tip of suprascapular notch

• Insertion: Body of

hyoid bone

• Action: Depresses hyoid bone

Omohyoid

17

• Origin: Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle

• Insertion: Hyoid bone

• Action: Depresses hyoid bone

Sternohyoid

18

• Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible

• Insertion: Hyoid bone • Action: Elevates hyoid

bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible

Mylohyoid

19

• Origin: Lower border of mandible near midline

• Insertion: Intermediate tendon

• Action: Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses mandible

DigastricAnterior Belly

20

• Origin: Mastoid notch of temporal bone

• Insertion: Intermediate tendon

• Action: Moves hyoid bone back

DigastricPosterior Belly

21

• Origin: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle

• Insertion: Mastoid process

• Action: Rotates head to opposite side, extends head, and flexes vertebral column

Sternocleidomastoid

Deep Muscles of the Back and Neck

25

Trapezius

• Origin: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line and spinous process of C7-T12

• Insertion: Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion process, lateral third of clavicle

• Action: Elevates, adducts, and depresses scapula

26

Latissimus Dorsi

• Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium

• Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus

• Action: Extends, rotates humerus medially, draws shoulder down and backward

27

• Origin: Transverse processes of C1-4

• Insertion: Superior angle spine of scapula

• Action: Elevates scapula

Levator Scapula

28

• Origin: Spinous process of T1-5 and supraspinous ligament

• Insertion: Medial border below spine of scapula

• Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation

Rhomboid Major

29

• Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1

• Insertion: Medial border of scapula at base of spine

• Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation

Rhomboid Minor

30

• Origin: Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs

• Insertion: Anterior lip of medial border of scapula

• Action: Holds scapula to chest wall, medially rotates scapula in abducting or extending humerus

Serratus Anterior

31

• Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12

• Insertion: Angles of the ribs. Spinous & Transverse processes of vertebrae

• Action: Extension of vertebral column

Erector Spinae

32

• Origin: Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium

• Insertion: Lower border of 12th rib, transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae

• Action: Depresses rib cage inferiorly and laterally flexes trunk

Quadratus Lumborum

33

• Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6

• Insertion: 1st rib • Action: Elevates 1st

rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck

Scalenes Anterior

34

• Origin: Transverse processes of C2-C7

• Insertion: 1st rib • Action: Elevates 1st

rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck

Scalenes Middle

35

• Origin: Transverse processes of C4-C6

• Insertion: 2nd rib • Action: Elevates 2nd

rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck

Scalenes Posterior

37

• Origin: Inferior border of rib above

• Insertion: Superior border of rib below

• Action: Elevates rib cage during inspiration

External Intercostal

38

• Origin: Superior border of rib below

• Insertion: Inferior border of rib above

• Action: Depresses rib cage during expiration

Internal Intercostal

39

Pectoralis Major

• Origin: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

• Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus

• Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, draws body upward in climbing

40

• Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5

• Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

• Action: Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs

Pectoralis Minor

42

• Origin: Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis

• Insertion: Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7

• Action: Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column

Rectus Abdominus

43

• Origin: External surface of lower 8 ribs

• Insertion: Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba

• Action: Compresses abdomen, contralaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column

External Abdominal Oblique

44

• Origin: Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

• Insertion: Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis

• Action: Compresses abdomen, ipsilaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column

Internal Abdominal Oblique

45

• Origin: Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia

• Insertion: Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis

• Action: Compresses abdomen

Transverse Abdominis

47

• Origin: Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx

• Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

• Action: Principal extensor and lateral rotator of femur

Gluteus Maximus

48

• Origin: Middle portion of ilium Insertion: Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur

• Action: Abducts femur, stabilizes contralateral hip while standing on one leg

Gluteus Medius

49

• Origin: Pelvic surface of sacrum

• Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

• Action: Rotates femur laterally

Piriformis

50

• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Greater

trochanter and shaft of femur

• Action: Rotates thigh laterally

Quadratus Femoris

51

• Origin: Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae

• Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus

• Action: Flexes trunk and flexes and laterally rotates thigh

Psoas Major

52

• Origin: Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum

• Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major

• Action: Flexes and laterally rotates femur

Iliacus

Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm

Muscles of the Shoulder and Back

Otot Tangan

58

• Origin: Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

• Insertion: Deltoid tubercle of humerus

• Action: Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, and internal and external rotation

Deltoid

59

• Origin: Supraspinous fossa

• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action: Abducts humerus

Supraspinatus

60

• Origin: Infraspinous fossa

• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action: Rotates humerus laterally

Infraspinatus

61

• Origin: Axillary border of scapula

• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action: Rotates humerus laterally

Teres Minor

62

• Origin: Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula

• Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus

• Action: Extends, adduction and medial rotates humerus.

Teres Major

63

• Origin: Subscapular fossa

• Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

• Action: Rotates humerus medially

Subscapularis

64

• Origin: Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;Short head, coracoid process scapula

• Insertion: Radial tuberosity of the radius

• Action: Flexes radius and humerus, and supinates forearm

Biceps Brachii

Short Head Long

Head

65

• Origin: Coracoid process of scapula

• Insertion: Middle third of humerus

• Action: Flexes and adducts humerus

Coracobrachialis

66

• Origin: Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus; Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus

• Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

• Action: Extends humerus and ulna

Triceps Brachii Long Head

Lateral Head

67

• Origin: Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus

• Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna

• Action: Flexes ulna

Brachialis

68

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

• Insertion: Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna

• Action: Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint in extension

Anconeus

70

• Origin: Scaphoid and trapezium

• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of thumb

• Action: Abducts thumb and aids in flexion

Palm

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

71

• Origin: Trapezium • Insertion: Proximal

phalanx of thumb • Action: Flexes thumb

PalmPalm

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

72

• Origin: Hook of hamate

• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit

• Action: Flexes fifth digit

PalmPalm

Flexor Digiti Minimi

73

• Origin: Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit

• Action: Abducts fifth digit

PalmPalm

Abductor Digiti Minimi

75

• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

• Insertion: Middle portion of radius

• Action: Pronates and flexes forearm

Pronator Teres

Anterior, Superficial Layer

76

• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

• Insertion: Base of second metacarpal

• Action: Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Anterior, Superficial Layer

77

• Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus

• Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis

• Action: Weak flexion of wrist, tenses skin of palm

Palmaris Longus

Anterior, Superficial Layer

78

• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna

• Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal

• Action: Flexes and adducts wrist

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Anterior, Superficial Layer

79

• Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

• Insertion: Middle phalanges of fingers

• Action: Flexes fingers and wrist

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Anterior, Middle Layer

80

• Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Distal phalanges of fingers

• Action: Flexes fingers and wrist

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Anterior, Deepest Layer

81

• Origin: Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna

• Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb

• Action: Flexes thumb and wrist

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Anterior, Deepest Layer

83

• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge

• Insertion: Styloid process of radius

• Action: Flexes forearm

Brachioradialis

Posterior, Superficial Layer

84

• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

• Insertion: Second metacarpal

• Action: Extends and abducts hand

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Posterior, Superficial Layer

85

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

• Insertion: Third metacarpal

• Action: Extends and abducts hand

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Posterior, Superficial Layer

86

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

• Insertion: Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons

• Action: Extends fingers and hand

Extensor Digitorum

Posterior, Superficial Layer

87

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

• Insertion: Fifth metacarpal

• Action: Extends and adducts hand

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Posterior, Superficial Layer

88

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

• Insertion: Extensor expansion of little finger

• Action: Extends 5th digit and hand

Extensor Digiti Minimi

Posterior, Middle Layer

89

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna

• Insertion: Lateral surface and posterior border of radius

• Action: Supinates forearm

Supinator

Posterior, Deepest Layer

90

• Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: First metacarpal

• Action: Abducts thumb and hand

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Posterior, Deepest Layer

91

• Origin: Middle third of radius and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

• Action: Extends thumb

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Posterior, Deepest Layer

92

• Origin: Middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb

• Action: Extends thumb

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Posterior, Deepest Layer

Muscles of the Leg

Muscles of the Leg

9-63

Muscles of the Leg

Otot Kaki

99

• Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity;Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur

• Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

• Action: Extends femur and flexes leg

Biceps Femoris

Long Head

Short Head

100

• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Medial condyle

of tibia • Action: Extends femur

and flexes leg

Semitendinosus

101

• Origin: Ischial tuberosity • Insertion: Medial

condyle of tibia • Action: Extends femur

and flexes leg

Semimembranosus

103

• Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

• Insertion: Medial margin of tibial tuberosity

• Action: Flexes both femur and tibia

Sartorius

104

• Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Action: Extends tibia and flexes femur

Rectus Femoris

105

• Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Action: Extends tibia

Vastus Lateralis

106

• Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Action: Extends tibia

Vastus Medialis

107

• Origin: Upper shaft of femur

• Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

• Action: Extends tibia

Vastus Intermedius

109

• Origin: Inferior pubic ramus

• Insertion: Upper part of linea aspera

• Action: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur

Adductor Brevis

110

• Origin: Between pubic rami near symphysis

• Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera

• Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur

Adductor Longus

111

• Origin: Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity

• Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle

• Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially rotates femur

Adductor Magnus

112

• Origin: Inferior pubis near symphysis

• Insertion: Upper portion of tibia

• Action: Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia

Gracilis

114

Tensor Fasciae Latae

• Origin: Iliac crest • Insertion: Iliotibial tract • Action: Flexes thigh,

stabilizes knee

115

• Origin: Superior ramus of pubis

• Insertion: Just inferior to the lesser trochanter

• Action: Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh

Pectineus

117

• Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of femur

• Insertion: With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

• Action: Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot

Gastrocnemius

Superficial

118

• Origin: Upper third of fibula and soleal line of tibia

• Insertion: With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

• Action: Flexes foot

Soleus

Second Layer

119

• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur

• Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

• Action: Weakly assists gastroc in plantar flexing ankle and flexing knee

Plantaris

Second Layer

121

• Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle

• Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles

• Action: Flexes and unlocks knee joint

Popliteus

Second Layer

122

• Origin: Interosseous membrane and tibia and fibula on either side

• Insertion: Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4

• Action: Adducts and inverts foot and aids in plantar flexion

Tibialis Posterior

ThirdLayer

123

• Origin: Middle half of tibia • Insertion: By four tendons

into distal phalanges of lateral four toes

• Action: Flexes lateral four toes

Flexor Digitorum Longus

ThirdLayer

124

• Origin: Distal two-thirds of fibula

• Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

• Action: Flexes great toe

Flexor Hallucis Longus

ThirdLayer

126

• Origin: Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal

• Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Tibialis Anterior

127

• Origin: Middle half of fibula and interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

• Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Tendon

128

• Origin: Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula, & interosseous membrane

• Insertion: Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four lateral toes by extensor expansion

• Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes

Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendon

130

• Origin: Upper two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septa

• Insertion: Plantar base of first metatarsal and first cuneiform and

• Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot

Fibularis Longus

131

• Origin: Lower two-thirds of fibula

• Insertion: Plantar base of fifth metatarsal

• Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot

Fibularis Brevis

133

• Origin: Dorsal surface of calcaneus

• Insertion: By four tendons into extensor expansion

• Action: Extends toes

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

134

• Origin: Medial surface of calcaneus

• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of great toe

• Action: Extends toes

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

NAMA OTOT FUNGSI-FUNGSI

Oksiput-frontalis otot mengerut dahi

Obikularis-okuli mengelilingi kelopak mata dan bertindak sebagai otot penutup mata

Obikularis-oris mengelilingi bibir, menutup mulut

Buksinator otot utama di bahagian pipi, digunakan pada masa menghisap dan mengunyah

NAMA OTOT FUNGSI-FUNGSI

Temporalis dan Maseter

membantu tindakan otot buksinator pada masa mengunyah

Plastima menarik rahang bawah, iaitu membuka mulut dan membantu pada masa mengunyah

Sternokleidomastoid menarik kepala ke sisi dan mengangguk kepala

Trapezius otot segitiga yang besar di belakang leher, bahu dan bahagian atas di belakang dada. Membantu dalam gerakan sendi bahu.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Deltoid di atas bahu, mengangkat lengan ke arah luar dari sisi badan.

Bisep dan Brakialis di hadapan lengan atas , membengkok sendi siku

Trisep di belakang lengan atas, menjulur sendi siku

Otot lengan bawah beberapa kumpulan otot terletak di bahagian depan dan belakang lengan bawah dan di bahagian tapak tangan dan jari. Semua otot ini menjalankan gerak-geri di sendi siku, pergelangan tangan dan jari.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Pektoralis Major

otot besar di hadapan dada, membengkok lengan atas ke hadapan dada

Pektoralis Minor

di bawah otot pektoralis major, menarik bahu ke bawah

Serratus anterior

di sebelah rusuk ke arah tulang belikat, menarik bahu ke hadapan

Latisimus Dorsi

dari belakang dada ke bahagian atas tulang pangkal lengan

menurun lengan ke sisi badan selepas lengan telah diangkat, memutar /memusing lengan atas ke dalam

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsiInterkosta (Dalam dan Luar)- antara tulang rusuk

Bilangan otot interkosta ialah 11 pasang dan dibahagikan kepada otot interkosta dalam dan luar. Otot ini terjalar dari pinggir bawah pada satu tulang rusuk ke pinggir atas tulang rusuk yang di bawahnya. Ia terdiri daripada dua lapisan dan fiber otot interkosta dalam berselang-seli dengan fiber otot interkosta luar.

Fiber otot interkosta dalam terjalar ke bawah dan ke belakang, manakala fiber otot interkosta luar pula terjalar ke bawah dan ke hadapan.

Otot ini adalah otot penting dalam gerakan bernafas. Tindakan otot interkosta luar: menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar dan meluaskan ruang toreks pada masa menarik nafas. Tindakan otot interkosta dalam: setengah daripadanya

menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar (dan meluaskan ruang toreks), manakala fiber yang lain daripadanya menarik rusuk ke hala dalam toreks dan mengecilkan ruang toreks pada masa menghembus nafas.

Dinding depan di bahagian abdomen terbina daripada otot-otot yang berikut. Semua otot ini adalah otot berpasangan dan membantu dalam proses bernafas.

Nama Otot Lokasi Otot1. Rektus Abdominis (Otot Lurus) Tendon dari punca permulaannya berasal

dari cuaran xifoid di tulang dada dan tendon lekatannya terlekat di pinggir atas di sendi ari-ari. Otot ini dilitupi oleh sarung berfiber yang tebal yang dikenali sebagai sarung rektus. Otot rektus abdominis dari sebelah kiri abdomen menjalar selari dengan pasangannya di sebelah kanan dan terpisah dari pasangannya oleh satu lapisan tisu berfiber yang dikenali sebagai linea alba(garisan putih) yang terletak di pertengahan abdomen.

2. Otot Eksterna Oblikus (Otot Serong Luar)

Fiber dari otot ini bermula dari lapan tulang rusuk yang bawah, menjalar ke arah bawah dan hadapan, dan tamat sebagai bentuk kipas dan terlekat di tempat berikut:-Kepada sarung berfiber otot rektus abdominis-Kepada puncak tulang ari-ari-Kepada bahagian pertengahan depan di puncak tulang ilium-Ligamen inguinal@ligamen Poupart ialah sebahagian daripada tendon lekatan otot ini---ligamen ini terletak dari rabung atas depan di tulang ilium ke puncak tulang ari-ari.

3. Otot Interna Oblikus (Otot Serong Dalam)

Kebanyakan fiber otot ini bermula dari puncak ilium dan tamat sebagai punca lekatan di sarung berfiber otot rektus dan tulang rusuk yang bawah.

4. Transversa Abdominis (Otot Melintang)

Otot ini terdapat di lapisan bawah sekali di antara otot yang membina dinding depan abdomen.

Fibernya bermula dari rawan rusuk yang di bawah, ruas tulang pinggang, puncak ilium dan ligamen inguina, melintang ke arah pasangannya di pertengahan abdomen.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Iliopsoas Terdiri daripada dua otot belakang yang bermula dari tulang ilium dan vertebra pinggang.

Kedua-dua otot ini terlekat di gembul kecil di tulang paha.

Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi paha serta memutar paha ke sisi dalamnya.

Kuadratus Lumborum

Bermula dari puncak ilium dan terlekat di tulang rusuk kedua belas.

Permukaan belakang buah pinggang terletak di atas otot kuadratus lumborum.

Otot ini membengkok badan ke sebelah sisinya.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot Gluteus Maksima Melunjurkan sendi paha setelah sendi ini dibengkokkan, ia juga memutar paha ke sisi luar.

Otot Gluteus Medius Mengangkat paha ke hala luar

Otot Gluteus Minimus Mengangkat paha (abduksi) ke hala luar serta memutar paha ke sisi dalam (medial rotation)

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsiOtot kuadrisep ekstensor (otot empat akar) yang terdiri daripada empat otot, iaitu:-Rektus femoris-Vastus medialis-Vastus lateralis-Vastus intermedialis

Otot-otot ini melunjurkan sendi lutut setelah lutut dibengkokkan

Otot sartorius Menyerong dari sisi luar dari atas paha ke sisi dalam di bahagian lutut.

Otot ini membengkok sendi lutut sertamembengkok, mengangkat dan memutar sendi paha ke luar.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot hamstring terdiri dari 3 otot, iaitu:-Bisep femoris-Semi-membranosa-Semi- tendinosa

Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi lutut serta melunjurkan sendi paha.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot aduktor terdiri daripada 3 otot, iaitu:-Aduktor longus-Brevis-Magnus

Otot-otot ini mengangkat paha ke hala dalam.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot tibialis anterior Membengkokkan sendi pergelangan kaki ke atas.

Otot Ekstensor Digitorium Longus Membengkokkan jari-jari kaki ke atas.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot Gastronemius dan Otot Soleus

Tendon lekatan dari otot ini bersatu di bawah lalu membentuk tendon keting(tendon achilles) dan puncanya terlekat di tulang tumit

Membengkokkan sendi lutut dan membengkokkan tapak kaki ke bawah

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi

Otot Peroneus terdiri daripada tiga otot Menarik tapak kaki ke hala sisi luar

Umur (tahun)

Perkembangan Psikomotor ( Motor kasar ----- Motor halus )

Lahir - 2 Bayi mula menunjukkan autonomi dan kekuatan melalui pergerakkan seperti memusingkan badan, merangkak dan berjalan. Ini adalah hasil perkembangan psikomotor yang melibatkan otot-otot kasar (leher, kaki, tangan dan kaki).

Perkembangan otot-otot halus (jari tangan) yang membolehkan bayi mencapai, menggengam dan mengkoordinasi antara mata dan tangan mula kelihatan.

Di akhir tahun kedua, bayi sudah boleh melakukan aktiviti yang kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa langkah seperti memegang pensil krayon dan melukis.

2 Menaiki tangga dengan bantuan. Memegang objek-objek besar seperti bola dan memanipulasi

objek-objek kecil seperti krayon.

3 Melambung bola. Menunggang basikal roda tiga.

4 Melompat dan berlari. Menaiki dan menurun tangga tanpa bantuan.

5 Menggunakan kasut roda. Menulis huruf-huruf dan perkataan-perkataan yang mudah.

6 Memukul, menampal, mengikat tali kasut, dan membutan baju.

7 - 12 Otot mata dan tangan mencapai koordinasi yang lebih baik membolehkan kanak-kanak menulis dengan lebih kemas.

Belajar membaca, mengira dan melakukan aktiviti permainan. Belajar bermain alat-alat muzik seperti piano dan biola. Menjahit, mengait, membina model…… Belajar gimnastik, berenang, tenis dan olahraga. Kanak-kanak lelaki lebih cenderung kepada permainan lasak

misalnya permainan bola sepak di padang.

12 - 15 Otot-otot bertambah kuat. Pertambahan koordinasi.