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ISSN 2600-7770
Statistik Pemerkasaan Wanita Dalam Domain Terpilih, Malaysia, 2017 merupakan
penerbitan tahunan yang memaparkan statistik gender Malaysia bagi tahun 2014
hingga 2016. Statistik ini memberi fokus kepada set teras indikator gender yang
merangkumi lapan domain utama iaitu struktur ekonomi, penyertaan dalam aktiviti
produktif & akses kepada sumber; pendidikan; kesihatan & perkhidmatan berkaitan;
kehidupan awam & pembuat keputusan; hak asasi wanita & kanak-kanak perempuan;
perlindungan sosial; pengurangan risiko bencana; dan keamanan & keselamatan.
Penyusunan statistik ini adalah berdasarkan konsep dan garis panduan daripada,
Gender Statistics Manual; Integrating a Gender Perspective into Statistics yang
diterbitkan oleh United Nations Statistics Division (2017), Assessing Progress in
Implementation of The Asian and Pacific Ministerial Declaration on Advancing Gender
Equality and Women’s Empowerment yang diterbitkan oleh Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) dan The Global Gender Gap Report 2016
yang diterbitkan oleh World Economic Forum (2016).
Statistik gender adalah maklumat penting yang digunakan dalam pembentukan,
pelaksanaan dan pemantauan dasar di peringkat nasional dan antarabangsa.
Penerbitan ini menjadi sumber rujukan berguna kepada semua pihak sama ada bagi
tujuan penyelidikan, perancangan, penggubalan dan pelaksanaan dasar.
Bahagian pertama penerbitan ini membentangkan ringkasan penemuan. Bahagian
kedua pula memuatkan jadual terperinci peringkat nasional dan negeri bagi membantu
pengguna membuat analisis. Ini diikuti oleh bahagian ketiga yang mengandungi nota
teknikal untuk menerangkan konsep dan definisi bagi membantu pengguna memahami
statistik yang diterbitkan.
Jabatan merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang telah
menyumbang dalam penyediaan penerbitan ini. Setiap maklum balas dan cadangan
daripada semua pihak untuk penambahbaikan penerbitan ini pada masa akan datang
amat dihargai.
DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDIN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Disember 2017
KATA PENGANTAR
iii
iv
The Statistics On Women Empowerment In Selected Domains, Malaysia, 2017 is an annual
publication which presents gender statistics in Malaysia for the year 2014 to 2016. These
statistics focuses on the core set of gender indicators which covers eight main domains
which are economic structures, participation in productive activities & access to
resources; education; health & related services; public life & decision making; human
rights of women & girl children; social protection; disaster risk reduction; and peace &
security.
The compilation of these statistics is based on the concepts and guide lines from, Gender
Statistics Manual; Integrating a Gender Perspective into Statistics published by United
Nations Statistics Division (2017), Assessing Progress in Implementation of The Asian and
Pacific Ministerial Declaration on Advancing Gender Equality and Women’s
Empowerment published by Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP) and The Global Gender Gap Report 2016 published by the World Economic
Forum (2016).
Gender statistics are pertinent information used in the formulation, implementation and
monitoring of policies at national and international levels. This publication is a useful
source of reference for all parties whether for the purposes of research, planning,
formulation and implementation.
The first part of this publication focused on the summary of findings. The second part
presented detailed tables at the national and state levels to facilitate the analysis by
users. This is followed by the third part which consists of the technical notes explaining the
concepts and definition to assist users in understanding the published statistics.
The Department gratefully acknowledges the cooperation rendered by all parties who
have contributed to the preparation of this publication. Every feedback and suggestion
from all parties towards improving the future publication is highly appreciated.
DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDIN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
December 2017
PREFACE
v
Muka
surat Page
KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE
iii
SENARAI JADUAL LIST OF TABLES
vii
INFOGRAFIK INFOGRAPHIC
1
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
3
DASAR WANITA NEGARA: PENCAPAIAN INDIKATOR TERPILIH NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN: ACHIEVEMENT BY SELECTED INDICATOR
15
GENDER DAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) GENDER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
19
JADUAL TABLES
STRUKTUR EKONOMI, PENYERTAAN DALAM AKTIVITI PRODUKTIF
DAN AKSES KEPADA SUMBER ECONOMIC STRUCTURES, PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES AND
ACCESS TO RESOURCES
21
PENDIDIKAN EDUCATION
47
KESIHATAN & PERKHIDMATAN BERKAITAN HEALTH & RELATED SERVICES
67
KEHIDUPAN AWAM DAN PEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN PUBLIC LIFE AND DECISION MAKING
81
HAK ASASI WANITA DAN KANAK-KANAK PEREMPUAN HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRL CHILDREN
89
PERLINDUNGAN SOSIAL (FOKUS KHAS : PENUAAN PENDUDUK) SOCIAL PROTECTION (SPECIAL FOCUS : POPULATION AGEING)
93
PENGURANGAN RISIKO BENCANA DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
95
KEAMANAN DAN KESELAMATAN PEACE AND SECURITY
97
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
99
LAMPIRAN APPENDICES
133
KANDUNGAN CONTENTS
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
vii
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Muka
surat Page
1.0 STRUKTUR EKONOMI, PENYERTAAN DALAM AKTIVITI PRODUKTIF
DAN AKSES KEPADA SUMBER ECONOMIC STRUCTURES, PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES
Jadual 1.1:
Table 1.1:
Pekali Gini mengikut negeri dan strata, Malaysia, 2012,
2014 dan 2016 Gini Coefficient by state and strata, Malaysia, 2012, 2014 and
2016
21
Jadual 1.2:
Table 1.2:
Penduduk bekerja mengikut negeri, jantina dan
kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2014r , 2015 dan 2016 Employed persons by state, sex and age group, Malaysia,
2014r, 2015 and 2016
22
Jadual 1.3:
Table 1.3:
Insiden kemiskinan mengikut jantina ketua isi rumah,
Malaysia, 2012, 2014 dan 2016 Incidence of poverty by sex of head of household, Malaysia,
2012, 2014 and 2016
25
Jadual 1.4:
Table 1.4:
Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh (KPTB) mengikut negeri,
jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2014r, 2015 dan
2016 Labour force participation rate (LFPR) by state, sex and age
group, Malaysia, 2014r, 2015 and 2016
26
Jadual 1.5:
Table 1.5:
Penduduk bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2014r, 2015 dan 2016 Employed persons by status in employment and sex, Malaysia,
2014r, 2015 and 2016
29
Jadual 1.6:
Table 1.6:
Penduduk bekerja mengikut industri dan jantina,
Malaysia, 2014r, 2015 dan 2016 Employed persons by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2014r, 2015
and 2016
30
Jadual 1.7:
Table 1.7:
Penduduk bekerja sendiri mengikut negeri dan jantina,
Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons as own account workers by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
32
Jadual 1.8:
Table 1.8:
Penduduk bekerja sebagai majikan mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons as employer by state and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
33
viii
Jadual 1.9:
Table 1.9:
Penduduk bekerja di sektor pertanian mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons in agriculture sector by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
34
Jadual 1.10:
Table 1.10:
Penduduk bekerja di sektor perkhidmatan mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons in services sector by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
35
Jadual 1.11:
Table 1.11:
Pendapatan isi rumah kasar bulanan penengah
mengikut negeri dan jantina ketua isi rumah, Malaysia,
2014 dan 2016 Median monthly household gross income by state and sex of
head of household, Malaysia, 2014 and 2016
36
Jadual 1.12:
Table 1.12:
Penduduk bekerja sebagai pengurus mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons as managers by state and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
37
Jadual 1.13:
Table 1.13:
Penduduk bekerja sebagai profesional dan pekerja
teknikal mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Employed persons as professionals and technical workers by
state and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
38
Jadual 1.14:
Table 1.14:
Kadar pengangguran mengikut kumpulan umur dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2014r, 2015 dan 2016 Unemployment rate by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2014r,
2015 and 2016
39
Jadual 1.15:
Table 1.15:
Purata gaji dan upah bulanan pekerja mengikut
pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Mean monthly salaries and wages of employees by
occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
40
Jadual 1.16:
Table 1.16:
Peratus pengguna internet mengikut kumpulan umur
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Percentage of internet users by age group and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
41
Jadual 1.17:
Table 1.17:
Peratus pengguna telefon bimbit mengikut kumpulan
umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Percentage of mobile phone users by age group and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
42
ix
Jadual 1.18:
Table 1.18:
Peratus ketua isi rumah mengikut peralatan yang
dimiliki, Malaysia, 2012, 2014 dan 2016 Percentage of head of household by item owned, Malaysia,
2012, 2014 and 2016
43
Jadual 1.19: Table 1.19:
Nisbah tanggungan, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Dependency ratio, Malaysia, 2014–2016
44
Jadual 1.20:
Table 1.20:
Bilangan kanak-kanak di bawah taska berdaftar
Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat mengikut negeri dan
kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of children with registered child care centre
Department of Social Welfare by state and age group,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
45
2.0 PENDIDIKAN EDUCATION
Jadual 2.1:
Table 2.1:
Kadar literasi mengikut negeri, jantina dan kumpulan
umur , Malaysia, 2014–2016 Literacy rate by state, sex and age group, Malaysia,
2014–2016
47
Jadual 2.2:
Table 2.2:
Bilangan enrolmen peringkat rendah dan menengah di
sekolah kerajaan & bantuan kerajaan mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of enrolment at primary and secondary level in
government & government-aided schools by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
48
Jadual 2.3:
Table 2.3:
Bilangan enrolmen peringkat tertiari mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of enrolment at tertiary level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
49
Jadual 2.4: Table 2.4:
Indeks pariti gender, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gender parity index, Malaysia, 2014–2016
50
Jadual 2.5:
Table 2.5:
Bilangan enrolmen mengikut bidang pengajian di
institusi pendidikan tinggi dan jantina, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Number of enrolment by field of study at higher education
institution and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
51
Jadual 2.6:
Table 2.6:
Bilangan staf akademik dan pelajar di institusi
pendidikan tinggi mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of academic staff and students in higher education
institutions by sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
53
x
Jadual 2.7:
Table 2.7:
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat rendah mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross enrolment rate at primary level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
54
Jadual 2.8:
Table 2.8:
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat menengah mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross enrolment rate at secondary level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
55
Jadual 2.9:
Table 2.9:
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat tertiari mengikut negeri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross enrolment rate at tertiary level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
56
Jadual 2.10:
Table 2.10:
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat rendah mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross intake rate at primary level by state and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
57
Jadual 2.11:
Table 2.11:
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat menengah
mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross intake rate at secondary level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
58
Jadual 2.12:
Table 2.12:
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat tertiari mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross intake rate at tertiary level by state and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
59
Jadual 2.13:
Table 2.13:
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat prasekolah mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Gross enrolment rate at pre-school level by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
60
Jadual 2.14:
Table 2.14:
Bilangan graduan wanita diperingkat tertiari dalam
bidang sains, jurutera, pembuatan dan pembinaan
mengikut negeri dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Number of female graduates at tertiary level from science,
engineering, manufacturing and construction, by state and
age group, Malaysia, 2014–2016
61
Jadual 2.15:
Table 2.15:
Bilangan staf akademik di Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi
mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of academic staff in the Higher Education Institute by
state, Malaysia, 2014–2016
62
xi
Jadual 2.16:
Table 2.16:
Kadar peralihan dan kadar tamat pendidikan di
sekolah kerajaan dan bantuan kerajaan, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Transition rate and education completion rate in government
and government–aided schools, Malaysia, 2014–2016
63
Jadual 2.17:
Table 2.17:
Penduduk bekerja mengikut pencapaian pendidikan
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons by educational attainment and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
64
Jadual 2.18: Table 2.18:
Statistik perbelanjaan pendidikan, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Statistics on educational expenditure, Malaysia, 2014–2016
65
3.0 KESIHATAN & PERKHIDMATAN BERKAITAN HEALTH & RELATED SERVICES
Jadual 3.1:
Table 3.1:
Kadar kematian kurang daripada 5 tahun mengikut
negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Under-5 mortality rate by state and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
67
Jadual 3.2:
Table 3.2:
Nisbah mortaliti ibu bersalin mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Maternal mortality ratio by state, Malaysia, 2014–2016
68
Jadual 3.3: Table 3.3:
Statistik kesihatan ibu bersalin, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Statistics on maternal health, Malaysia, 2014–2016
69
Jadual 3.4:
Table 3.4:
Statistik individu yang menghidapi AIDS dan HIV
mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Statistics on individuals with AIDS and HIV by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
70
Jadual 3.5:
Table 3.5:
Statistik individu yang mempunyai akses kepada ubat
anti-retroviral mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Statistics on individuals who have access to anti-retroviral
drugs by sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
71
Jadual 3.6:
Table 3.6:
Jangkaan hayat mengikut umur dan jantina, Malaysia,
2014, 2015 dan 2016P Life expectancy by age and sex, Malaysia, 2014, 2015 and
2016P
72
Jadual 3.7:
Table 3.7:
Statistik akaun kesihatan kebangsaan, Malaysia,
2013–2015
Statistics on national health account, Malaysia, 2013–2015
73
xii
Jadual 3.8:
Table 3.8:
Kelaziman merokok mengikut negeri dan jantina,
Malaysia, 2014 dan 2015 Smoking prevalence by state and sex, Malaysia, 2014 and
2015
74
Jadual 3.9:
Table 3.9:
Kelaziman merokok mengikut negeri dan kumpulan
umur, Malaysia, 2014 dan 2015 Smoking prevalence by state and age group, Malaysia, 2014
and 2015
75
Jadual 3.10:
Table 3.10:
Malnutrisi kelaziman, ketinggian dan berat badan untuk
umur kanak-kanak di bawah 5 tahun mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Malnutrition prevalence, height and weight for children
aged under 5 years old by state, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
76
Jadual 3.11:
Table 3.11:
5 Sebab Kematian utama (disahkan) mengikut
kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 5 Principal causes of death (medically certified) by age
group and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
77
4.0 KEHIDUPAN AWAM DAN PEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN PUBLIC LIFE AND DECISION MAKING
Jadual 4.1:
Table 4.1:
Peratus ahli parlimen mengikut jantina, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Percentage of parliament members by sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
81
Jadual 4.2:
Table 4.2:
Penduduk bekerja mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina,
Malaysia, 2014–2016 Employed persons by occupation and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
82
Jadual 4.3:
Table 4.3:
Bilangan dan peratus hakim di Kehakiman Sivil
mengikut jawatan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number and percentage of judges in Civil Judiciary by
position and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
83
Jadual 4.4:
Table 4.4:
Bilangan Ketua Setiausaha, Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha
dan Ketua Pengarah mengikut jawatan dan jantina,
Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of Secretary General, Deputy Secretary General
and Director General by position and sex, Malaysia,
2014–2016
84
xiii
Jadual 4.5:
Table 4.5:
Bilangan penjawat awam mengikut kumpulan
perkhidmatan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of civil servants by group of services and sex,
Malaysia, 2014–2016
85
Jadual 4.6:
Table 4.6:
Bilangan pembuat keputusan di sektor pendidikan
mengikut jawatan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of decision making in education sector by position
and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
86
Jadual 4.7:
Table 4.7:
Bilangan dan peratus hakim di Kehakiman Syariah
mengikut jawatan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number and percentage of judges in Syariah Judiciary by
position and sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
87
Jadual 4.8:
Table 4.8:
Bilangan dan peratus anggota polis mengikut jantina,
Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Number and percentage of police personnel by sex,
Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
88
5.0 HAK ASASI WANITA DAN KANAK-KANAK PEREMPUAN HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRL CHILDREN
Jadual 5.1:
Table 5.1:
Bilangan kes pembunuhan dengan niat mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of cases of intentional homicide by state, Malaysia,
2014–2016
89
Jadual 5.2:
Table 5.2:
Bilangan kes keganasan terhadap wanita mengikut
negeri dan jenis kes, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of cases of violence against women by state and
types of cases, Malaysia, 2014–2016
90
Jadual 5.3:
Table 5.3:
Bilangan wanita Bukan Islam yang berumur 20–24 tahun
dan berkahwin sebelum umur 18 tahun, Malaysia,
2014–2016 Number of Non-Muslim women aged 20–24 years old and
married before age of 18 years old, Malaysia, 2014–2016
91
Jadual 5.4:
Table 5.4:
Kadar kesuburan remaja berumur 15−19 tahun mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Adolescent birth rate aged 15−19 years by state, Malaysia,
2014–2016
92
xiv
6.0 PERLINDUNGAN SOSIAL (FOKUS KHAS: PENUAAN PENDUDUK) SOCIAL PROTECTION (SPECIAL FOCUS: POPULATION AGEING)
Jadual 6.1:
Table 6.1:
Bilangan penerima bantuan orang tua mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of elderly beneficiaries by state, Malaysia, 2014–2016
93
7.0 PENGURANGAN RISIKO BENCANA DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Jadual 7.1:
Table 7.1:
Bilangan penerima bantuan kewangan bagi mangsa
bencana mengikut jenis bencana, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number of financial assistance beneficiaries for the victims of
disaster by type of disaster, Malaysia, 2014–2016
95
8.0 KEAMANAN DAN KESELAMATAN PEACE AND SECURITY
Jadual 8.1:
Table 8.1:
Bilangan dan peratus anggota tentera darat, laut dan
udara mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2014–2016 Number and percentage of army, navy and air force
personnel by sex, Malaysia, 2014–2016
97
INFOGRAFIK INFOGRAPHIC
STATISTIK PEMERKASAAN WANITADALAM DOMAIN TERPILIH, MALAYSIAIndeks Jurang Gender Malaysia mengukur jurang antara lelaki dan wanita dalam
4 sub-indeks
Nota:
Skor 1.00 atau 100.0% ditakrifkan sebagai tiada jurang perbezaan di antara lelaki dan perempuan bagi 4 sub-indeks
Purata jurang kesaksamaan antara lelaki dan wanita berada pada 69.2%
Perdagangan Borong & Runcit;
Pembaikan kenderaan bermotor
& motosikal
18.3%
Pembuatan
3 Industri dengan penyertaan tertinggi
oleh wanita bekerja
17.1%
Penginapan & aktiviti
perkhidmatan makanan &
minuman
11.6%
Nota:
KPTB - Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh
Perbezaan kadar literasi lelaki
dan wanita bagi kumpulan umur
15-64 tahun adalah 0.9 mata
peratus
Wanita dijangka untuk hidup 4.7 tahun
lebih lama berbanding lelaki
Hampir 11 daripada 100 orang ahli Dewan Rakyat adalah wanita
Nota:
Semua data adalah merujuk kepada tahun 2016
SKOR
0.692
2017
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
www.dosm.gov.myhttps://www.facebook.com/StatsMalaysia https://twitter.com/StatsMalaysia
Peluang & Penyertaan
Ekonomi
0.659
Pencapaian
Pendidikan
1.092
Kesihatan &
Kehidupan
0.957
Penguasaan
Politik
0.061
Peluang dan Penyertaan Ekonomi
Pencapaian Pendidikan
Kesihatan & Kehidupan
Penguasaan Politik
KPTB
80.2%
KPTB
54.3%
Kadar Enrolmen
97.2% 96.3%
72.5 tahun 77.2 tahun
AIDSJangkaan hayat ketika lahir
Kadar Literasi
1 daripada 5 penghidap AIDS adalah wanita
Dewan Negara
22.4%
Menteri Kabinet
8.6% Timbalan Menteri
17.6%
Dewan Rakyat
10.8%
Peringkat rendah96.8%
Peringkat menengah85.8%
Peringkat tertiari37.8%
97.7%
91.3%
49.8%
STATISTICS ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT INSELECTED DOMAINS, MALAYSIA
Wholesale and retail trade;
Repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles
18.3%
Manufacturing
3 Industries with the highest participation
of employed women
17.1%
Accommodation and food &
beverage service activities 11.6%
The difference in literacy rate
for men and women for the age
group 15-64 years is
0.9 percentage points
Women are expected to live 4.7 years
longer than men
2017
Department of Statistics, Malaysia
www.dosm.gov.myhttps://www.facebook.com/StatsMalaysia https://twitter.com/StatsMalaysia
Economic Participation & Opportunity
Educational Attainment
Health & Survival
LFPR
80.2%
LFPR
54.3%
Enrolment Rate
97.2% 96.3%
72.5 years 77.2 years
AIDSLife expectancy at birth
Literacy Rate
1 out of 5 infected persons
with AIDS are women
Almost 11 out of 100 representative are women in the House of Representative
Note:
All figures refer to the year 2016
Political Empowerment
Senate
22.4%
Cabinet Minister
8.6%
Deputy Minister
17.6%
House of Representative
10.8%
Malaysia Gender Gap Index measures gap between men and women
in 4 sub-indexes
Note:
The score of 1.00 or 100.0% is defined as no gap between men and women in the 4 sub-indexes
The average of equality gap between men and women stands at 69.2%
SCORE
0.692
Economic Participation
& Opportunity
0.659
Educational
Attainment
1.092
Health &
Survival
0.957
Political
Empowerment
0.061
Primary level 96.8%
Secondary level85.8%
Tertiary level37.8%
97.7%
91.3%
49.8%
Note:
LFPR- Labour Force Participation Rate
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
3
1. PENGENALAN
Statistik Pemerkasaan Wanita Dalam
Domain Terpilih, Malaysia, 2017
memaparkan maklumat indikator asas
gender bagi mengukur kesaksamaan
gender dalam usaha pihak kerajaan
memperkasakan golongan wanita.
Statistik ini mengandungi indikator yang
merangkumi lapan bidang utama iaitu
struktur ekonomi, penyertaan dalam
aktiviti produktif & akses kepada
sumber; pendidikan; kesihatan &
perkhidmatan berkaitan; kehidupan
awam & pembuat keputusan; hak asasi
wanita & kanak-kanak perempuan;
perlindungan sosial; pengurangan risiko
bencana dan keamanan &
keselamatan.
1. INTRODUCTION
Statistics on Women Empowerment In
Selected Domains, Malaysia, 2017
presents the information on basic
gender indicators to measure gender
equality as the government's efforts
towards women empowerment. These
statistics contained indicators which
consist of eight main areas which are
economic structures, participation in
productive activities & access to
resources; education; health & related
services; public life & decision making;
human rights of women & girl children;
social protection; disaster risk reduction
and peace & security.
2. INDEKS JURANG GENDER MALAYSIA
(MGGI)
Indeks Jurang Gender Malaysia (MGGI)
meneliti jurang antara lelaki dan wanita
dalam empat kategori asas
(sub-indeks): Peluang & Penyertaan
Ekonomi, Pencapaian Pendidikan,
Kesihatan & Kehidupan dan
Penguasaan Politik.
MGGI telah disediakan berdasarkan
metodologi Global Gender Gap Index
(GGI) yang diterbitkan oleh World
Economic Forum (WEF) menggunakan
data terkini di Jabatan Perangkaan
Malaysia (DOSM). Jadual A di dalam
Nota Teknikal memaparkan kesemua
empat sub-indeks dan 14 pemboleh
ubah bersama dengan sumber data
yang digunakan oleh WEF dan DOSM.
2. MALAYSIA GENDER GAP INDEX
(MGGI)
The Malaysia Gender Gap Index
(MGGI) examined the gap between
men and women in four fundamental
categories (sub-indexes): Economic
Participation & Opportunity,
Educational Attainment, Health &
Survival and Political Empowerment.
MGGI was produced according to the
methodology of the Global Gender
Gap Index (GGI) published by the
World Economic Forum (WEF) using the
latest data available at the Department
of Statistics, Malaysia (DOSM). Table A
in the Technical Notes displayed all four
of these sub-indexes and the 14
variables, along with the sources of
data used by WEF and DOSM.
Purata skor bagi kesemua empat
sub-indeks untuk Malaysia pada 2016
adalah 0.692. Ini menunjukkan jurang
The average score of all four
sub-indexes for Malaysia in 2016 was
0.692. This indicated that the equality
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
4
kesaksamaan antara lelaki dan wanita
adalah sebanyak 69.2 peratus (dengan
mengambil kira wajaran bagi
penduduk). Skor 1.00 (100.0%)
ditakrifkan sebagai tiada jurang di
antara lelaki dan wanita bagi empat
sub-indeks tersebut.
gap between men and women was
69.2 per cent (taking into account the
weighted by population). The score of
1.00 (100.0%) is defined as no gap
between men and women in these four
sub-indexes.
Jadual 1: Indeks Jurang Gender Malaysia (MGGI), 2016 Table 1: Malaysia Gender Gap Index (MGGI), 2016
Sub-indeks Sub-indexes
Skor DOSM DOSM's Score
Skor WEF WEF's Score
Peluang dan Penyertaan Ekonomi
Economic Participation and Opportunity
0.659 0.658
Pencapaian Pendidikan Educational Attainment
1.092 0.985
Kesihatan dan Kehidupan
Healths and Survival
0.957 0.969
Penguasaan Politik Political Empowerment
0.061 0.051
Jumlah Skor (purata)
Total Score (average)
0.692 0.666
Berdasarkan skor ini, Malaysia berada
pada kedudukan ke-75 daripada 144
negara yang tersenarai dalam Laporan
Global Gender Gap Index, 2016 oleh
WEF.
Based on this score, Malaysia's ranking
was at the 75th out of 144 countries
listed in the Global Gender Gap Index,
2016 Report by WEF.
Jadual 2: Kedudukan di Asia Timur dan Pasifik oleh World Economic Forum, 2016 Table 2: Rankings by East Asia and the Pacific by World Economic Forum, 2016
Negara Country
Kedudukan
keseluruhan Overall rank
Skor keseluruhan Overall score
Philippines 7 0.786
New Zealand 9 0.781
Lao PDR 43 0.724
Australia 46 0.721
Singapore 55 0.712
Mongolia 58 0.705
Viet Nam 65 0.700
Thailand 71 0.699
Indonesia 88 0.682
China 99 0.676
Brunei Darussalam 103 0.669
Malaysia 106 0.666
Japan 111 0.660
Cambodia 112 0.658
Korea, Rep. 116 0.649
Timor-Leste 125 0.637
Malaysia
0.692
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5
Malaysia berada pada kedudukan ke-9
di antara negara-negara Asia Timur dan
Pasifik iaitu di hadapan Indonesia, China
dan Brunei Darussalam. [Jadual 2]
Malaysia was ranked at the 9th position
among East Asia and the Pacific
nations, ahead of Indonesia, China and
Brunei Darussalam. [Table 2]
2.1 Peluang dan Penyertaan Ekonomi
Indikator yang terdapat dalam
sub-indeks ini adalah penyertaan
tenaga kerja wanita kepada lelaki;
persamaan upah antara wanita dan
lelaki bagi pekerjaan yang sama;
anggaran pendapatan yang diperoleh
oleh wanita dan lelaki; penggubal
undang-undang, pegawai kanan dan
pengurus wanita kepada lelaki; dan
pekerja wanita profesional dan teknikal
kepada lelaki. Skor Malaysia bagi
sub-indeks ini ialah 0.659.
2.1 Economic Participation and
Opportunity
Indicators included under this sub-index
are women over men labour force
participation; wage equality between
women and men for similar occupation;
women over men's estimated earned
income; women over men as legislators,
senior officials and managers; and
women over men as professional and
technical workers. Malaysia’s score for
this sub-index was 0.659.
2.2 Pencapaian Pendidikan
Sub-indeks ini menunjukkan jurang
antara akses wanita dan lelaki kepada
pendidikan melalui nisbah wanita
kepada lelaki dalam pendidikan
rendah, menengah dan tertiari.
Penilaian jangka panjang bagi
keupayaan negara untuk mendidik
wanita dan lelaki dalam jumlah yang
sama dihasilkan melalui nisbah kadar
literasi wanita kepada kadar literasi
lelaki. Keseluruhan skor Malaysia bagi
sub-indeks ini adalah 1.092.
2.3 Kesihatan dan Kehidupan
Sub-indeks ini memberikan gambaran
mengenai perbezaan antara kesihatan
wanita dan lelaki melalui penggunaan
dua indikator. Indikator pertama adalah
nisbah jantina ketika lahir yang
bertujuan khusus untuk mendapatkan
fenomena "missing women",
2.2 Educational Attainment
This sub-index captures the gap
between women’s and men’s access
to education through ratios of women
to men in primary, secondary and
tertiary education. A long term
assessment on the country’s ability to
educate women and men in equal
numbers is captured through the ratio
of the female literacy rate to the male
literacy rate. Overall, Malaysia’s score in
this sub-index was 1.092.
2.3 Health and Survival
This sub-index provides an overview on
the differences between women’s and
men’s health through the use of two
indicators. The first is the sex ratio at
birth, which aims specifically to capture
the phenomenon of “missing women”,
prevalent in many countries where
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
6
kelazimannya di kebanyakan negara
dengan keutamaan anak lelaki.
Indikator kedua adalah jurang antara
jangka hayat wanita dan lelaki.
Pengukuran ini memberikan purata
baki umur (tahun) seseorang dijangka
akan dapat hidup pada permulaan
umur tertentu. Pencapaian Malaysia
bagi sub-indeks ini adalah 0.957.
there are preference for a son.
The second indicator is the gap
between women’s and men’s life
expectancy. This measure provides the
average remaining age (years) for a
person is expected to live at the
beginning of the certain age.
Malaysia’s standing in this sub-index
was 0.957.
2.4 Penguasaan Politik
Sub-indeks ini mengukur jurang antara
lelaki dan wanita pada peringkat
tertinggi pembuat keputusan dalam
politik melalui nisbah wanita kepada
lelaki dalam jawatan peringkat menteri
dan nisbah wanita kepada lelaki di
parlimen. Nisbah wanita kepada lelaki
dari segi tempoh tahun di pejabat
eksekutif (Perdana Menteri atau
Presiden) bagi tempoh 50 tahun yang
lalu turut dimasukkan di bawah
sub-indeks ini. Skor bagi Malaysia untuk
sub-indeks ini adalah 0.061.
2.4 Political Empowerment
This sub-index measures the gap
between men and women at the
highest level of political decision
making through the ratio of women to
men in ministerial level positions and the
ratio of women to men in parliamentary
positions. In addition, we include the
ratio of women to men in terms of years
in executive office (Prime Minister or
President) for the last 50 years.
Malaysia’s score for this sub-index is at
0.061.
Carta 1: Skor bagi Indeks Jurang Gender mengikut sub-indeks, Malaysia, 2016 Chart 1: Score for Gender Gap Index by sub-indexes, Malaysia, 2016
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
7
3. MALAYSIA DENGAN NEGARA TERPILIH
Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh bagi
wanita Malaysia pada 2016 adalah
54.3 peratus dan agak rendah
berbanding negara lain. Namun begitu,
kadar literasi bagi wanita di Malaysia
96.3 peratus (2016) adalah lebih tinggi
berbanding dengan negara ASEAN lain.
Malaysia juga mencatatkan peratusan
tertinggi bagi bilangan kelahiran yang
disambut oleh kakitangan terlatih
(99.5%) dan setara dengan negara
maju yang lain.
3. MALAYSIA AND SELECTED COUNTRIES
The labour force participation rate for
Malaysian women in 2016 was
54.3 per cent and was relatively low as
compared to other countries.
Nevertheless, the literacy rate for
women in Malaysia of 96.3 per cent
(2016) was higher as compared to the
ASEAN countries. Malaysia also
recorded the highest percentage of
births attended by trained personnel
(99.5%) and at par with other
developed countries.
Jadual 3: Perbandingan di antara Malaysia dengan negara terpilih (ASEAN dan negara maju)
bagi indikator gender terpilih, 2016 Table 3: Comparison between Malaysia with selected countries (ASEAN and developed countries) for
selected gender indicators, 2016
Indikator
Indicator Malaysia Singapore Thailand Philippines USA
United
Kingdom Australia Japan
Jumlah penduduk (juta)
Total population (million)
32.0 5.6 68.0 100.7 321.8 64.7 24.0 126.6
Nisbah jantina
(lelaki/perempuan)
Sex ratio(male/female)
1.07 1.03 1.03 0.98 1.02 1.03 1.00 1.06
Kadar penyertaan tenaga
buruh bagi wanita (%)
Labour force participation rate for
women (%)
54.3 66.0 70.0 52.0 66.0 71.0 71.0 66.0
Kadar literasi bagi wanita (%)
Literacy rate for women (%)
96.3 95.0 93.0 97.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0
Kelahiran yang disambut oleh
kakitangan terlatih (%)
Births attended by trained
personnel (%)
99.5 99.7 99.6 72.8 n.a. n.a. 99.3 99.8
Nisbah mortaliti ibu bersalin
(setiap 100,000 kelahiran
hidup)
Maternal mortality ratio
(per 100,000 live births)
29.1 10.0 20.0 114.0 n.a. n.a. 6.0 5.0
Perwakilan wanita di Dewan
Rakyat (%)
Women in the house of
representative (%)
10.8 24.0 6.0 n.a. 19.0 29.0 27.0 9.0
Nota/Notes:
Data dipetik dari Global Gender Gap Index Reports, 2016 (World Economic Forum) kecuali Malaysia
Data are quoted from the Global Gender Gap Index Reports, 2016 (World Economic Forum) except Malaysia
n.a.- tidak diperoleh/ not available
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
8
4. STRUKTUR EKONOMI, PENYERTAAN
DALAM AKTIVITI PRODUKTIF DAN AKSES
KEPADA SUMBER
4.1 Penduduk Bekerja
Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh (KPTB)
bagi wanita meningkat
0.2 mata peratus kepada 54.3 peratus
(2016) dari 54.1 peratus (2015).
Sebaliknya KPTB bagi lelaki menurun
0.4 mata peratus dari 80.6 peratus (2015)
kepada 80.2 peratus (2016).
4. ECONOMIC STRUCTURES,
PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE
ACTIVITIES AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES
4.1 Employed Persons
The labour force participation rate
(LFPR) for women increased by
0.2 percentage points to 54.3 per cent
(2016) from 54.1 per cent (2015).
Inversely, LFPR for men decreased by
0.4 percentage points from
80.6 per cent (2015) to 80.2 per cent
(2016).
Paparan 1: Penduduk bekerja mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Exhibit 1: Employed persons by sex, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
4.2 Peratusan Penduduk Bekerja
Mengikut Taraf Pekerjaan
Peratusan wanita bekerja dan bekerja
sendiri meningkat masing-masing 0.5
dan 0.3 mata peratus pada tahun 2016
berbanding 2015. Sebaliknya peratus
wanita bekerja sebagai majikan dan
pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji menurun
masing-masing 0.3 dan 0.5 mata
peratus bagi tahun yang sama.
(Paparan 2)
4.2 Percentage Employed Persons By
Employment Status
The percentage of women as an
employee and an own account worker
increased by 0.5 and 0.3 percentage
points respectively in 2016 as compared
to 2015. Inversely, the percentage of
women as an employer and unpaid
family worker decreased by 0.3 and
0.5 percentage points respectively for
the corresponding year. (Exhibit 2)
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
9
Paparan 2: Peratusan penduduk bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2015
dan 2016 Exhibit 2: Percentage of employed persons by status in employment and sex, Malaysia,
2015 and 2016
4.3 Kadar Pengangguran
Pada 2016, kadar pengangguran bagi
kedua-dua wanita dan lelaki yang
berumur antara 25–54 tahun
menunjukkan peningkatan antara 0.1
dan 1.1 mata peratus. Walau
bagaimanapun kadar pengangguran
kekal sama pada 0.2 peratus bagi
wanita dalam kumpulan umur
55–59 tahun.
4.3 Unemployment Rate
In 2016, the unemployment rate for
both women and men aged between
25–54 years old showed an increase
between 0.1 and 1.1 percentage
points. However, the unemployment
rate remained the same at 0.2 per cent
for the women in the age group
55–59 years old.
Jadual 4: Kadar pengangguran mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Table 4: Unemployment rate by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
10
5. PENDIDIKAN
5.1 Kadar Literasi
Kadar literasi bagi wanita dalam
kumpulan umur 15–24 tahun bagi
kedua-dua tahun 2015 dan 2016 adalah
lebih tinggi berbanding lelaki dalam
kumpulan umur yang sama. Walau
bagaimanapun, kadar literasi lelaki bagi
kumpulan umur 15–64 tahun adalah
lebih tinggi daripada wanita.
5. EDUCATION
5.1 Literacy Rate
In 2016, the literacy rates for women in
the age group of 15–24 years for both
2015 and 2016 were higher as
compared to men in the same age
group. However, the literacy rate for
men in the age group of 15–64 years
was higher than women.
Paparan 3: Kadar literasi mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Exhibit 3: Literacy rate by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
5.2 Enrolmen
Peratus enrolmen wanita di peringkat
tertiari meningkat 0.1 mata peratus dari
54.6 peratus (2015) kepada 54.7 peratus
(2016). Sebaliknya, peratus enrolmen
bagi lelaki di peringkat tertiari menurun
0.1 mata peratus dari 45.4 (2015)
kepada 45.3 peratus (2016). [Paparan 4]
5.2 Enrolments
The percentage of women enrolment
at tertiary level increased by
0.1 percentage points from
54.6 per cent (2015) to 54.7 per cent
(2016). On the other hand, the
percentage of men's enrolment at
tertiary level decreased by
0.1 percentage points from 45.4 (2015)
to 45.3 per cent (2016). [Exhibit 4]
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
11
Paparan 4: Bilangan enrolmen di peringkat rendah, menengah dan tertiari, Malaysia, 2015 dan
2016 Exhibit 4: Number of enrolments at primary, secondary and tertiary level, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
6. KESIHATAN DAN PERKHIDMATAN
BERKAITAN
6. HEALTH AND RELATED SERVICES
6.1 Kadar Kematian Kurang Daripada
Lima Tahun
Kadar kematian kurang daripada lima
tahun bagi kanak-kanak perempuan
dan lelaki menurun masing-masing dari
7.7 (2015) kepada 7.6 (2016) dan dari
9.0 (2015) kepada 8.6 (2016).
Walau bagaimanapun, kadar kematian
kanak-kanak lelaki adalah lebih tinggi
berbanding kanak-kanak perempuan
bagi tahun yang sama.
6.1 Under–Five Mortality Rate
The under–five mortality rate for girls
and boys decreased from 7.7 (2015) to
7.6 (2016) and from 9.0 (2015) to
8.6 (2016) respectively. However, the
under–five mortality rate for boys was
higher than girls for the corresponding
year.
Paparan 5: Kadar kematian kurang daripada lima tahun mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2015 dan
2016 Exhibit 5: Under–five mortality rate by sex, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
2016: 7.6 2015: 7.7
2016: 8.6 2015: 9.0
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
12
6.2 Statistik Kesihatan Ibu Bersalin
Jumlah kelahiran yang disambut oleh
kakitangan terlatih (kerajaan dan
swasta) mencatatkan peningkatan
daripada 99.4 peratus (2015) kepada
99.5 peratus (2016). Peningkatan
peratus ini adalah selari dengan peratus
kelahiran yang lebih tinggi di hospital
kerajaan iaitu dari 85.1 peratus (2015)
kepada 85.9 peratus (2016).
6.2 Statistics on Maternal Health
The total births attended by trained
personnel (government and private)
recorded an increase from
99.4 per cent (2015) to 99.5 per cent
(2016). This increase was in line with the
higher percentage of births in the
government hospitals from
85.1 per cent (2015) to 85.9 per cent
(2016).
Carta 5: Jumlah kelahiran yang disambut oleh kakitangan terlatih (kerajaan dan swasta),
Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Chart 5: Total births attended by trained personnel (government and private), Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
6.3 Bilangan Kes HIV dan AIDS
Bilangan kes HIV yang dilaporkan
meningkat sebanyak 68 kes dari
3,329 kes pada 2015 kepada 3,397 kes
pada 2016. Bilangan kes AIDS yang
dilaporkan meningkat dari 1,111 kes
pada 2015 kepada 1,222 kes pada
2016. Secara keseluruhan, peningkatan
ini adalah disebabkan oleh
peningkatan pembawa HIV dan AIDS
lelaki. [Paparan 6]
6.3 Number of Cases of HIV and AIDS
The number of reported HIV cases
increased by 68 cases from 3,329 cases
in 2015 to 3,397 cases in 2016. The
number of reported AIDS cases
increased from 1,111 cases in 2015 to
1,222 cases in 2016. Overall, the
increase was due to the rise of men
carriers of HIV and AIDS. [Exhibit 6]
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
13
Paparan 6: Bilangan kes jangkitan HIV dan AIDS yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Exhibit 6: The number of reported cases by HIV and AIDS, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
7. KEHIDUPAN AWAM DAN PEMBUAT
KEPUTUSAN
Ahli Parlimen
Pada 2016, penyertaan wanita dalam
Dewan Negara dan Menteri Kabinet
meningkat masing-masing 2.1 dan
0.3 mata peratus dari 20.3 kepada
22.4 peratus dan dari 8.3 kepada 8.6
peratus. Sebaliknya, penyertaan wanita
dalam Dewan Rakyat dan sebagai
Timbalan Menteri menurun
masing-masing dari 11.3 kepada 10.8
dan 21.2 kepada 17.6 peratus.
7. PUBLIC LIFE AND DECISION MAKING
Members of Parliament
In 2016, the participation of women in
the Senate and Cabinet Minister rose by
2.1 and 0.3 percentage points from 20.3
to 22.4 per cent and from 8.3 to
8.6 per cent respectively. Conversely,
the participation of women in the
House of Representatives and as
Deputy Ministers decreased from 11.3 to
10.8 per cent and 21.2 to 17.6 per cent.
Paparan 7: Peratus ahli parlimen mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Exhibit 7: Percentage of parliament members by sex, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
Sumber: Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit, Kementerian Kesihatan MalaysiaSource: Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
14
8. HAK ASASI WANITA DAN
KANAK-KANAK PEREMPUAN
Keganasan Terhadap Wanita
Pada 2016, keganasan rumah tangga
merupakan kes tertinggi yang
dilaporkan iaitu 60.4 peratus. Ini diikuti
oleh kes rogol (20.3%) dan kes cabul
(15.9%). Kes luar tabii merupakan kes
yang terendah dilaporkan iaitu 3.4
peratus.
8. HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRL
CHILDREN
Violence Against Women
In 2016, domestic violence was the
highest cases reported at 60.4 per cent.
This is followed by rape cases (20.3%)
and molest cases (15.9%). Unnatural
cases were the least cases reported at
3.4 per cent.
Paparan 8: Peratus keganasan terhadap wanita mengikut jenis kes, Malaysia, 2015 dan 2016 Exhibit 8: Percentage of violence against women by type of cases, Malaysia, 2015 and 2016
55.6% 60.4%
23.5% 20.3%
17.6% 15.9%
3.3 % 3.4%
Sumber: Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM)Source: Royal Malaysia Police
DASAR WANITA NEGARA:
PENCAPAIAN INDIKATOR NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN:
ACHIEVEMENT BY SELECTED
INDICATOR
DASAR WANITA NEGARA NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN
15
DASAR WANITA NEGARA:
PENCAPAIAN INDIKATOR TERPILIH
Malaysia telah mencapai kemajuan
ketara dalam kesaksamaan gender
dan pemerkasaan wanita di negara ini
semenjak dua dekad yang lalu. Ini
adalah selari dengan peruntukkan
yang terkandung dalam
Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Perkara
8(2) yang dipinda pada tahun 2001
iaitu larangan diskriminasi jantina.
Terdapat dua dasar utama berkaitan
wanita iaitu Dasar Wanita Negara 2009
dan Dasar 30% Wanita bagi Kedudukan
Pembuat Keputusan.
NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN:
ACHIEVEMENT BY SELECTED INDICATOR
Malaysia has reached significant
progress on gender equality and
women empowerment in the country
since the past two decades. This is in
line with the provisions contained in the
Federal Constitution, Article 8 (2) which
was amended in 2001, the prohibition
of sex discrimination. There are two
policies related to women, namely
National Policy on Women and Policy
on 30% Women a Decision Making
Position.
Paparan 9: Dasar-dasar berkaitan wanita di Malaysia Exhibit 9: National Policy related to women in Malaysia
DASAR WANITA NEGARA NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN
16
Dasar Wanita Negara 2009 dan Pelan
Tindakan Kemajuan Wanita 2010-2015
telah menghasilkan program yang lebih
komprehensif dan terarah untuk
mengintegrasikan wanita dalam
pembangunan dan meningkatkan
status mereka dalam masyarakat.
Dasar Wanita Negara bertujuan untuk
membangunkan wanita agar seiring
dengan lelaki dalam pelbagai sektor
yang diceburi. Wanita berpeluang
mengecapi manfaat yang sama
dengan lelaki bagi setiap keputusan
atau dasar yang dibentuk dan
dilaksanakan.
Kadar Penyertaan Tenaga Buruh
Selaras dengan matlamat Dasar
Wanita Negara bagi mencapai
perkongsian saksama antara wanita
dan lelaki dalam memperoleh dan
mengawal sumber dan peluang
penyertaan di dalam sektor ekonomi,
kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh
wanita meningkat daripada
47.8 peratus (1990) kepada 54.3 peratus
(2016).
The National Policy on Women 2009
and the Plan of Action for the
Advancement of Women 2010-2015
have resulted in more
comprehensive and targeted
programmes to integrate women into
the development and upbringing of
their status in society. The purpose of
National Policy on Women is to
develop women in line with men in
rigorous sectors. Women will be
equally benefited with men for every
decision or policy implemented.
Labour Force Participation Rate
In line with the aims of the National
Policy on Women to achieve an
equitable partnership between
women and men in securing and
controlling resources and
participation opportunities in the
economic sector, female labour
force participation rates rose from
47.8 per cent (1990) to 54.3 per cent
(2016).
Carta 6: Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 1990-2016 Chart 6: Labour force participation rate by sex, Malaysia, 1990-2016
Nota/Note:
r Statistik 2011-2014 dikemaskini berdasarkan anggaran penduduk semasa tahun berkenaan
The 2011-2014 statistics were updated based on the population estimates of the respective years
DASAR WANITA NEGARA NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN
17
Kadar Literasi
Kadar literasi wanita bagi kumpulan
umur 15–64 tahun menunjukkan
peningkatan dari tahun 1990 iaitu 83.4
kepada 96.3 peratus pada tahun 2016.
Ini adalah sejajar dengan matlamat
Dasar Wanita Negara bagi
membudayakan kesaksamaan gender
di kalangan semua lapisan masyarakat
dalam semua sektor.
Literacy Rate
The literacy rate for women aged
15-64 years showed an increase from
83.4 (1990) to 96.3 per cent in 2016. This
is in line with the aim of the National
Policy of Women to cultivate gender
equality among all levels of society in
all sectors.
Carta 7: Kadar literasi mengikut jantina , Malaysia, 1990, 2000, 2010 dan 2016 Chart 7: Literacy rate by sex, Malaysia, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2016
Nota/Note:
Kadar merujuk kepada penduduk berumur 15-64 tahun The rates refer to the population aged 15-64 years
Komposisi Ahli Parlimen
Matlamat Dasar Wanita Negara adalah
untuk memastikan pandangan dan suara
wanita diterima pakai dalam proses
membuat keputusan di semua peringkat.
Kesan daripada matlamat dasar ini,
peratusan Ahli Parlimen wanita di Dewan
Rakyat meningkat daripada 5.1 peratus
(1990) kepada 10.8 peratus (2016).
[Carta 8]
Composition of Parliamentarians
The aim of the National Policy on
Women is to ensure women's views
and voices are adopted in the
decision making process at all levels.
The impact of the policy, the
percentage of women
Parliamentarians in the House of
Representatives increased from
5.1 per cent (1990) to 10.8 per cent
(2016). [Chart 8]
DASAR WANITA NEGARA NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN
18
1
Carta 8: Komposisi Ahli Parlimen wanita di Dewan Rakyat, Malaysia, 1990-2016 Chart 8: Composition of women Parliamentarians in the House of Representatives, Malaysia,1990 -2016
Sektor Ekonomi
Di dalam sektor ekonomi juga,
pemilikan wanita dalam syarikat
Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS)
telah menunjukkan peningkatan
daripada 19.7 peratus (2011) kepada
20.6 peratus (2016) selaras dengan
matlamat Dasar Wanita Negara bagi
menyediakan persekitaran yang
kondusif termasuk kesejahteraan hidup
wanita dalam semua aspek termasuk
fizikal, ekonomi, sosial, politik, kesihatan,
psikologi dan kerohanian.
Economic Sector
In the economic sector, Women's
ownership in Small and Medium
Enterprise (SME) has increased from
19.7 per cent (2011) to 20.6 per cent
(2016) in line with the National Policy on
Women that aims to provide a
conducive environment including
women's well-being in all aspects
including physical, economic, social,
political, health, psychological and
spiritual.
Peratusan ahli parlimen wanita/
Percentage of women parlimentarians
Peratusan ahli parlimen lelaki/
Percentage of male parlimentarian
GENDER DAN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) GENDER AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
19
GENDER DAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (SDG)
Pembangunan mampan sentiasa
diutamakan dalam perancangan
pembangunan Malaysia sejak 1970-an,
dengan penekanan untuk membasmi
kemiskinan, meningkatkan kesejahteraan
rakyat, menyediakan akses universal
kepada pendidikan dan pemeliharaan
alam sekitar.
Memperakui akan peranan wanita,
Malaysia sentiasa komited untuk
mencapai kesaksamaan gender dan
mempromosikan hak wanita dan kanak-
kanak perempuan.
Bagi keseluruhan 17 gol yang terdapat di
dalam Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG) terdapat 3 goals dengan 32 target
yang berkaitan dengan wanita.
Senarai penuh indikator SDG yang
berkaitan wanita disertakan di lampiran.
GENDER AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG)
Sustainable development has been at
the heart of Malaysia’s development
approach since the 1970s, with an
emphasis on eradicating poverty,
improving the well-being of the
people, providing universal access to
education and caring for the
environment.
Recognising the role of women,
Malaysia has consistently shown its
commitment to achieving gender
equality and promoting the rights of
women and girls.
For the overall 17 goals stated in the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
there are 3 goals with 32 goals related
to women.
The full list of SDG indicators related to
women is included in the appendix.
Paparan 10: Goals, target dan Indikator bagi Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) yang
berkaitan dengan wanita Exhibit 10: Goals, target and indikator Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) that related to women
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
20
Paparan 11: Status terkini bagi pencapaian Goal 3 dalam Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), Malaysia Exhibit 11: Current status for Goal 3 in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), Malaysia
Paparan 12: Status terkini bagi pencapaian Goal 5 dalam Sustainable Development Goal’s
(SDGs), Malaysia Exhibit 12: Current status for Goal 5 in Sustainable Development Goal’s (SDGs), Malaysia
Penyertaan wanita dalam ekonomi bertambah baik Economic participation of women has improved
Peratusan wanita dalam peranan kepimpinan dapat ditingkatkan
The proportion of women in leadership roles can be further improved
Insiden kemiskinan ketua isi rumah
(wanita) menurun daripada 0.8
(2014) kepada 0.4 peratus pada
2016
Incidence of poverty for head of
household (women) decreased
from 0.8 (2014) to 0.4 per cent in 2016
Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh
wanita meningkat daripada 53.7
(2014) kepada 54.3 peratus pada
2016
Women labour force participation rate
increased from 53.7 (2014) to 54.3
per cent in 2016
Ahli Parlimen wanita di Dewan Rakyat
meningkat daripada 10.4 (2014) kepada 10.8
pada 2016.
Women parliament representatives in the House of
Representatives increased from 10.4 (2014) to 10.8
per cent in 2016.
Jawatan pengurusan tertinggi dalam
Perkhidmatan Awam yang dipegang oleh
wanita meningkat daripada 33.0 (2014)
kepada 35.8 peratus pada 2016.
A top management positions in the public service
held by women increased from 33.0 (2014) to 35.8
per cent in 2016.
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
STRUKTUR EKONOMI, PENYERTAAN
DALAM AKTIVITI PRODUKTIF DAN
AKSES KEPADA SUMBER ECONOMIC STRUCTURES,
PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE
ACTIVITIES AND
ACCESS TO RESOURCES
21
Jad
ual
1.1
: P
ek
ali G
ini m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
str
ata
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
012,
20
14 d
an
201
6
Ta
ble
1.1
: G
ini co
eff
icie
nt
by s
tate
an
d s
tra
ta,
Ma
laysia
, 20
12
, 2
014
and
201
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2012
2014
2016
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Ban
dar
Urb
an
Lu
ar
B
an
dar
R
ura
l
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Ban
dar
Urb
an
Lu
ar
B
an
dar
R
ura
l
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Ban
dar
Urb
an
Lu
ar
B
an
dar
R
ura
l
Mala
ysia
0
.431
0
.417
0
.382
0
.401
0
.391
0
.355
0.3
99
0.3
89
0.3
64
Johor
0
.383
0
.375
0
.380
0
.324
0
.326
0
.291
0.3
54
0.3
50
0.3
39
Ked
ah
0
.391
0
.391
0
.336
0
.365
0
.365
0
.337
0.3
93
0.3
87
0.3
86
Kela
nta
n
0
.410
0
.416
0
.385
0
.393
0
.391
0
.372
0.3
89
0.3
80
0.3
79
Mela
ka
0
.355
0
.359
0
.312
0
.316
0
.316
0
.286
0.3
37
0.3
34
0.3
72
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
0
.382
0
.390
0
.350
0
.361
0
.362
0
.318
0.3
80
0.3
82
0.3
48
Pah
ang
0
.354
0
.370
0
.301
0
.360
0
.358
0
.332
0.3
24
0.3
27
0.2
91
Pera
k
0
.417
0
.409
0
.405
0
.366
0
.361
0
.351
0.3
62
0.3
59
0.3
45
Perl
is
0
.455
0
.466
0
.403
0
.346
0
.355
0
.322
0.3
27
0.3
35
0.3
10
Pula
u P
inan
g
0
.370
0
.365
0
.371
0
.364
0
.364
0
.314
0.3
56
0.3
56
0.3
24
Sab
ah
0
.427
0
.413
0
.406
0
.387
0
.372
0
.380
0.4
02
0.3
92
0.3
83
Sara
wak
0
.440
0
.414
0
.384
0
.391
0
.366
0
.357
0.3
86
0.3
61
0.3
53
Sela
ngor
0
.396
0
.390
0
.354
0
.379
0
.375
0
.365
0.3
72
0.3
69
0.3
54
Tere
ngganu
0
.426
0
.433
0
.385
0
.360
0
.365
0
.323
0.3
28
0.3
30
0.3
01
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
0
.442
0
.442
n.a
0
.407
0
.407
n.a
0.3
78
0.3
78
n.a
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.383
0
.368
0
.423
0
.385
0
.384
0
.353
0.3
98
0.4
01
0.3
63
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.305
0
.305
n.a
0
.374
0
.374
n.a
0.3
69
0.3
69
n.a
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Pe
nd
ap
ata
n d
an
Ke
mu
dah
an
As
as
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: R
eport
on H
ousehold
Expenditure
Surv
ey M
ala
ysia
, D
OS
M
22
Jad
ual
1.2
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015 d
an
2016
T
ab
le 1
.2: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y s
tate
, sex a
nd
ag
e g
rou
p, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015
and
2016
(‘000)
N
eg
eri
2014
r
Sta
te
15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
1
77.7
7
25.7
9
87.1
8
55.9
6
66.2
5
87.7
5
11.1
3
95.4
2
40.9
1
17.6
Johor
1
6.9
8
0.1
1
03.5
8
9.2
6
8.3
6
2.6
5
1.1
4
4.8
2
5.5
1
2.9
Ked
ah
1
0.7
4
0.4
5
3.4
4
5.0
4
1.4
4
1.5
3
6.5
3
0.3
2
1.0
1
1.3
Kela
nta
n
7
.7
2
8.6
3
4.6
2
9.8
2
9.8
3
1.9
3
3.4
2
8.0
1
8.6
9
.1
Mela
ka
5
.7
2
3.7
2
8.3
2
4.8
1
8.7
1
6.4
1
7.3
1
4.7
8
.3
3
.6
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
4
.0
2
6.2
3
0.4
2
5.2
2
0.4
1
8.6
1
8.2
1
5.1
8
.9
4
.9
Pah
ang
6
.8
3
3.7
3
7.9
3
8.5
2
6.3
2
6.1
2
3.3
2
1.3
1
3.9
6
.6
Pera
k
1
3.0
6
1.5
5
8.2
4
1.7
4
1.8
3
6.5
3
5.8
3
0.6
1
5.8
6
.5
Perl
is
0
.8
5
.8
5
.6
5
.0
3
.9
3
.9
3
.8
2
.9
1
.8
0
.9
Pula
u P
inan
g
8
.3
4
9.6
6
6.9
5
9.5
4
6.8
4
0.2
3
5.5
2
6.0
1
7.4
9
.6
Sab
ah
5
2.5
1
00.0
1
15.0
9
9.2
7
4.5
6
0.0
4
7.2
3
5.4
2
2.4
8
.9
Sara
wak
1
8.5
6
4.3
7
4.9
6
0.6
5
1.1
5
2.5
4
5.8
3
8.7
2
9.4
1
6.8
Sela
ngor
2
2.4
1
47.7
2
71.4
2
37.4
1
68.6
1
34.7
1
07.7
7
0.9
3
8.7
1
7.7
Tere
ngganu
4
.7
2
1.9
2
4.0
2
1.2
1
7.0
1
8.1
1
6.4
1
4.3
7
.9
3
.5
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
5
.0
3
7.7
7
5.7
6
7.6
5
3.0
4
1.6
3
6.6
2
0.5
9
.8
5
.2
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.5
2
.9
2
.6
3
.0
1
.4
1
.5
1
.1
0
.7
0
.5
0
.2
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.1
1
.3
4
.6
8
.1
3
.2
1
.6
1
.4
1
.1
0
.9
-
L
ela
ki/
Me
n
3
20.9
1
,134.3
1
,510.9
1
,331.6
1
,058.9
9
21.1
8
26.4
7
29.2
4
93.2
2
60.9
Johor
3
2.0
1
36.2
1
71.7
1
59.5
1
30.4
1
11.8
1
00.2
8
8.0
6
1.7
3
3.3
Ked
ah
2
3.3
7
2.7
8
3.2
6
9.7
6
1.2
5
7.5
5
6.1
5
1.2
3
4.7
1
8.6
Kela
nta
n
1
5.4
5
5.4
5
6.9
5
0.2
4
0.3
3
8.0
3
9.2
3
7.0
2
6.6
1
4.8
Mela
ka
9
.5
3
4.2
3
9.6
3
2.9
2
5.7
2
2.8
2
2.9
2
2.1
1
5.4
8
.3
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
1
4.0
4
3.7
4
8.0
4
0.9
3
4.7
2
9.2
2
6.9
2
7.5
1
9.0
1
0.8
Pah
ang
1
5.9
6
3.5
7
8.9
7
3.1
5
2.0
4
3.4
4
0.1
3
6.4
2
7.8
1
7.8
Pera
k
2
0.7
8
4.1
9
9.7
7
7.0
6
9.3
6
4.9
6
5.8
6
2.2
4
3.7
2
5.4
Perl
is
2
.0
1
0.2
1
0.2
7
.8
5
.9
5
.2
6
.3
6
.0
4
.5
2
.6
Pula
u P
inan
g
1
2.1
5
7.8
8
0.8
7
4.5
6
1.3
5
6.7
4
9.5
4
1.6
3
0.5
1
4.6
Sab
ah
8
3.6
1
83.1
2
19.2
1
76.8
1
30.0
1
06.2
8
8.2
7
1.6
4
5.5
2
1.7
Sara
wak
3
6.5
1
14.0
1
23.7
1
03.6
8
7.4
8
5.0
7
8.7
6
9.0
5
1.3
3
0.4
Sela
ngor
3
6.9
1
92.2
3
57.5
3
30.2
2
52.3
2
12.0
1
71.4
1
38.8
8
4.7
4
0.4
Tere
ngganu
1
0.9
3
8.3
4
5.6
3
5.7
2
9.2
2
6.9
2
7.0
2
4.9
1
7.8
9
.5
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
7
.3
4
4.9
8
7.6
8
8.9
7
3.8
5
7.2
5
0.4
4
9.5
2
7.5
1
2.2
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.8
3
.2
4
.7
5
.5
3
.1
2
.7
2
.4
2
.1
1
.4
0
.5
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.2
0
.9
3
.6
5
.3
2
.6
1
.7
1
.4
1
.5
0
.9
0
.1
23
Jad
ual
1.2
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015 d
an
2016
(sam
b.)
T
ab
le 1
.2: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y s
tate
, sex a
nd
ag
e g
rou
p, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015
and
2016
(con
t’d
)
(‘000)
N
eg
eri
2015
S
tate
15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
1
63.4
7
13.5
1
,009.2
9
02.3
6
76.6
6
05.7
5
37.3
4
03.0
2
51.3
1
14.1
Johor
1
7.2
8
2.1
9
7.5
9
2.5
7
0.2
6
4.1
5
7.2
4
1.3
2
7.1
1
0.2
Ked
ah
1
0.9
4
6.4
5
7.3
4
8.9
4
1.2
4
0.4
3
8.8
2
9.8
2
2.2
1
0.6
Kela
nta
n
8
.9
3
1.3
3
5.1
3
2.0
2
9.4
3
3.4
3
2.6
2
7.6
1
9.0
8
.7
Mela
ka
5
.7
2
3.3
3
0.6
2
4.5
1
9.0
1
6.6
1
7.7
1
4.0
8
.5
4
.5
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
4
.9
2
2.3
3
1.6
2
4.8
2
1.4
1
9.5
1
8.7
1
5.2
1
0.4
5
.0
Pah
ang
8
.0
3
3.2
4
2.2
4
0.4
2
8.8
2
6.3
2
3.5
2
0.3
1
4.7
6
.4
Pera
k
1
3.0
6
3.9
6
3.9
4
7.8
4
0.5
3
5.9
3
6.9
3
0.3
1
8.1
7
.2
Perl
is
0
.9
5
.9
5
.6
5
.1
4
.1
3
.8
4
.1
3
.6
1
.8
0
.9
Pula
u P
inan
g
7
.2
4
8.0
6
6.8
5
9.7
4
4.3
3
8.0
3
3.6
2
5.3
1
7.8
9
.7
Sab
ah
4
2.1
1
01.0
1
20.1
1
02.8
7
4.5
6
2.4
4
5.3
3
6.8
2
2.2
9
.2
Sara
wak
1
5.4
6
3.3
7
2.7
6
1.3
4
9.2
5
3.1
4
8.1
3
5.9
2
4.4
1
5.1
Sela
ngor
1
9.4
1
34.0
2
82.0
2
58.6
1
79.0
1
51.1
1
25.9
8
3.6
4
2.7
1
6.7
Tere
ngganu
5
.7
2
1.7
2
7.1
2
0.7
1
8.2
1
7.7
1
6.1
1
4.2
7
.9
4
.0
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
3
.6
3
3.7
7
1.2
7
2.0
5
1.3
4
0.2
3
6.3
2
3.7
1
3.3
5
.7
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.5
2
.1
2
.5
3
.2
1
.6
1
.6
1
.1
0
.4
0
.4
0
.2
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
-
1
.3
3
.2
8
.0
3
.9
1
.6
1
.4
1
.0
0
.8
-
L
ela
ki/
Me
n
2
87.1
1
,129.6
1
,521.7
1
,367.6
1
,083.7
9
31.5
8
27.1
7
38.8
5
29.2
2
75.4
Johor
2
6.2
1
30.0
1
68.4
1
59.7
1
33.7
1
14.2
1
02.0
9
0.1
6
5.2
3
3.8
Ked
ah
2
1.2
7
1.1
8
6.4
7
1.2
6
2.5
5
7.6
5
4.2
5
1.4
3
7.7
2
1.8
Kela
nta
n
1
6.7
6
1.8
6
2.7
5
3.4
4
2.1
3
7.4
3
8.5
3
7.0
2
8.5
1
5.8
Mela
ka
8
.7
3
2.4
4
1.2
3
3.4
2
6.9
2
2.9
2
2.5
2
2.4
1
5.7
7
.9
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
9
.4
4
1.8
5
1.9
4
2.3
3
5.9
2
9.3
2
6.6
2
6.3
2
0.5
1
1.0
Pah
ang
1
6.5
6
5.2
7
7.2
7
4.2
5
4.2
4
3.7
3
9.9
3
6.2
2
8.7
1
8.1
Pera
k
1
8.8
8
7.0
1
06.7
7
9.8
6
8.7
6
5.2
6
4.7
6
1.9
4
5.6
2
5.9
Perl
is
2
.1
1
0.5
1
1.2
8
.4
6
.1
5
.0
6
.2
6
.0
4
.4
2
.6
Pula
u P
inan
g
1
0.0
5
6.7
8
1.7
7
5.6
6
1.1
5
7.7
4
9.7
4
2.5
3
2.3
1
6.4
Sab
ah
8
0.7
1
87.2
2
21.4
1
82.7
1
35.3
1
09.8
8
8.4
7
4.0
5
0.4
2
5.1
Sara
wak
2
7.0
1
10.5
1
24.3
1
07.0
8
7.6
8
3.9
7
8.7
7
1.8
5
4.4
3
1.0
Sela
ngor
3
3.4
1
86.3
3
50.0
3
41.8
2
58.3
2
14.0
1
77.4
1
44.0
9
4.8
4
2.2
Tere
ngganu
9
.1
3
9.6
4
7.3
3
8.5
2
9.4
2
6.8
2
6.4
2
4.2
1
7.4
8
.4
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
6
.5
4
6.5
8
3.9
8
8.8
7
5.9
5
9.5
4
8.2
4
7.3
3
1.1
1
4.7
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.7
2
.5
4
.3
5
.7
3
.4
2
.6
2
.3
2
.2
1
.5
0
.6
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.1
0
.5
3
.1
5
.1
2
.5
1
.9
1
.4
1
.5
1
.0
0
.1
24
Jad
ual
1.2
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015 d
an
2016
(sam
b.)
T
ab
le 1
.2: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y s
tate
, sex a
nd
ag
e g
rou
p, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 2
015
and
2016
(con
t’d
)
(‘000)
N
eg
eri
2016
S
tate
15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
1
58.9
7
54.4
1
,068.4
8
79.9
6
90.9
5
97.9
5
25.5
3
96.7
2
52.8
1
08.3
Johor
2
0.2
8
8.0
1
00.1
8
8.9
6
8.6
6
3.2
5
1.2
3
8.0
2
6.2
9
.7
Ked
ah
1
0.1
4
4.2
5
5.2
4
7.4
4
2.1
4
2.0
3
8.4
3
2.9
2
1.6
1
1.2
Kela
nta
n
6
.9
2
9.9
3
5.7
3
0.8
2
8.2
3
0.6
2
9.5
2
4.4
1
8.7
7
.6
Mela
ka
5
.0
2
5.5
2
7.4
2
6.2
1
9.8
1
6.2
1
6.8
1
4.0
8
.3
3
.2
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
4
.3
2
7.3
3
2.8
2
4.2
2
1.3
1
8.0
1
8.5
1
6.1
1
0.4
4
.0
Pah
ang
7
.9
3
1.9
3
9.9
3
9.4
2
8.9
2
8.0
2
4.7
2
0.4
1
4.2
7
.7
Pera
k
1
1.0
5
8.4
6
3.9
4
5.0
4
5.1
3
9.3
3
7.2
3
3.1
1
9.6
9
.5
Perl
is
1
.2
6
.3
5
.7
5
.1
4
.7
3
.9
4
.2
3
.5
2
.0
0
.8
Pula
u P
inan
g
8
.2
5
1.1
6
3.9
5
7.5
4
1.8
3
9.8
3
3.5
2
4.5
1
6.7
7
.8
Sab
ah
4
7.0
1
15.5
1
53.2
9
4.9
7
5.4
5
9.6
4
7.5
3
6.7
2
3.0
9
.3
Sara
wak
1
5.3
6
5.8
7
5.2
5
9.3
4
9.0
4
9.0
4
4.8
3
6.1
2
5.2
1
2.7
Sela
ngor
1
3.1
1
47.2
3
14.3
2
62.4
1
93.7
1
47.7
1
23.9
7
8.1
4
5.2
1
7.4
Tere
ngganu
4
.4
2
5.1
2
7.2
2
0.7
1
8.0
1
7.7
1
5.2
1
5.4
7
.0
3
.2
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
3
.9
3
5.4
6
7.8
6
7.3
4
8.5
3
9.9
3
7.9
2
1.5
1
3.4
3
.9
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.3
1
.9
3
.0
2
.9
1
.9
1
.4
1
.0
0
.9
0
.5
0
.2
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.1
0
.9
3
.1
7
.9
3
.9
1
.6
1
.2
1
.1
0
.8
0
.1
L
ela
ki/
Me
n
2
80.9
1
,146.6
1
,524.9
1
,372.3
1
,094.6
9
41.7
8
38.5
7
47.3
5
24.5
2
58.4
Johor
2
7.2
1
27.6
1
67.8
1
61.2
1
35.1
1
15.8
1
03.7
9
0.6
6
5.3
3
2.1
Ked
ah
1
9.5
7
7.7
8
5.6
7
0.4
6
3.0
5
8.7
5
5.2
5
1.6
3
7.2
2
0.5
Kela
nta
n
1
5.1
5
7.5
6
1.9
5
4.0
4
3.7
3
8.5
3
9.2
3
7.2
2
9.3
1
4.3
Mela
ka
9
.8
3
3.5
3
9.5
3
4.8
2
7.3
2
3.3
2
2.6
2
2.1
1
4.9
7
.2
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
6
.1
4
1.8
5
1.3
4
3.4
3
5.8
2
9.7
2
6.5
2
6.0
1
9.2
1
0.2
Pah
ang
1
4.3
6
0.8
7
8.4
7
5.4
5
4.7
4
3.5
3
9.8
3
6.9
2
8.2
1
7.1
Pera
k
2
2.2
8
2.7
1
05.9
8
0.1
6
9.9
6
5.1
6
4.1
6
0.2
4
8.7
2
7.3
Perl
is
2
.0
1
0.5
1
1.2
8
.4
5
.9
5
.0
6
.0
6
.3
4
.6
2
.9
Pula
u P
inan
g
8
.0
6
1.2
8
0.0
7
6.0
6
1.8
5
6.6
5
0.1
4
3.8
3
0.5
1
4.4
Sab
ah
7
7.5
1
92.7
2
21.7
1
82.3
1
35.4
1
09.3
9
1.7
7
4.5
5
1.7
2
4.7
Sara
wak
3
1.4
1
14.2
1
27.5
1
07.0
8
8.3
8
4.8
7
9.9
7
1.0
5
2.6
2
9.0
Sela
ngor
3
1.1
1
99.6
3
55.4
3
42.6
2
65.1
2
19.7
1
80.8
1
49.8
9
2.6
3
7.8
Tere
ngganu
1
0.9
4
2.9
4
7.8
3
8.2
2
9.3
2
7.7
2
6.0
2
5.1
1
7.9
8
.6
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
4
.9
4
0.2
8
3.5
8
7.8
7
3.5
5
9.4
4
9.2
4
8.6
2
9.1
1
1.7
W.P
. Labua
n
0
.7
2
.9
4
.4
5
.6
3
.2
2
.8
2
.3
2
.1
1
.6
0
.5
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0
.2
0
.8
3
.0
5
.1
2
.6
1
.8
1
.4
1
.5
1
.1
0
.1
r Sta
tis
tik 2
014
dik
em
as
kin
i b
erd
as
ark
an
an
gg
ara
n p
en
du
du
k s
em
asa
ta
hu
n b
erk
en
aa
n
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
T
he 2
014 s
tatistics w
as u
pdate
d b
ased o
n the y
ear's p
opula
tio
n e
stim
ate
s
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
25
Jad
ual
1.3
: In
sid
en
kem
iskin
an
men
gik
ut
jan
tin
a k
etu
a isi ru
mah
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
012,
201
4 d
an
201
6
T
ab
le 1
.3: In
cid
en
ce
of p
ove
rty b
y s
ex o
f h
ea
d o
f h
ouse
ho
ld, M
ala
ysia
, 2
012
, 20
14
an
d 2
01
6
(%
)
Insid
en
kem
iskin
an
In
cid
ence
of
pove
rty
2012
2014
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
MA
LA
YS
IA
2.1
1.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Pe
nd
ap
ata
n d
an
Ke
mu
dah
an
As
as
, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: R
eport
on H
ousehold
Expenditure
Surv
ey M
ala
ysia
, D
OS
M
26
Jad
ual
1.4
: K
ad
ar
pen
ye
rtaan
ten
ag
a b
uru
h (
KP
TB
) m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 20
15 d
an
20
16
T
ab
le 1
.4: L
abo
ur
forc
e p
art
icip
ation
ra
te (
LF
PR
) by s
tate
, sex a
nd
age
gro
up
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4r ,
201
5 a
nd
20
16
(%)
N
eg
eri
Ju
mla
h
2014
r
Sta
te
To
tal
15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
5
3.7
14.9
53.8
71.7
70.2
68.1
64.3
60.5
53.7
39.1
24.9
Johor
5
0.7
12.5
59.3
72.3
65.0
60.9
58.2
51.1
52.0
34.1
22.5
Ked
ah
5
0.7
12.1
49.1
70.7
65.9
68.7
65.5
60.3
54.4
42.8
28.7
Kela
nta
n
4
8.8
9.2
38.1
67.6
63.6
67.1
68.0
71.1
63.2
50.1
32.8
Mela
ka
5
5.3
14.8
51.5
75.6
75.9
74.2
66.9
64.0
63.2
41.0
22.6
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
5
0.5
9.6
54.6
71.8
71.4
62.5
61.3
59.7
51.5
33.2
23.9
Pah
ang
5
0.4
10.5
54.0
67.0
66.8
64.3
63.0
59.2
54.5
41.8
26.0
Pera
k
4
4.1
12.9
57.1
65.3
59.9
61.9
53.4
48.7
43.7
24.8
12.0
Perl
is
4
3.7
8.5
45.7
62.7
64.5
61.0
58.7
54.0
42.3
29.7
17.5
Pula
u P
inan
g
6
1.3
13.3
63.5
83.0
81.0
76.9
70.9
66.9
57.3
43.0
28.8
Sab
ah
5
2.4
29.7
53.2
57.3
62.5
63.3
60.2
59.6
55.1
46.5
29.9
Sara
wak
5
5.1
17.8
56.6
67.4
66.1
63.4
65.5
63.1
60.6
56.8
40.7
Sela
ngor
6
0.5
12.3
55.3
81.0
78.0
74.6
69.0
66.5
53.0
37.2
22.5
Tere
ngganu
4
4.1
9.0
43.0
57.1
63.1
57.0
60.7
56.0
52.5
35.4
22.1
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
5
9.0
10.7
51.5
82.9
77.7
79.3
71.2
61.7
47.0
27.9
18.8
W.P
. Labua
n
4
8.9
16.1
73.5
56.1
56.9
46.1
53.0
47.0
38.6
36.2
25.2
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
8
0.3
4.0
60.0
92.8
94.7
92.9
89.9
85.9
82.0
67.1
9.7
L
ela
ki/ M
en
8
0.6
25.0
74.1
96.1
97.6
97.9
97.5
96.6
93.0
77.6
54.1
Johor
8
2.4
22.4
83.8
97.7
98.0
98.5
96.8
95.5
91.5
79.9
56.5
Ked
ah
7
7.1
22.4
74.2
95.8
97.5
97.0
96.8
96.7
93.1
76.1
50.9
Kela
nta
n
7
1.7
17.3
63.6
93.4
94.2
94.3
95.1
96.9
94.2
80.7
57.5
Mela
ka
7
8.2
22.8
69.4
96.1
97.6
97.7
96.5
97.8
93.9
79.5
54.3
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
7
8.2
26.7
73.9
92.8
97.1
98.3
95.8
94.3
95.2
73.7
51.7
Pah
ang
8
0.3
20.7
75.0
97.1
98.4
98.3
97.7
96.9
94.8
83.6
67.7
Pera
k
7
5.6
19.6
72.7
94.5
97.5
96.4
96.4
93.6
89.1
68.7
48.8
Perl
is
7
6.5
20.3
71.2
93.7
97.2
98.9
95.8
95.7
92.5
80.7
54.8
Pula
u P
inan
g
8
0.6
18.5
73.7
96.5
98.5
98.7
98.0
96.7
90.1
77.0
45.7
Sab
ah
8
5.3
44.6
85.0
98.1
97.5
98.3
98.0
97.3
94.5
81.6
60.8
Sara
wak
8
3.8
32.4
81.4
95.9
98.1
98.1
97.3
98.0
95.7
86.4
67.1
Sela
ngor
8
2.0
18.3
66.4
96.2
97.7
98.2
98.6
96.5
92.3
74.7
49.0
Tere
ngganu
7
6.2
21.3
69.8
93.8
95.4
97.7
97.0
98.2
94.0
81.2
57.4
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
8
0.2
15.2
58.5
93.8
98.0
98.6
98.8
98.6
95.0
70.6
42.1
W.P
. Labua
n
8
6.6
24.4
93.8
98.4
99.2
98.8
99.7
96.5
93.8
85.6
52.0
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
8
3.6
10.5
56.4
98.2
99.4
100.0
95.2
98.6
90.4
78.3
9.6
27
Jad
ual
1.4
: K
ad
ar
pen
ye
rtaan
ten
ag
a b
uru
h (
KP
TB
) m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 20
15 d
an
20
16 (
sam
b.)
Ta
ble
1.4
: L
abo
ur
forc
e p
art
icip
ation
ra
te (
LF
PR
) by s
tate
, sex a
nd
age
gro
up
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4r ,
201
5 a
nd
20
16
(co
nt’d
)
(%)
N
eg
eri
Ju
mla
h
2015
S
tate
T
ota
l 15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
54.1
14.1
53.0
72.4
71.6
67.6
66.6
63.0
53.6
39.3
23.3
Johor
50.9
14.1
62.0
70.7
65.0
60.9
59.8
56.1
46.9
35.0
17.1
Ked
ah
51.9
12.5
52.8
72.7
69.1
67.4
65.0
64.3
52.7
43.7
26.0
Kela
nta
n
49.5
11.4
40.5
62.9
65.9
67.2
72.4
69.7
61.6
49.3
30.3
Mela
ka
55.7
15.9
50.4
79.3
71.8
71.4
70.1
65.6
59.1
40.3
27.4
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
50.6
11.8
47.9
73.0
67.8
65.6
64.0
62.4
50.8
37.7
23.6
Pah
ang
51.6
12.5
52.4
71.1
68.0
68.4
63.8
60.0
52.1
43.1
24.5
Pera
k
45.9
13.3
58.9
67.6
66.0
60.2
56.1
50.5
43.2
27.9
13.1
Perl
is
44.5
9.5
43.5
58.6
61.9
63.4
59.1
58.9
52.1
28.1
17.7
Pula
u P
inan
g
59.0
12.3
61.2
81.7
79.2
72.0
66.7
62.6
54.4
42.5
27.8
Sab
ah
51.2
24.5
52.2
58.1
62.5
61.2
61.8
55.8
55.5
43.4
27.9
Sara
wak
52.4
15.8
53.6
63.9
64.7
61.2
66.1
64.9
54.6
45.6
35.1
Sela
ngor
63.4
9.6
53.1
85.0
82.1
76.3
76.1
75.8
60.4
39.1
21.2
Tere
ngganu
44.2
11.3
41.2
59.5
59.2
59.5
59.4
55.2
50.7
33.8
23.9
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
59.2
8.1
50.5
82.1
80.7
74.2
70.1
60.6
52.6
36.5
19.9
W.P
. Labua
n
45.0
15.6
51.9
54.9
60.4
50.8
55.3
46.0
21.9
28.7
18.9
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
76.3
2.2
62.1
89.6
90.7
92.1
84.2
87.3
71.5
57.1
4.7
L
ela
ki/ M
en
80.6
23.3
74.0
95.9
97.8
97.9
97.3
96.6
92.9
80.2
55.0
Johor
81.5
19.1
79.4
97.2
98.2
98.2
96.9
96.9
92.4
81.0
56.1
Ked
ah
76.8
19.8
72.8
95.7
97.6
96.9
95.9
94.6
92.8
78.8
57.8
Kela
nta
n
74.4
19.0
67.6
95.6
97.1
95.8
94.6
97.1
94.5
84.0
60.7
Mela
ka
77.4
22.4
64.6
96.6
96.6
98.6
96.5
96.4
93.2
79.2
50.3
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
77.9
19.4
73.3
97.7
97.0
98.5
95.4
95.1
93.0
77.3
50.7
Pah
ang
80.6
22.7
76.2
96.4
97.1
98.2
97.1
97.5
94.6
84.1
66.3
Pera
k
76.3
19.6
74.0
94.4
97.6
96.5
95.9
94.2
90.1
71.4
48.5
Perl
is
77.3
21.8
71.7
94.7
97.5
97.1
96.5
97.2
90.6
75.4
54.4
Pula
u P
inan
g
80.6
16.4
71.3
97.6
98.0
97.6
99.1
96.5
89.8
79.3
49.9
Sab
ah
86.1
44.9
86.6
97.5
98.0
98.8
98.8
96.4
95.4
86.0
65.4
Sara
wak
82.7
25.8
79.7
95.3
98.0
97.9
97.5
97.0
96.9
88.4
64.3
Sela
ngor
81.9
16.1
66.6
94.8
98.1
97.7
97.8
97.9
92.4
79.4
48.7
Tere
ngganu
75.1
18.2
69.5
94.1
97.2
96.1
96.6
97.4
92.3
76.2
49.4
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
81.4
15.7
61.9
94.6
98.3
99.2
97.7
95.8
91.3
76.2
50.2
W.P
. Labua
n
83.6
22.3
78.1
98.7
97.5
99.8
95.3
98.1
92.5
79.0
54.4
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
80.7
6.7
44.9
98.4
99.4
100.0
98.9
98.5
90.6
77.6
20.4
28
Jad
ual
1.4
: K
ad
ar
pen
ye
rtaan
ten
ag
a b
uru
h (
KP
TB
) m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 20
15 d
an
20
16 (
sam
b.)
Ta
ble
1.4
: L
abo
ur
forc
e p
art
icip
ation
ra
te (
LF
PR
) by s
tate
, sex a
nd
age
gro
up
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4r ,
201
5 a
nd
20
16
(co
nt’d
)
(%)
N
eg
eri
Ju
mla
h
2016
S
tate
T
ota
l 15−
19
20−
24
25−
29
30−
34
35−
39
40−
44
45−
49
50−
54
55−
59
60−
64
W
an
ita/
Wo
me
n
54.3
13.7
54.9
76.7
69.6
68.8
64.7
61.4
52.2
39.1
21.7
Johor
49.9
15.3
65.5
71.8
62.5
58.7
58.0
50.0
42.6
33.6
16.1
Ked
ah
51.4
12.2
50.0
70.5
66.6
68.1
66.6
63.4
57.4
42.1
27.1
Kela
nta
n
45.8
8.6
39.6
63.2
61.5
63.4
64.3
62.0
53.6
47.5
25.9
Mela
ka
54.0
13.5
53.4
70.4
75.2
73.5
67.2
61.8
57.9
38.8
18.7
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
51.1
10.9
55.1
75.5
65.2
65.0
58.7
60.9
53.6
37.8
18.6
Pah
ang
50.9
13.4
47.7
68.3
65.5
68.4
67.4
62.7
52.0
40.9
29.2
Pera
k
46.7
12.8
54.2
69.6
62.3
67.0
59.4
51.8
47.0
30.1
17.1
Perl
is
46.3
11.8
47.6
59.4
62.2
71.1
59.4
59.7
49.8
31.4
14.6
Pula
u P
inan
g
57.9
13.4
65.7
78.0
76.3
67.4
68.9
62.0
52.8
39.5
22.4
Sab
ah
54.7
26.4
57.9
76.2
56.7
61.2
58.3
58.3
54.6
44.2
27.9
Sara
wak
51.1
15.0
55.4
65.2
62.0
60.1
60.0
59.9
54.6
46.6
28.9
Sela
ngor
65.4
7.1
56.3
94.0
83.4
82.9
73.4
74.5
55.5
40.6
20.9
Tere
ngganu
43.4
8.7
45.0
58.8
58.1
58.1
58.7
50.8
53.8
29.5
18.8
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
57.0
8.6
51.1
75.8
77.1
71.1
68.9
63.1
47.9
36.3
13.5
W.P
. Labua
n
47.8
14.0
61.4
63.1
53.7
56.6
49.1
42.8
43.7
32.8
25.8
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
75.0
6.3
53.4
86.4
88.8
90.9
84.8
78.1
73.7
61.1
16.7
L
ela
ki/ M
en
80.2
22.4
74.1
95.3
97.2
97.9
97.4
96.8
92.9
78.7
51.2
Johor
81.4
19.6
79.7
96.7
97.7
98.8
97.8
97.3
92.0
80.9
52.7
Ked
ah
76.5
19.2
75.5
94.1
96.0
97.0
97.3
95.0
92.6
77.0
53.3
Kela
nta
n
72.2
17.0
62.6
94.5
95.4
95.2
94.8
95.6
92.5
84.6
53.6
Mela
ka
76.6
23.9
65.7
92.1
98.8
98.4
96.9
97.2
91.0
74.4
44.9
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
77.2
14.1
71.5
96.4
99.1
98.6
96.1
94.2
90.6
72.1
46.7
Pah
ang
78.8
19.2
69.6
97.3
97.4
98.5
96.3
96.9
94.8
81.3
62.4
Pera
k
76.1
21.1
68.9
94.9
97.7
97.1
95.8
92.9
87.8
76.1
50.7
Perl
is
76.8
21.1
68.8
92.7
96.6
94.7
96.6
93.7
95.1
79.0
59.1
Pula
u P
inan
g
79.9
13.8
74.7
96.1
97.7
98.7
96.4
97.2
91.6
74.1
44.4
Sab
ah
85.4
41.8
88.5
96.1
97.0
97.5
97.8
97.9
95.0
86.8
63.0
Sara
wak
82.4
28.0
79.7
95.7
97.5
98.0
97.1
97.5
95.1
84.7
59.9
Sela
ngor
82.2
15.2
70.5
95.2
97.2
98.5
98.8
98.5
94.0
76.1
44.0
Tere
ngganu
76.2
23.3
74.8
92.5
96.0
93.4
96.9
94.1
94.0
77.4
49.3
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
78.9
11.6
54.1
92.3
96.7
98.0
98.4
97.5
93.3
71.1
39.6
W.P
. Labua
n
84.9
23.7
88.3
98.0
98.7
97.1
99.1
96.2
94.7
84.1
39.6
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
80.9
8.5
56.5
97.2
99.0
98.8
98.2
100.0
92.2
78.1
15.0
r Sta
tis
tik 2
014
dik
em
as
kin
i b
erd
as
ark
an
an
gg
ara
n p
en
du
du
k s
em
asa
ta
hu
n b
erk
en
aa
n
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
T
he 2
014 s
tatistics w
as u
pdate
d b
ased o
n the y
ear's p
opula
tio
n e
stim
ate
s
Sourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
29
Jad
ual
1.5
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
tara
f p
eke
rjaan
dan
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 20
14
r , 201
5 d
an
201
6
T
ab
le 1
.5: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y s
tatu
s in
em
plo
ym
en
t a
nd
se
x,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
r , 2
01
5 a
nd
20
16
T
ara
f P
ekerj
aan
2014
r
2015
2016
S
tatu
s in
em
plo
ym
en
t
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
('
000)
5,2
65.1
8,5
87.5
5,3
76.7
8,6
91.0
5,4
34.0
8,7
29.7
T
ota
l (%
) 1
00.0
1
00.0
1
00.0
1
00.0
1
00.0
1
00.0
M
ajikan
7
7.9
4
33.7
9
2.2
4
76.4
7
8.5
4
07.8
E
mp
loye
r
1.5
5.0
1.7
5.5
1.4
4.7
P
eke
rja
3,9
55.2
6,4
92.3
3,9
22.5
6,4
73.0
3,9
92.9
6,5
41.3
E
mp
loye
e
7
5.1
7
5.6
7
3.0
7
4.5
7
3.5
7
4.9
B
ek
erj
a s
en
dir
i
8
01.6
1,4
65.5
9
22.0
1,5
54.3
9
45.9
1,5
76.4
O
wn a
cco
un
t w
ork
er
1
5.2
1
7.1
1
7.1
1
7.9
1
7.4
1
8.1
P
eke
rja k
elu
arg
a t
an
pa
gaji
4
30.3
1
96.0
4
40.0
1
87.3
4
16.7
2
04.1
Unp
aid
fa
mily
wo
rke
r
8.2
2.3
8.2
2.2
7.7
2.3
r S
tati
sti
k 2
01
4 d
ikem
as
kin
i b
erd
as
ark
an
an
gg
ara
n p
en
du
du
k s
em
asa
ta
hu
n b
erk
en
aa
n
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
T
he 2
014 s
tatistics w
as u
pdate
d b
ased o
n the y
ear's p
opula
tio
n e
stim
ate
s
Sourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
30
Jad
ual
1.6
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
ind
ustr
i d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 201
5 d
an
201
6
Ta
ble
1.6
: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y in
dustr
y a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4r ,2
01
5 a
nd 2
016
Ind
ustr
i 2014
r
2015
2016
In
dustr
y
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
W
an
ita
L
ela
ki
W
an
ita
L
ela
ki
W
om
en
Me
n
Wo
men
Me
n
Wo
men
Me
n
Ju
mla
h1
('0
00)
5
,265.1
8
,587.5
5
,376.7
8
,691.1
5
,434.0
8
,729.7
T
ota
l
(%
)
1
00.0
1
00.0
100.0
100.0
1
00.0
1
00.0
Pe
rtan
ian
, p
erh
uta
nan
da
n p
eri
kan
an
4
41.7
1
,252.5
4
25.7
1
,328.2
3
71.9
1
,238.0
A
gri
cu
ltu
re,
fore
str
y a
nd
fis
hin
g
8
.4
14.6
7
.9
15.3
6
.8
1
4.2
Pe
rlo
mb
on
gan
dan
pen
gku
ari
an
17.8
66.9
17.3
87.1
2
0.3
7
6.0
M
inin
g a
nd
qu
arr
yin
g
0
.3
0
.8
0
.3
1
.0
0
.4
0
.9
Pem
bu
ata
n
8
90.3
1
,482.2
8
84.3
1
,438.3
9
29.4
1
,461.3
M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g
16.9
17.3
16.4
16.5
1
7.1
1
6.7
Beka
lan
ele
ktr
ik, g
as, w
ap
dan
pen
din
gin
ud
ara
12.4
53.1
10.3
51.5
1
4.8
6
3.1
E
lectr
icity, g
as,
ste
am
and
air
co
nditio
nin
g s
up
ply
0
.2
0
.6
0
.2
0
.6
0
.3
0
.7
Beka
lan
air
; p
em
ben
tun
gan
, p
en
gu
rus
an
sis
a d
an
akti
vit
i p
em
ulih
an
13.0
68.2
10.9
61.2
1
0.8
6
5.6
W
ate
r su
pp
ly;
se
wera
ge
, w
aste
ma
na
ge
me
nt
and
re
me
dia
tion
activitie
s
0
.2
0
.8
0
.2
0
.7
0
.2
0
.8
Pem
bin
aan
1
06.9
1
,170.8
1
14.3
1
,195.6
1
12.7
1
,139.0
C
on
str
uctio
n
2
.0
13.6
2
.1
13.8
2
.1
1
3.0
Pe
rdag
an
gan
bo
ron
g d
an
ru
ncit
; p
em
baik
an
ken
dera
an
berm
oto
r d
an
mo
tosik
al
9
03.6
1
,420.8
9
61.0
1
,400.5
9
96.0
1
,432.5
W
ho
lesale
an
d r
eta
il tr
ade
; re
pa
ir o
f m
oto
r ve
hic
les a
nd
mo
torc
ycle
s
17.2
16.5
17.9
16.1
1
8.3
1
6.4
Pen
gan
gku
tan
dan
pen
yim
pan
an
87.0
5
11.3
82.2
532.9
8
8.7
5
41.7
T
ran
sp
ort
ation
and
sto
rage
1
.7
6
.0
1
.5
6
.1
1
.6
6
.2
Pen
gin
ap
an
dan
akti
vit
i p
erk
hid
mata
n m
ak
an
an
dan
min
um
an
5
70.2
5
79.1
5
67.9
583.0
6
33.0
6
27.7
A
cco
mm
od
atio
n a
nd f
ood
and b
eve
rag
e s
erv
ice
activitie
s
10.8
6
.7
10.6
6
.7
1
1.6
7
.2
Maklu
mat
dan
ko
mu
nik
asi
77.2
1
36.0
72.5
141.7
6
4.3
1
44.4
I
nfo
rma
tio
n a
nd
co
mm
un
ica
tio
n
1
.5
1
.6
1
.3
1
.6
1
.2
1
.7
31
Jad
ual
1.6
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
ind
ustr
i d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 201
5 d
an
201
6 (
sam
b.)
T
ab
le 1
.6: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y in
dustr
y a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4r ,2
01
5 a
nd 2
016
(co
nt'd)
In
du
str
i
2014
r
2015
2016
I
nd
ustr
y
Wan
ita
Lela
ki
Wan
ita
Lela
ki
W
an
ita
Lela
ki
Wo
me
n
Me
n
Wo
me
n
Me
n
Wo
me
n
Me
n
Akti
vit
i kew
an
gan
dan
in
su
ran
s/t
akafu
l
(
'000)
1
82.5
1
46.6
1
92.4
162.0
1
88.3
1
58.6
F
inan
cia
l an
d in
su
rance
/ta
ka
ful activitie
s
(%
)
3.5
1
.7
3
.6
1
.9
3
.5
1
.8
Akti
vit
i h
art
an
ah
32.4
47.3
30.4
40.9
3
6.7
4
5.7
R
ea
l esta
te a
ctivitie
s
0
.6
0
.6
0
.6
0
.5
0
.7
0
.5
Akti
vit
i p
rofe
sio
nal,
sain
tifi
k d
an
tekn
ikal
1
65.9
1
62.8
1
72.4
186.9
1
75.9
1
85.9
P
rofe
ssio
na
l, s
cie
ntific a
nd
tech
nic
al a
ctivitie
s
3
.2
1
.9
3
.2
2
.2
3
.2
2
.1
Akti
vit
i p
en
tad
bir
an
dan
kh
idm
at
so
ko
ng
an
2
18.9
4
35.4
2
26.9
407.9
2
21.3
4
35.7
A
dm
inis
tra
tive
an
d s
upp
ort
serv
ice
activitie
s
4
.2
5
.1
4
.2
4
.7
4
.1
5
.0
Pen
tad
bir
an
aw
am
dan
pert
ah
an
an
; akti
vit
i kes
ela
mata
n s
osia
l w
ajib
2
30.8
5
10.9
2
33.8
517.2
2
28.5
5
19.7
P
ub
lic a
dm
inis
tra
tio
n a
nd
de
fen
ce;
co
mpu
lso
ry socia
l se
curi
ty
4
.4
5
.9
4
.3
6
.0
4
.2
6
.0
Pen
did
ikan
5
88.4
2
83.0
6
12.8
286.2
6
19.4
3
09.2
E
du
cation
11.2
3
.3
11.4
3
.3
1
1.4
3
.5
Akti
vit
i kesih
ata
n k
em
an
usia
an
dan
ke
rja s
osia
l
4
32.3
1
00.5
4
63.0
110.0
4
54.6
1
15.8
H
um
an
he
alth
an
d s
ocia
l w
ork
activitie
s
8
.2
1
.2
8
.6
1
.3
8
.4
1
.3
Kesen
ian
, h
ibu
ran
dan
re
kre
asi
36.3
57.8
29.5
52.2
3
1.2
4
9.7
A
rts,
en
tert
ain
me
nt a
nd
re
cre
atio
n
0
.7
0
.7
0
.5
0
.6
0
.6
0
.6
Akti
vit
i p
erk
hid
mata
n lain
1
05.7
93.4
1
33.1
100.0
1
17.2
1
13.5
O
the
r se
rvic
e a
ctivitie
s
2
.0
1
.1
2
.5
1
.2
2
.2
1
.3
Akti
vit
i is
i ru
mah
seb
ag
ai m
ajik
an
1
50.8
8
.2
1
35.7
6
.6
1
18.7
6
.0
Activitie
s o
f ho
use
hold
s a
s e
mp
loye
rs
2
.9
0
.1
2
.5
0
.1
2
.2
0
.1
r Sta
tis
tik
201
4 d
ike
ma
sk
ini b
erd
as
ark
an
an
gg
ara
n p
en
du
du
k s
em
asa
ta
hu
n b
erk
en
aa
n
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
T
he 2
014 s
tatistics w
as u
pdate
d b
ased o
n t
he y
ear's p
opula
tio
n e
stim
ate
s
Sourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
1 J
um
lah
te
rma
su
k b
ilan
ga
n p
en
du
du
k b
ek
erj
a b
ag
i a
kti
vit
i b
ad
an
da
n p
ert
ub
uh
an
lu
ar
wila
ya
h
T
ota
l in
clu
des n
um
ber
of
em
plo
yed p
ers
ons in
activitie
s o
f extr
ate
rritoria
l org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd b
odie
s
32
Jad
ual
1.7
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a s
en
dir
i m
en
gik
ut
ne
geri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
016
T
ab
le 1
.7: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s a
s o
wn a
cco
un
t w
ork
ers
by s
tate
and
se
x, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–20
16
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 801.6
1,4
65.5
922.0
1,5
54.3
945.9
1,5
76.4
Johor
75.8
152.1
87.2
171.3
71.5
146.7
Ked
ah
70.0
134.9
79.3
144.7
76.7
154.3
Kela
nta
n
73.4
119.8
76.4
113.0
67.3
122.6
Mela
ka
26.6
35.6
25.0
34.0
23.5
41.4
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
26.0
59.8
28.2
58.3
30.9
58.5
Pah
ang
45.6
95.9
46.9
107.3
47.8
103.5
Pera
k
44.9
134.8
53.3
135.6
53.5
135.2
Perl
is
6.6
20.4
7.5
21.1
6.3
19.1
Pula
u P
inan
g
46.8
58.1
39.2
60.3
34.8
57.6
Sab
ah
102.5
226.4
104.7
246.4
134.9
220.7
Sara
wak
76.1
125.3
73.5
137.9
71.9
137.5
Sela
ngor
142.9
195.6
234.2
206.1
257.9
254.0
Tere
ngganu
31.9
59.3
31.3
58.0
30.4
62.4
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
29.9
44.7
33.2
56.7
36.6
58.2
W.P
. Labua
n
1.7
2.5
1.3
2.7
1.3
3.6
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.6
1.2
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
33
Jad
ual
1.8
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a s
eb
ag
ai m
ajik
an
me
ng
iku
t n
eg
eri
d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
T
ab
le 1
.8: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s a
s e
mp
loye
r b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 77.9
433.7
92.2
476.4
78.5
407.8
Johor
6.4
41.4
7.1
47.8
7.4
44.7
Ked
ah
5.4
27.1
4.7
21.4
4.1
21.3
Kela
nta
n
2.6
12.9
4.3
17.7
3.7
16.8
Mela
ka
3.8
17.1
3.1
12.6
2.1
10.9
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
2.2
14.5
2.4
13.1
2.1
9.7
Pah
ang
6.5
25.0
7.0
26.8
5.7
29.4
Pera
k
4.4
30.3
4.5
31.0
3.4
31.1
Perl
is
0.6
3.5
0.5
3.0
0.4
1.7
Pula
u P
inan
g
4.7
30.0
4.8
25.6
4.6
24.1
Sab
ah
10.1
39.5
9.1
39.0
6.1
33.7
Sara
wak
6.7
25.9
5.8
29.3
4.3
23.3
Sela
ngor
18.1
118.4
26.6
149.9
25.3
111.4
Tere
ngganu
2.3
12.3
3.3
10.8
3.5
12.0
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
4.0
34.6
8.6
46.9
5.6
36.7
W.P
. Labua
n
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.6
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.0
0.3
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
34
Jad
ual
1.9
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a d
i s
ekto
r p
ert
an
ian
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
01
6
T
ab
le 1
.9: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s in
ag
ricu
ltu
re s
ecto
r, b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 4
41.7
1,2
52.5
4
25.7
1,3
28.2
3
71.9
1,2
38.0
Johor
20.7
1
21.0
19.0
1
22.5
15.1
86.6
Ked
ah
27.9
91.4
23.3
95.6
20.6
93.4
Kela
nta
n
38.2
71.3
29.3
66.6
20.1
59.4
Mela
ka
3.2
13.9
3.3
12.7
3.5
14.6
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
8.9
39.3
9.6
39.9
5.6
36.6
Pah
ang
24.0
1
30.5
27.0
1
35.8
28.8
1
23.0
Pera
k
14.3
1
00.2
15.3
1
06.2
12.4
98.8
Perl
is
1.1
12.2
1.4
11.2
1.1
11.2
Pula
u P
inan
g
2.0
15.1
0.5
11.6
0.5
9.9
Sab
ah
1
52.6
3
89.7
1
75.5
4
50.2
1
58.8
4
22.7
Sara
wak
1
32.4
1
99.2
1
06.0
1
98.4
96.1
2
05.0
Sela
ngor
8.5
33.9
7.8
40.8
5.1
36.8
Tere
ngganu
7.7
33.4
7.5
34.6
4.0
38.0
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.3
W.P
. Labua
n
-
0.8
0.1
1.5
0.1
1.7
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
-
-
-
-
-
-
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
35
Jad
ual
1.1
0:
Pen
du
du
k b
ekerj
a d
i sekto
r p
erk
hid
mata
n m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
Ta
ble
1.1
0:
Em
plo
ye
d p
ers
ons in
se
rvic
es s
ecto
r by s
tate
and
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 3,8
08.3
4,6
15.2
3,9
35.0
4,6
41.9
3,9
99.7
4,8
15.4
Johor
390.3
496.4
391.9
494.6
378.7
536.5
Ked
ah
223.0
274.2
236.4
273.6
246.3
286.5
Kela
nta
n
180.4
199.0
190.9
218.1
187.3
215.6
Mela
ka
118.5
132.7
120.5
136.0
118.6
136.2
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
133.9
170.7
132.2
171.0
142.9
171.4
Pah
ang
182.7
215.6
184.9
224.2
186.5
235.4
Pera
k
254.1
315.0
262.4
328.0
276.2
346.7
Perl
is
28.7
35.0
28.5
37.2
30.7
36.7
Pula
u P
inan
g
218.7
275.9
219.9
270.3
216.0
266.9
Sab
ah
393.8
469.1
387.7
455.3
430.1
496.8
Sara
wak
269.7
337.1
280.4
341.3
284.7
353.9
Sela
ngor
944.8
1,1
38.4
1,0
23.5
1,1
24.9
1,0
38.2
1,1
59.6
Tere
ngganu
116.4
134.8
120.5
134.9
126.5
146.9
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
318.6
389.0
322.7
402.2
304.4
395.0
W.P
. Labua
n
12.9
15.4
11.7
14.6
12.1
15.5
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
21.7
16.9
20.9
15.6
20.5
15.9
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
36
Jad
ual
1.1
1:
Pen
dap
ata
n i
si ru
mah
ka
sar
bu
lan
an
pen
en
gah
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a k
etu
a i
si ru
mah
, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4 d
an
20
16
T
ab
le 1
.11
: M
ed
ian
mo
nth
ly h
ou
seh
old
gro
ss inco
me
by s
tate
an
d s
ex o
f h
ead
of h
ouse
ho
ld,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
an
d 2
01
6
(R
M)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2016
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Ju
mla
h/
Tota
l
4,5
85
3,7
40
4,7
31
5,2
28
4,1
45
5,4
55
Johor
5,1
97
4,3
46
5,3
15
5,6
52
4,3
76
5,8
24
Ked
ah
3,4
51
2,7
26
3,5
86
3,8
11
2,7
58
3,9
55
Kela
nta
n
2,7
16
2,2
68
2,8
20
3,0
79
2,5
71
3,1
91
Mela
ka
5,0
29
4,3
70
5,1
37
5,5
88
4,1
42
5,8
73
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
4,1
28
3,2
34
4,3
05
4,5
79
3,5
12
4,8
12
Pah
ang
3,3
89
3,0
56
3,4
43
3,9
79
3,6
12
4,0
40
Pera
k
3,4
51
2,7
27
3,6
00
4,0
06
3,1
72
4,1
94
Perl
is
3,5
00
3,0
03
3,5
58
4,2
04
3,2
54
4,3
04
Pula
u P
inan
g
4,7
02
3,9
03
4,8
59
5,4
09
4,1
11
5,7
67
Sab
ah
3,7
45
3,2
54
3,8
56
4,1
10
3,4
63
4,1
44
Sara
wak
3,7
78
3,1
36
3,9
07
4,1
63
3,3
81
4,3
44
Sela
ngor
6,2
14
5,4
55
6,3
76
7,2
25
6,2
31
7,4
21
Tere
ngganu
3,7
77
3,1
46
3,8
88
4,6
94
4,0
06
4,7
82
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
7,6
20
6,6
95
7,8
50
9,0
73
7,6
40
9,3
67
W.P
. Labua
n
5,6
84
4,4
59
5,9
27
5,9
28
5,4
96
6,0
05
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
7,5
12
5,9
98
7,5
91
8,2
75
5,2
32
8,7
06
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Pe
nd
ap
ata
n I
si
Ru
ma
h, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: H
ousehold
Incom
e S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
37
Jad
ual
1.1
2:
Pen
du
du
k b
ekerj
a s
eb
ag
ai p
en
gu
rus m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
01
6
Ta
ble
1.1
2:
Em
plo
ye
d p
ers
ons a
s m
an
ag
ers
by s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 147.8
516.6
161.9
556.7
134.4
524.1
Johor
8.8
47.1
10.4
48.2
11.3
50.3
Ked
ah
5.6
25.1
4.4
19.0
4.6
21.7
Kela
nta
n
1.6
8.1
2.0
10.1
2.4
10.4
Mela
ka
3.5
13.5
3.8
11.6
2.9
10.8
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
4.5
17.6
3.8
16.8
4.2
15.3
Pah
ang
3.3
10.6
4.0
13.9
2.9
16.5
Pera
k
5.7
30.0
7.5
29.7
6.3
35.4
Perl
is
0.9
2.5
0.4
2.2
0.5
1.7
Pula
u P
inan
g
13.6
37.7
9.4
31.6
11.5
37.1
Sab
ah
12.2
43.6
10.9
42.2
8.4
46.9
Sara
wak
7.8
34.6
6.7
32.9
3.9
25.6
Sela
ngor
59.3
179.1
77.0
223.0
54.9
181.4
Tere
ngganu
2.3
9.5
2.5
9.1
3.5
11.8
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
17.2
54.8
17.2
63.4
16.6
57.0
W.P
. Labua
n
0.4
1.1
0.3
1.1
0.4
1.3
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.7
0.2
0.9
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
38
Jad
ual
1.1
3:
Pen
du
du
k b
ekerj
a s
eb
ag
ai p
rofe
sio
nal d
an
pe
kerj
a t
ekn
ikal
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–
201
6
Ta
ble
1.1
3:
Em
plo
ye
d p
ers
ons a
s p
rofe
ssio
nals
an
d te
ch
nic
al w
ork
ers
by s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
('000)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
/ T
ota
l 1,2
18
.1
1,5
25
.7
1,3
02
.3
1,5
66
.7
1,4
25
.4
1,7
83
.3
Johor
1
28
.0
1
81
.5
1
19
.4
1
67
.2
1
28
.3
1
80
.2
Ked
ah
61
.2
72
.8
65
.3
72
.0
74
.4
82
.9
Kela
nta
n
48
.7
41
.3
50
.9
46
.4
56
.9
53
.6
Mela
ka
37
.4
43
.5
41
.4
52
.6
43
.9
51
.5
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
40
.7
51
.6
40
.8
52
.4
47
.5
61
.0
Pah
ang
46
.2
52
.6
49
.5
54
.0
58
.2
64
.3
Pera
k
71
.8
82
.7
75
.1
96
.4
92
.6
1
09
.3
Perl
is
7.8
6.9
8.1
8.2
10
.6
10
.0
Pula
u P
inan
g
78
.8
1
06
.5
89
.5
1
12
.7
99
.0
1
19
.4
Sab
ah
84
.5
90
.2
93
.6
96
.9
96
.0
1
11
.3
Sara
wak
74
.4
94
.3
83
.6
1
00
.6
91
.5
1
21
.9
Sela
ngor
3
76
.0
5
02
.6
4
20
.7
5
11
.3
4
46
.6
5
91
.6
Tere
ngganu
33
.1
40
.9
34
.7
41
.3
40
.8
47
.2
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
1
18
.2
1
46
.5
1
18
.9
1
40
.7
1
24
.5
1
63
.5
W.P
. Labua
n
3.0
4.9
2.8
6.1
3.5
5.9
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
8.5
6.9
7.8
8.0
11
.1
9.9
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
39
Jad
ual
1.1
4:
Kad
ar
pen
ga
ng
gu
ran
men
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
r , 20
15 d
an
20
16
Ta
ble
1.1
4:
Une
mp
loym
en
t ra
te b
y a
ge
gro
up
and
se
x,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
r , 20
15
an
d 2
016
(%)
Ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r 2014
r
2015
2016
A
ge
gro
up
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
15–1
9
13.7
12.7
15.6
15.8
16.5
15.6
20–2
4
10.2
7.4
10.9
8.3
10.3
8.3
25–2
9
4.0
2.8
4.2
3.0
5.3
3.4
30–3
4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.0
35–3
9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.0
1.4
40–4
4
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.9
0.6
1.1
45–4
9
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.9
1.1
50–5
4
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.7
55–5
9
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
60–6
4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
-
0.5
r Sta
tis
tik 2
014
dik
em
as
kin
i b
erd
as
ark
an
an
gg
ara
n p
en
du
du
k s
em
asa
ta
hu
n b
erk
en
aa
n
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
T
he
20
14 s
tatistics w
as u
pd
ate
d b
ased
on
th
e y
ea
r's p
op
ula
tio
n e
stim
ate
s
Sourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
40
Jad
ual
1.1
5:
Pu
rata
gaji
dan
up
ah
bu
lan
an
peke
rja m
en
gik
ut
pek
erj
aan
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–20
16
Ta
ble
1.1
5:
Me
an
mo
nth
ly s
ala
rie
s a
nd w
ag
es o
f e
mp
loye
es b
y o
ccu
pa
tio
n a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
(R
M)
P
eke
rja
an
2014
2015
2016
Occu
pation
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
J
um
lah
2
,125
2
,232
2
,254
2
,345
2
,398
2
,500
T
ota
l
P
en
gu
rus
5
,582
6
,851
5
,317
7
,174
6
,345
7
,235
M
an
ag
ers
P
rofe
sio
na
l
3
,949
4
,982
4
,152
5
,464
4
,221
5
,471
P
rofe
ssio
na
ls
J
uru
tekn
ik d
an
pro
fes
ion
al b
ers
eku
tu
2
,809
3
,020
2
,891
3
,098
2
,835
3
,161
T
echn
icia
ns a
nd
asso
cia
te p
rofe
ssio
na
ls
P
eke
rja s
oko
ng
an
pe
rkera
nia
n
1
,856
2
,160
1
,934
2
,195
2
,014
2
,365
C
lerica
l su
ppo
rt w
ork
ers
P
eke
rja p
erk
hid
mata
n d
an
ju
ala
n
1
,204
1
,777
1
,261
1
,849
1
,308
1
,867
S
erv
ice
an
d s
ale
s w
ork
ers
P
eke
rja m
ah
ir p
ert
an
ian
, p
erh
uta
nan
, p
en
tern
ak
an
dan
peri
kan
an
7
85
1
,405
1
,013
1
,535
1
,107
1
,613
S
kill
ed
ag
ricu
ltu
ral, f
ore
str
y,
livesto
ck a
nd
fis
he
ry w
ork
ers
P
eke
rja k
em
ah
iran
da
n p
ekerj
a p
ert
ukan
gan
ya
ng
berk
ait
an
9
29
1
,586
1
,160
1
,646
1
,273
1
,725
C
raft a
nd r
ela
ted
tra
des w
ork
ers
O
pera
tor
me
sin
dan
lo
ji, d
an
pem
asan
g
1
,292
1
,593
1
,256
1
,622
1
,295
1
,767
P
lan
t an
d m
ach
ine
-ope
rato
rs,
an
d a
sse
mb
lers
P
eke
rja
an
as
as
8
32
1
,193
9
02
1
,276
9
74
1
,345
E
lem
en
tary
occup
atio
ns
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Ga
ji &
Up
ah
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: W
ages S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
41
Jad
ual
1.1
6:
Pe
ratu
s p
en
gg
un
a in
tern
et
men
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
01
6
Ta
ble
1.1
6:
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
inte
rne
t use
rs b
y a
ge g
rou
p a
nd
se
x,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
(%)
Ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r A
ge
gro
up
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Baw
ah
15
Und
er
15
1.7
1.6
1.5
* 0.3
*
0.2
**
0.3
*
15–1
9
16.2
12.3
16.5
13.3
13.7
11.9
20–2
4
26.1
22.8
22.9
21.4
23.0
20.3
25–2
9
19.4
19.2
14.1
17.7
16.7
16.7
30–3
4
12.1
13.8
14.0
13.9
16.2
14.9
35–3
9
8.9
8.5
11.2
10.2
9.4
11.3
40–4
4
6.2
8.1
7.2
7.8
7.5
8.3
45–4
9
4.5
4.7
4.8
6.2
5.7
6.6
50–5
4
3.0
4.3
4.6
4.9
3.3
3.9
55–5
9
1.4
* 2.6
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.5
60–6
4
0.5
* 1.0
*
1.0
* 1.4
1.2
* 1.6
65 d
an
leb
ih
65
and
ove
r
0.2
**
0.9
*
0.5
* 0.7
*
0.7
* 1.5
*Pe
rlu
dig
un
ak
an
de
ng
an
berh
ati
-ha
ti k
era
na r
ala
t p
ers
am
pe
lan
ya
ng
tin
gg
i S
um
be
r: S
uru
ha
nja
ya
Ko
mu
nik
as
i d
an
Mu
ltim
ed
ia M
ala
ys
ia
Should
be u
sed w
ith c
autio
n d
ue to h
igh s
am
plin
g e
rror
S
ourc
e: M
ala
ysia
n C
om
munic
ations a
nd M
ultim
edia
Com
mis
sio
n
**D
ian
gg
ap
te
rla
lu t
ida
k b
ole
h d
ipe
rca
ya
i u
ntu
k k
eg
un
aan
um
um
ke
ran
a r
ala
t p
ers
am
pe
lan
ya
ng
tin
gg
i
Consid
ere
d too u
nre
liable
for
genera
l use d
ue t
o r
eally
hig
h s
am
plin
g e
rror
Ju
mla
h c
am
pu
ran
mu
ng
kin
be
rbe
za
ke
ran
a p
em
bu
nd
ara
n
Th
e a
dded t
ota
l m
ay d
iffe
r due to r
oundin
g
42
Jad
ual
1.1
7:
Pe
ratu
s p
en
gg
un
a t
ele
fon
bim
bit
men
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
Ta
ble
1.1
7:
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
mob
ile p
hon
e u
se
rs b
y a
ge
gro
up a
nd
se
x,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
(%)
Ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r A
ge
gro
up
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Baw
ah
15
Under
15
2.8
1.1
*
2.3
0.9
*
0.5
* 0.7
15–1
9
11.1
10.3
11.1
10.4
11.4
10.2
20–2
4
18.8
18.7
20.6
17.1
17.6
15.6
25–2
9
15.6
16.9
13.8
17.1
13.3
15.1
30–3
4
12.9
12.5
13.0
13.5
13.1
12.4
35–3
9
9.8
10.1
9.6
10.8
8.3
10.5
40–4
4
8.7
7.9
7.7
7.7
8.1
8.5
45–4
9
7.8
6.7
6.2
7.2
7.7
7.6
50–5
4
4.4
4.8
5.7
4.8
6.3
6.5
55–5
9
4.6
4.8
4.0
3.8
5.3
4.4
60–6
4
1.5
3.7
2.9
3.5
4.2
4.5
65 d
an
leb
ih
65 a
nd o
ver
1.9
2.5
3.1
3.1
4.2
4.5
*Pe
rlu
dig
un
ak
an
de
ng
an
berh
ati
-ha
ti k
era
na r
ala
t p
ers
am
pe
lan
ya
ng
tin
gg
i S
um
be
r: S
uru
ha
nja
ya
Ko
mu
nik
as
i d
an
Mu
ltim
ed
ia M
ala
ys
ia
Should
be u
sed w
ith c
autio
n d
ue to h
igh s
am
plin
g e
rror
S
ourc
e: M
ala
ysia
n C
om
munic
ations a
nd M
ultim
edia
Com
mis
sio
n
Ju
mla
h c
am
pu
ran
mu
ng
kin
be
rbe
za
ke
ran
a p
em
bu
nd
ara
n
T
he a
dded t
ota
l m
ay d
iffe
r due to r
oundin
g
43
Jad
ual
1.1
8:
Pe
ratu
s k
etu
a isi
rum
ah
men
gik
ut
pera
lata
n y
an
g d
imilik
i, M
ala
ysia
, 20
12,
201
4 d
an
2016
Ta
ble
1.1
8:
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
he
ad
of
ho
use
hold
by ite
m o
wne
d, M
ala
ysia
, 2
012
, 20
14
an
d 2
01
6
(%)
Ketu
a isi
rum
ah
H
ea
d o
f h
ouse
ho
ld
2012
2014
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Rad
io/ H
i-fi
63.6
69.9
78.2
84.0
83.5
90.3
Tele
vis
yen
96.2
97.9
96.8
97.9
98.3
96.9
T
ele
vis
ion
Lan
gg
an
an
In
tern
et
di ru
mah
31.0
40.1
38.4
45.4
67.3
77.7
S
ub
scri
ptio
n o
f In
tern
et
at h
om
e
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Pe
nd
ap
ata
n d
an
Ke
mu
dah
an
As
as
, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: R
eport
on H
ousehold
Expenditure
Surv
ey M
ala
ysia
, D
OS
M
44
Jad
ual
1.1
9:
Nis
bah
tan
gg
un
gan
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014–2
016
T
ab
le 1
.19
: D
epe
nd
en
cy r
atio
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Nis
bah
tan
gg
un
gan
D
ep
en
de
ncy r
atio
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h
44.8
44.5
4
4.0
T
ota
l
Um
ur
mu
da
36.7
36.0
35.3
Y
ou
ng
ag
e
Um
ur
tua
8.2
8.4
8.7
O
ld a
ge
S
um
be
r: A
ng
ga
ran
Pe
nd
ud
uk
Se
mas
a, M
ala
ys
ia,
20
16
& 2
01
7,
DO
SM
Sourc
e: C
urr
ent
Popula
tio
n E
stim
ate
s, M
ala
ysia
, 2016 &
2017, D
OS
M
45
Jad
ual
1.2
0:
Bilan
gan
kan
ak
-kan
ak d
i b
aw
ah
task
a b
erd
aft
ar
Jab
ata
n K
eb
aji
kan
Masya
rak
at
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–
201
6
Ta
ble
1.2
0:
Num
be
r o
f ch
ildre
n w
ith
re
gis
tere
d c
hild
ca
re c
en
tre
De
pa
rtm
en
t of
Socia
l W
elfa
re b
y s
tate
an
d a
ge
gro
up,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
0–3
3–4
4–6
0–3
3–
4
4–6
0–
3
3–4
4–6
Mala
ysia
34,8
52
27,2
23
6,3
57
38,1
34
29,3
05
6,8
30
43,2
21
33,8
94
7,6
09
Johor
2,1
36
1,7
91
397
2,3
50
1,9
69
413
2,5
19
2,1
21
433
Ked
ah
2,4
70
1,7
53
256
2,5
09
1,7
86
259
2,6
64
2,0
64
259
Kela
nta
n
1,3
16
818
137
1,3
26
818
137
1,4
62
909
138
Mela
ka
1,1
89
617
199
1,4
67
776
271
1,6
95
892
373
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
1,4
09
638
440
1,8
71
716
461
2,0
08
831
539
Pah
ang
2,7
05
1,4
01
272
2,9
67
1,5
24
328
3,3
04
1,8
53
384
Pera
k
2,7
53
2,3
28
665
2,8
21
2,3
78
679
3,1
47
2,6
96
738
Perl
is
398
195
62
423
206
62
508
268
68
Pula
u P
inan
g
1,6
20
2,0
66
0
1,7
50
2,2
00
0
1,9
86
2,4
94
0
Sab
ah
2,2
06
2,9
11
338
2,7
08
3,2
64
349
3,3
20
3,7
49
485
Sara
wak
1,4
03
1,0
97
119
1,5
33
1,1
98
149
1,7
04
1,4
07
199
Sela
ngor
8,6
77
6,6
83
2,8
50
9,5
12
7,4
07
3,0
62
10,3
42
8,1
43
3,2
49
Tere
ngganu
2,2
40
1,2
90
161
4,3
72
3,5
45
437
2,8
66
1,6
21
191
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
4,1
40
3,4
51
407
2,3
17
1,3
20
162
5,4
39
4,5
62
484
W.P
. Labua
n
190
184
54
208
198
61
257
284
69
Su
mb
er:
Ja
ba
tan
Ke
ba
jik
an
Ma
sya
rak
at
Sourc
e: D
epart
ment
of S
ocia
l W
elfare
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
PENDIDIKAN EDUCATION
47
Jad
ual
2.1
: K
ad
ar
lite
rasi
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
, ja
nti
na d
an
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.1
: L
ite
racy r
ate
by s
tate
, sex a
nd
ag
e g
rou
p, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014–
20
16
(%)
Neg
eri
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
S
tate
W
om
en
Me
n
W
om
en
Me
n
W
om
en
Me
n
15–2
4
15–
64
15–2
4
15–6
4
15–2
4
15–6
4
15–
24
15–6
4
15–2
4
15–6
4
15–2
4
15–6
4
Mala
ysia
97.7
95.9
97.4
97.3
97.5
95.8
96.4
96.8
97.8
96.3
97.4
97.2
Johor
99.1
98.0
99.1
98.8
99.0
97.2
97.7
98.0
99.6
97.8
99.0
98.5
K
edah
97.4
95.7
98.7
98.1
97.6
96.2
96.5
96.9
98.4
96.8
97.4
97.2
K
ela
nta
n
98.7
94.3
98.7
96.6
97.9
93.9
97.6
95.7
98.0
93.9
98.0
95.6
M
ela
ka
99.4
98.1
99.4
99.0
99.1
97.5
98.8
98.6
99.6
98.3
99.4
99.2
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
99.5
97.3
99.6
98.3
98.7
97.4
98.7
98.7
98.8
97.9
99.5
99.0
P
ahan
g
98.8
96.4
98.7
97.9
99.0
95.5
98.9
97.4
98.8
96.3
98.8
97.6
P
era
k
98.5
96.8
99.2
98.3
99.0
97.1
97.8
97.5
99.1
97.4
98.9
98.4
P
erl
is
99.1
96.7
99.3
98.3
99.2
97.2
99.1
98.9
99.7
97.3
98.9
97.9
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
99.6
98.1
99.5
98.8
99.5
98.3
99.8
99.5
99.2
98.3
98.9
99.0
S
abah
90.1
89.0
87.8
90.8
88.9
88.1
86.0
89.1
91.0
90.1
89.5
91.1
S
ara
wak
99.0
91.9
99.4
96.2
98.8
92.2
99.0
96.3
99.5
93.2
99.4
96.5
S
ela
ngor
99.6
98.4
99.4
99.2
99.9
98.8
98.4
98.9
99.0
98.5
98.6
98.9
T
ere
nggan
u
98.4
96.3
98.0
96.6
99.2
97.0
97.9
97.2
99.0
97.0
98.6
97.2
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
99.6
98.4
99.3
98.8
99.2
98.9
98.9
99.2
99.2
99.0
99.7
99.6
W
.P. Labu
an
96.5
94.4
94.6
95.9
94.1
93.6
95.6
96.9
93.7
95.0
97.2
96.9
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
1
00.0
1
00.0
9
9.8
1
00
.0
9
9.7
9
9.6
9
6.9
9
9.3
99
.5
99
.9
10
0.0
1
00
.0
Kad
ar
ce
lik
hu
ruf
pe
nd
ud
uk
dik
ira
be
rda
sa
rka
n p
rok
si
pen
du
du
k d
ala
m P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga B
uru
h b
eru
mu
r
15
–2
4 t
ah
un
da
n 1
5–6
4 t
ah
un
ya
ng
be
rse
ko
lah
ata
u t
am
at
pe
rsek
ola
ha
n (
pe
nd
idik
an
ra
sm
i).
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
Th
e litera
cy r
ate
of th
e p
opula
tio
n is c
alc
ula
ted b
ased o
n t
he p
roxy o
f th
e p
opula
tio
n o
f th
e L
abour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey, aged 1
5–24 y
ears
old
and 1
5–64 y
ears
old
who a
re s
choolin
g o
r has c
om
ple
ted s
choolin
g (
form
al educatio
n).
48
Jad
ual
2.2
: B
ilan
gan
en
rolm
en
peri
ng
kat
ren
dah
da
n m
en
en
gah
di
seko
lah
kera
jaan
& b
an
tuan
ke
raja
an
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14–
20
16
Ta
ble
2.2
: N
um
be
r o
f e
nro
lmen
t a
t pri
ma
ry a
nd
seco
nda
ry leve
l in
go
ve
rnm
en
t &
go
ve
rnm
en
t a
ide
d s
ch
oo
ls b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14–
201
6
Neg
eri
2014
2015
a
2016
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
S
tate
W
om
en
Me
n
W
om
en
Me
n
W
om
en
Me
n
Ren
dah
M
en
en
gah
R
en
dah
M
en
en
gah
R
en
dah
M
en
en
gah
R
en
dah
M
en
en
gah
R
en
dah
M
en
en
gah
R
en
dah
M
en
en
gah
P
rim
ary
S
eco
nd
ary
P
rim
ary
S
eco
nd
ary
Pri
ma
ry
Se
co
nd
ary
P
rim
ary
S
eco
nd
ary
Pri
ma
ry
Se
co
nd
ary
P
rim
ary
S
eco
nd
ary
Mala
ysia
1,3
16,8
56
1,0
78,1
77
1,3
92,4
84
1,0
81,7
29
1,3
05,2
26
1,0
42,7
87
1,3
78,7
66
1,0
29,3
75
1,3
06,6
00
1,0
27,9
30
1,3
77,1
53
1,0
21,1
00
Johor
161,5
15
133,1
24
171,1
08
133,7
13
159,6
14
128,3
79
169,1
65
127,1
55
159,2
16
127,0
26
168,6
99
126,7
52
K
edah
95,6
97
83,3
88
99,7
15
81,4
77
94,1
61
81,2
23
97,9
53
77,1
09
93,7
03
79,1
29
97,2
37
75,8
86
K
ela
nta
n
87,4
69
68,5
50
91,2
03
67,9
77
85,8
98
65,1
74
89,7
22
63,7
58
84,6
66
63,2
55
88,4
03
62,2
29
M
ela
ka
39,5
17
34,3
73
41,6
49
35,1
58
39,4
15
33,3
31
41,5
03
33,4
91
39,6
16
32,7
57
41,4
70
33,2
14
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
50,2
36
44,1
79
53,0
18
45,4
68
49,8
89
42,7
57
52,4
08
42,9
00
49,5
26
42,3
75
52,1
80
42,3
58
P
ahan
g
71,4
73
54,8
85
75,7
42
56,4
62
70,0
65
52,5
67
74,3
04
53,1
22
70,4
51
51,6
74
74,5
35
52,6
23
P
era
k
102,8
66
96,2
89
108,0
53
97,4
10
100,1
90
91,7
25
105,4
02
90,7
97
99,4
78
88,8
09
104,2
05
88,4
51
P
erl
is
11,2
81
10,6
33
11,9
26
10,5
72
11,1
78
10,3
05
11,8
25
10,1
26
11,1
15
10,0
40
11,8
35
9,9
52
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
65,6
76
57,7
32
69,4
93
57,2
30
64,7
36
55,2
20
68,2
12
54,1
68
64,3
90
54,2
30
67,9
08
53,5
82
S
abah
129,0
45
97,3
52
136,9
32
98,0
96
130,0
39
96,0
23
137,9
36
95,2
00
131,4
18
96,4
45
139,2
56
96,5
53
S
ara
wak
120,8
24
97,2
79
129,8
97
97,4
76
119,7
32
94,7
85
128,4
90
93,6
99
119,6
56
94,6
14
127,9
33
94,4
44
S
ela
ngor
248,6
55
191,9
63
264,6
61
190,9
23
247,7
10
187,0
67
262,7
79
183,2
82
249,1
42
185,5
12
263,6
36
182,3
22
T
ere
nggan
u
60,0
06
53,2
49
63,0
71
52,4
46
59,7
17
51,1
94
62,9
41
49,5
92
60,5
49
49,9
78
63,3
13
48,8
56
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
68,6
73
52,1
76
71,8
24
54,2
97
68,8
52
50,1
50
71,8
47
52,0
39
69,4
70
49,2
22
72,1
25
50,8
54
W
.P. Labu
an
3,9
23
3,0
05
4,1
92
3,0
24
4,0
30
2,8
87
4,2
79
2,9
37
4,2
04
2,8
64
4,4
18
3,0
24
Data
sep
ert
i p
ad
a 3
0 J
un
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
D
ata
as a
t 30 J
une
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
a D
ata
se
pe
rti p
ad
a 3
1 O
kto
be
r 2
01
5
Data
as a
t 31st
Octo
ber
2015
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
49
Jad
ual
2.3
: B
ilan
gan
en
rolm
en
peri
ng
kat
tert
iari
me
ng
iku
t n
eg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.3
: N
um
be
r o
f e
nro
lmen
t a
t te
rtia
ry le
ve
l by s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Mala
ysia
664,6
29
502,4
48
675,4
81
560,6
83
737,7
71
609,0
87
Johor
35,6
06
37,2
72
35,0
88
36,2
79
34,6
32
34,7
38
K
edah
29,5
38
23,2
59
33,1
85
25,1
88
29,7
80
21,8
27
K
ela
nta
n
15,0
88
9,5
52
15,1
42
8,8
71
15,2
15
8,2
97
M
ela
ka
26,8
51
27,9
13
19,1
19
22,2
13
23,0
20
23,1
32
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
22,8
10
16,3
69
22,2
46
18,4
57
24,9
40
18,0
99
P
ahan
g
17,5
69
16,0
28
18,0
03
16,2
81
17,7
63
15,8
53
P
era
k
40,9
34
28,7
92
38,1
49
33,0
63
38,9
22
34,0
06
P
erl
is
9,5
74
8,4
83
10,0
01
8,9
49
10,1
87
8,9
92
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
34,5
14
26,6
02
38,9
24
28,7
68
34,0
75
25,2
52
S
abah
19,6
70
13,6
08
17,0
60
12,7
92
18,3
03
12,1
10
S
ara
wak
22,8
50
16,7
68
22,9
03
16,6
32
25,9
13
19,6
25
S
ela
ngor
260,3
43
168,9
38
256,5
03
197,6
50
250,0
67
200,5
61
T
ere
nggan
u
18,6
29
15,1
13
20,4
47
14,5
08
20,5
39
13,8
76
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
108,4
24
88,1
95
128,3
36
120,3
75
193,8
57
171,7
74
W
.P. Labu
an
-
-
-
-
-
-
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
2,2
29
5,5
56
375
657
558
945
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
50
Jad
ual
2.4
: In
de
ks p
ari
ti g
en
der,
Mala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.4
: G
en
de
r p
arity
in
de
x,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
Ind
eks p
ari
ti g
en
de
r 2014
2015
2016
G
en
de
r pa
rity
ind
ex
Peri
ng
kat
ren
dah
/ P
rim
ary
le
ve
l 1.0
02
1.0
01
1.0
10
Peri
ng
kat
men
en
gah
/ S
eco
nd
ary
level
1.0
67
1.0
83
1.0
64
Peri
ng
kat
tert
iari
/ T
ert
iary
le
ve
l 1.4
52
1.3
14
1.3
20
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
51
Jad
ual
2.5
: B
ilan
gan
en
rolm
en
men
gik
ut
bid
an
g p
en
gajian
di in
sti
tusi p
en
did
ikan
tin
gg
i d
an
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 20
14
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.5
: N
um
be
r o
f e
nro
lmen
t b
y f
ield
of
stu
dy a
t h
ighe
r e
du
ca
tio
n in
stitu
tio
n a
nd s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Bid
an
g p
en
gaji
an
2014
2015
2016
F
ield
of stu
dy
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
614,3
01
442,6
10
621,5
62
500,0
04
680,3
81
546,6
94
T
ota
l
Pro
gra
m A
sas
Ge
ne
ral P
rog
ram
me
s
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
95
54
763
343
992
433
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
17,0
26
14,9
79
23,9
11
25,3
22
16,4
41
17,6
68
Pen
did
ikan
Ed
uca
tio
n
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
36,4
55
14,9
05
28,3
83
10,9
80
24,8
87
9,8
84
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
34,1
51
9,8
76
28,1
60
8,5
94
65,4
91
23,2
66
Saste
ra d
an
Kem
an
usia
an
Art
s a
nd
Hu
ma
nitie
s
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
32,5
71
18,5
43
32,4
77
18,0
54
32,5
48
17,7
48
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
21,5
14
19,0
56
23,7
38
25,0
17
23,5
02
24,4
82
Sain
s S
os
ial, P
ern
iag
aan
dan
Pe
run
dan
gan
So
cia
l S
cie
nces,
Busin
ess a
nd L
aw
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
125,9
39
60,8
41
118,7
49
55,7
92
119,1
55
54,6
82
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
115,9
78
77,3
60
123,1
72
109,0
06
144,7
47
132,8
22
Sain
s, M
ate
mati
k d
an
Ko
mp
ute
r
Scie
nce
, M
ath
em
atics a
nd
Com
pu
tin
g
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
53,0
28
30,2
12
53,7
40
29,2
36
52,5
88
28,4
74
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
15,1
16
28,5
20
15,3
89
37,2
84
19,6
69
42,0
55
52
Jad
ual
2.5
: B
ilan
gan
en
rolm
en
men
gik
ut
bid
an
g p
en
gajian
di in
sti
tusi p
en
did
ikan
tin
gg
i d
an
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 20
14
–20
16 (
sa
mb
.)
Ta
ble
2.5
: N
um
be
r o
f e
nro
lmen
t b
y f
ield
of
stu
dy a
t h
ighe
r e
du
ca
tio
n in
stitu
tio
n a
nd s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
(co
nt'd
)
Bid
an
g P
en
gajian
2014
2015
2016
F
ield
of
Stu
dy
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Keju
rute
raan
, P
em
bu
ata
n d
an
Pe
mb
inaan
En
gin
ee
ring
, M
an
ufa
ctu
ring
and
Co
nstr
uctio
n
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
54,3
19
69,2
39
56,3
82
68,3
57
58,4
11
69,2
65
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
14,1
79
47,9
90
24,3
47
50,7
45
20,6
57
63,3
14
Pert
an
ian
dan
Vete
rin
ar
Ag
ricultu
re a
nd
Ve
terin
ary
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
8,0
57
6,0
52
8,4
67
6,1
41
7,7
10
5,2
73
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
2,7
56
1,9
70
217
4,7
01
1,4
76
1,2
77
Kesih
ata
n d
an
Keb
ajik
an
Hea
lth
an
d W
elfa
re
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
24,7
94
9,5
25
24,5
47
9,2
23
23,8
23
8,9
06
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
32,4
05
11,1
16
31,5
42
12,9
66
41,0
10
15,5
71
Perk
hid
mata
n
Se
rvic
es
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
/ P
ub
lic U
niv
ers
ity
11,2
14
7,3
43
11,7
46
7,2
58
10,0
96
7,1
74
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
/ P
riva
te H
igh
er
Edu
ca
tio
n In
stitu
te
14,7
04
15,0
29
15,8
32
20,9
85
17,1
78
24,4
00
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
53
Jad
ual
2.6
: B
ilan
gan
sta
f akad
em
ik d
an
pela
jar
di
insti
tusi p
en
did
ikan
tin
gg
i m
en
gik
ut
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ys
ia, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.6
: N
um
be
r o
f a
ca
de
mic
sta
ff a
nd
stu
de
nts
in h
igh
er
ed
ucatio
n institu
tion
s b
y s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–2
01
6
Jen
is in
sti
tusi p
en
did
ikan
tin
gg
i 2014
2015
2016
T
yp
e o
f hig
her
edu
ca
tio
n institu
tio
n
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Un
ivers
iti
Aw
am
Pu
blic
Un
ive
rsity
Sta
f A
kad
em
ik/
Aca
de
mic
Sta
ff
16,8
72
15,0
45
17,0
81
14,7
96
17,2
98
14,4
14
Pela
jar/
Stu
de
nt
346,4
72
216,7
14
335,2
54
205,3
84
330,2
10
201,8
39
Po
lite
kn
ik
Po
lyte
chn
ic
Sta
f A
kad
em
ik/
Aca
de
mic
Sta
ff
4,1
72
2,9
88
4,3
31
3,0
60
4,3
73
3,0
69
Pela
jar/
Stu
de
nt
43,0
58
49,1
23
46,1
84
49,8
85
48,7
27
50,8
24
Ko
lej K
om
un
iti
Com
mun
ity c
olle
ge
Sta
f A
kad
em
ik/
Aca
de
mic
Sta
ff
1,6
59
1,0
68
1,6
48
1,0
48
1,6
45
1,0
68
Pela
jar/
Stu
de
nt
7,2
70
10,7
15
7,7
35
10,7
94
8,6
63
11,5
69
Insti
tut
Pen
did
ikan
Gu
ru 1
Institu
te o
f T
ea
ch
er
Edu
catio
n
Sta
f A
kad
em
ik/
Aca
de
mic
Sta
ff
1,5
85
1,9
04
1
,35
7
1,5
97
1,4
44
1,7
40
Pela
jar/
Stu
de
nt
27,1
36
1
0,7
10
2
1,8
38
8
,81
2
11,6
39
4,0
13
Un
ivers
iti
Pen
gaji
an
Tin
gg
i S
wasta
Private
Hig
her
Educa
tion I
nstitu
te
Sta
f A
kad
em
ik/
Aca
de
mic
Sta
ff
18,5
39
17,6
46
12,2
89
22,4
61
16,1
92
14,6
53
Pela
jar/
Stu
de
nt
267,8
29
225,8
96
286,3
08
294,6
20
347,2
96
343,5
93
1 T
erm
as
uk
Pu
sa
t P
en
ga
jia
n B
ah
as
a In
gg
eri
s
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
Inclu
ded E
nglis
h L
anguage T
eachin
g C
entr
es
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
54
Jad
ual
2.7
: K
ad
ar
en
rolm
en
kas
ar
peri
ng
kat
ren
da
h m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
ja
nti
na, M
ala
ys
ia,
201
4–
201
6
Ta
ble
2.7
: G
ross e
nro
lme
nt
rate
at
prim
ary
le
ve
l by s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
97.9
5
97.9
3
97.2
2
97.0
8
97.7
3
96.7
8
Johor
99.6
4
99.4
2
98.5
1
98.4
2
99.2
8
98.4
1
K
edah
99.3
0
99.7
1
98.7
5
99.0
9
98.2
6
97.8
6
K
ela
nta
n
87.4
9
87.1
5
86.9
1
86.6
1
86.2
3
85.2
7
M
ela
ka
101.5
5
101.7
6
101.3
4
101.6
3
102.6
2
102.3
0
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
103.5
9
103.6
1
102.3
6
102.1
9
103.5
2
102.8
0
P
ahan
g
98.5
6
98.6
1
97.4
9
97.7
2
98.7
7
97.8
4
P
era
k
94.9
8
95.1
1
94.8
8
95.0
4
95.7
7
95.1
5
P
erl
is
98.2
1
101.3
1
98.9
2
101.0
5
98.4
5
99.5
6
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
102.3
6
102.4
8
102.4
6
102.0
3
102.8
5
101.5
2
S
abah
99.6
0
99.1
9
98.7
9
98.1
9
97.4
5
96.0
8
S
ara
wak
98.1
5
98.4
7
97.8
1
98.0
1
98.4
5
97.9
1
S
ela
ngor
99.2
7
99.4
0
97.2
0
96.9
7
96.3
8
95.3
4
T
ere
nggan
u
92.5
9
92.3
3
92.0
2
91.8
6
92.7
8
91.6
5
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
98.1
2
97.0
1
100.2
0
98.9
7
103.1
2
100.7
7
W
.P. Labu
an
91.3
9
89.8
2
91.5
9
91.2
3
188.5
0
188.0
4
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
55
Jad
ual
2.8
: K
ad
ar
en
rolm
en
kas
ar
peri
ng
kat
men
en
gah
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
da
n jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2016
Ta
ble
2.8
: G
ross e
nro
lme
nt
rate
at se
co
nd
ary
le
ve
l by s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
93.0
4
87.1
7
91.9
7
84.8
9
91.3
1
85.7
9
Johor
100.6
9
94.9
8
98.0
5
91.5
3
97.2
6
94.9
7
K
edah
96.5
1
88.0
7
95.0
0
84.9
7
93.1
3
85.8
9
K
ela
nta
n
85.0
9
77.3
0
82.5
3
74.6
5
83.7
5
78.6
7
M
ela
ka
99.4
6
94.3
4
99.3
6
92.8
3
101.1
9
95.6
2
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
105.7
5
102.8
0
103.4
2
98.0
7
105.6
7
102.0
4
P
ahan
g
89.1
2
84.0
5
87.4
9
81.0
1
89.3
3
86.0
0
P
era
k
91.0
1
87.6
2
89.7
3
84.2
6
90.8
9
87.2
3
P
erl
is
104.8
7
97.4
7
103.7
0
95.7
0
103.7
2
99.6
6
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
99.0
7
93.8
3
98.5
0
92.0
5
99.8
4
95.1
3
S
abah
79.7
9
73.7
5
82.8
6
75.4
4
85.7
8
79.9
2
S
ara
wak
89.0
7
82.6
7
88.6
2
81.1
6
89.3
0
83.6
1
S
ela
ngor
101.4
8
94.9
9
98.2
1
90.4
4
96.2
5
90.5
9
T
ere
nggan
u
91.0
3
83.4
9
90.0
4
81.2
8
90.1
9
82.8
2
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
81.3
2
78.4
3
83.2
5
80.0
0
86.0
6
84.0
1
W
.P. Labu
an
93.0
7
83.1
6
86.9
8
79.3
3
84.3
8
79.8
0
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
56
Jad
ual
2.9
: K
ad
ar
en
rolm
en
kas
ar
peri
ng
kat
tert
iari
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
T
ab
le 2
.9: G
ross e
nro
lme
nt
rate
at
tert
iary
le
vel by s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
44.9
3
31.2
5
45.4
7
34.6
0
49.8
1
37.7
6
Johor
23.7
8
21.3
2
22.9
8
20.2
9
21.9
5
19.1
3
K
edah
29.4
5
21.1
3
32.0
3
21.9
4
28.2
5
18.5
1
K
ela
nta
n
15.5
1
9.1
1
15.3
4
8.4
2
15.4
8
7.9
6
M
ela
ka
55.4
8
55.4
9
39.7
5
44.3
4
50.7
0
47.6
0
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
43.5
3
26.5
7
42.4
5
30.1
1
48.2
4
29.6
2
P
ahan
g
23.1
2
17.5
9
23.9
1
17.9
9
23.8
8
17.7
7
P
era
k
32.8
5
22.7
2
30.6
9
26.1
2
31.3
4
26.9
0
P
erl
is
60.2
1
56.1
8
66.6
7
63.9
2
76.0
2
70.2
5
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
44.7
7
33.7
2
49.4
0
33.8
0
43.4
1
31.6
8
S
abah
8.9
7
5.7
2
7.7
6
5.3
6
8.2
8
5.0
4
S
ara
wak
17.7
8
11.6
2
17.7
7
11.4
7
20.1
5
13.5
2
S
ela
ngor
104.3
5
63.6
5
103.0
5
74.3
3
101.2
0
75.5
7
T
ere
nggan
u
30.7
9
23.3
6
33.2
5
22.6
3
33.7
3
21.6
5
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
147.1
4
120.5
175.5
9
158.0
1
276.5
5
237.5
8
W
.P. Labu
an
-
-
- -
-
-
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
57
Jad
ual
2.1
0:
Kad
ar
pen
ga
mb
ilan
ka
sa
r p
eri
ng
kat
ren
dah
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
da
n jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2016
Ta
ble
2.1
0:
Gro
ss in
take
ra
te a
t p
rim
ary
leve
l b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
97.4
8
96.4
1
96.2
0
95.0
3
95.4
4
94.1
4
Johor
99.7
8
98.1
0
98.8
9
97.6
8
99.2
8
97.6
3
K
edah
98.8
0
98.1
5
97.2
4
96.6
4
96.7
7
95.5
1
K
ela
nta
n
85.4
4
83.5
5
84.7
1
83.9
4
81.6
1
80.9
8
M
ela
ka
100.1
6
100.3
1
102.5
0
101.0
6
102.9
7
102.1
2
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
104.0
8
102.7
6
100.7
4
100.1
9
102.0
8
101.1
1
P
ahan
g
99.3
3
99.3
0
98.0
5
97.4
5
98.6
4
98.1
3
P
era
k
96.2
2
95.5
7
95.4
4
94.6
4
94.9
5
94.4
8
P
erl
is
99.0
0
101.5
4
98.4
4
98.9
4
97.7
2
98.4
1
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
106.8
9
106.1
6
104.1
5
102.4
8
102.6
2
103.0
9
S
abah
95.2
2
94.1
6
94.8
3
93.4
7
91.5
5
90.2
9
S
ara
wak
97.7
0
96.4
0
96.4
5
95.6
1
96.6
8
95.2
1
S
ela
ngor
96.9
4
96.1
8
94.0
6
92.8
4
92.7
1
91.1
0
T
ere
nggan
u
91.2
7
89.2
7
89.2
8
88.5
2
90.5
6
88.3
6
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
103.5
6
101.5
6
106.3
8
102.7
5
107.2
5
103.8
6
W
.P. Labu
an
97.8
3
93.1
5
96.2
5
96.4
3
102.3
6
97.0
4
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
58
Jad
ual
2.1
1:
Kad
ar
pen
ga
mb
ilan
ka
sa
r p
eri
ng
kat
men
en
gah
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
Ta
ble
2.1
1:
Gro
ss in
take
ra
te a
t seco
nd
ary
leve
l b
y s
tate
and
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
96.6
6
95.5
7
99.7
3
97.2
0
95.2
6
97.7
9
Johor
101.6
9
103.9
9
104.0
1
104.0
9
99.7
2
103.6
1
K
edah
96.9
8
93.5
7
100.1
3
95.2
3
93.3
8
93.2
6
K
ela
nta
n
86.5
5
80.6
1
90.0
4
85.0
9
84.3
0
85.1
7
M
ela
ka
102.1
8
96.9
8
107.9
3
103.3
0
99.2
0
98.1
4
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
109.1
5
108.9
7
108.7
8
107.6
2
108.3
8
112.5
9
P
ahan
g
90.3
4
88.6
9
94.1
4
89.0
2
90.9
6
91.6
8
P
era
k
95.6
5
98.6
3
100.3
2
100.2
1
96.9
6
102.7
2
P
erl
is
113.8
4
109.8
9
104.7
3
101.2
5
102.3
9
106.0
8
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
107.3
1
108.9
0
105.5
8
105.7
4
104.3
3
108.9
5
S
abah
92.6
4
91.5
0
98.8
5
95.5
8
93.6
3
96.3
4
S
ara
wak
99.0
3
99.4
0
100.2
5
98.9
3
93.1
2
101.6
4
S
ela
ngor
97.6
2
94.9
8
100.0
7
97.6
1
93.6
4
94.9
0
T
ere
nggan
u
92.4
1
87.0
3
93.2
3
86.0
0
89.5
7
86.7
9
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
87.7
1
89.1
5
96.9
5
95.3
1
96.2
6
102.0
1
W
.P. Labu
an
106.9
4
102.4
0
93.9
2
86.6
5
79.1
4
81.6
4
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
59
Jad
ual
2.1
2:
Kad
ar
pen
ga
mb
ilan
ka
sa
r p
eri
ng
kat
tert
iari
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
T
ab
le 2
.12
: G
ross in
take
ra
te a
t te
rtia
ry leve
l b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
17
14
19
14
17
14
Johor
9
7
8
7
8
7
K
edah
8
5
10
6
9
5
K
ela
nta
n
7
4
6
3
5
2
M
ela
ka
21
19
17
15
15
15
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
12
11
14
10
20
14
P
ahan
g
9
7
8
6
7
6
P
era
k
9
8
11
9
13
10
P
erl
is
23
19
23
21
21
20
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
15
11
28
18
14
11
S
abah
3
2
3
2
3
2
S
ara
wak
7
4
7
5
7
5
S
ela
ngor
41
32
41
31
40
30
T
ere
nggan
u
11
9
12
8
10
7
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
59
66
89
78
67
78
W
.P. Labu
an
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
60
Jad
ual
2.1
3:
Kad
ar
en
rolm
en
ka
sar
peri
ng
kat
pra
seko
lah
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–201
6
Ta
ble
2.1
3:
Gro
ss e
nro
lme
nt ra
te a
t p
re-s
cho
ol le
ve
l b
y s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
92.4
6
88.9
6
96.5
9
92.7
4
95.1
7
91.9
6
Johor
105.8
9
103.0
3
111.0
7
107.1
9
100.4
0
97.0
8
K
edah
95.7
0
92.4
8
99.0
7
95.0
4
82.0
2
78.5
5
K
ela
nta
n
77.5
7
74.2
8
88.4
0
83.6
1
67.7
6
64.2
5
M
ela
ka
158.9
8
154.5
9
129.8
9
123.4
5
119.6
0
115.0
8
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
101.3
1
97.2
5
108.8
1
104.2
1
99.9
2
97.3
0
P
ahan
g
103.9
8
97.5
1
106.9
5
101.1
0
91.6
7
86.4
9
P
era
k
93.6
5
90.2
3
105.8
6
101.7
1
91.6
3
88.7
4
P
erl
is
121.1
2
116.2
5
124.9
3
119.6
6
105.5
6
98.8
4
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
91.1
7
88.3
0
95.8
5
93.1
8
81.0
4
77.5
9
S
abah
86.9
3
83.4
7
85.6
3
81.8
0
78.8
9
76.7
4
S
ara
wak
95.5
9
91.9
1
98.3
2
94.6
6
96.1
1
93.9
2
S
ela
ngor
73.0
0
70.1
4
77.9
5
75.2
9
67.2
0
64.6
8
T
ere
nggan
u
106.4
5
101.8
3
111.3
1
106.1
4
88.9
5
82.0
6
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
88.5
7
85.8
8
88.8
1
96.4
7
92.6
9
88.7
1
W
.P. Labu
an
105.4
0
103.0
8
102.0
2
97.7
6
20.5
4
19.8
0
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
61
Jad
ual
2.1
4:
Bilan
gan
gra
du
an
wan
ita d
iperi
ng
kat
tert
iari
dala
m b
idan
g s
ain
s, ju
rute
ra, p
em
bu
ata
n d
an
pem
bin
aan
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
ku
mp
ula
n
u
mu
r, M
ala
ys
ia, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.1
4:
Num
be
r o
f fe
ma
le g
rad
uate
s a
t te
rtia
ry le
vel fr
om
scie
nce
, en
gin
ee
rin
g,
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
co
nstr
uction
, by s
tate
and
age
gro
up
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Mala
ysia
36,4
72
32,5
77
40,3
84
Johor
3,8
65
3,8
76
3,7
12
K
edah
1,3
40
1,3
98
1,6
10
K
ela
nta
n
657
886
1,0
56
M
ela
ka
1,5
27
1,7
05
1,6
65
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
873
881
1,1
35
P
ahan
g
2,0
43
2,0
79
2,1
04
P
era
k
1,7
24
2,2
51
2,2
38
P
erl
is
1,0
94
1,3
50
1,6
36
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
1,8
34
2,1
27
2,2
05
S
abah
1,0
33
1,0
27
1,2
14
S
ara
wak
1,7
62
1,6
60
1,8
01
S
ela
ngor
13,3
01
8,5
77
12,9
60
T
ere
nggan
u
1,2
14
1,2
37
1,5
92
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
4,2
05
3,5
23
5,4
56
W
.P. Labu
an
0
0
0
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
62
Jad
ual
2.1
5:
Bilan
gan
sta
f akad
em
ik d
i In
sti
tusi P
en
did
ikan
Tin
gg
i m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
016
T
ab
le 2
.15
: N
um
be
r o
f aca
dem
ic s
taff
in
th
e H
ighe
r E
duca
tio
n I
nstitu
te b
y s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Mala
ysia
4
0,2
78
40
,88
9
3
9,2
52
Johor
2,3
40
2,3
76
2,3
90
K
edah
1,7
00
1,8
37
1,6
60
K
ela
nta
n
882
823
874
M
ela
ka
1,5
77
1,5
56
1,5
40
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
1,2
88
1,3
19
1,4
22
P
ahan
g
991
1,3
44
1,4
18
P
era
k
1,9
14
2,0
81
2,1
61
P
erl
is
705
690
706
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
1,7
00
2,5
36
2,1
75
S
abah
1,0
42
1,1
21
1,0
12
S
ara
wak
1,2
12
1,3
22
1,5
36
S
ela
ngor
13,6
54
14,2
76
14,0
03
T
ere
nggan
u
1,3
22
1,3
39
1,3
02
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
9,9
51
8,2
69
7,0
53
W
.P. Labu
an
-
-
-
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Tin
gg
i M
ala
ys
ia
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f H
igher
Education,
Ma
laysia
63
Jad
ual
2.1
6:
Kad
ar
pera
lih
an
dan
kad
ar
tam
at
pen
did
ikan
di s
eko
lah
ke
raja
an
dan
ban
tuan
kera
jaan
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
T
ab
le 2
.16
: T
ran
sitio
n r
ate
an
d e
duca
tio
n c
om
ple
tio
n r
ate
in
go
ve
rnm
ent
and
gove
rnm
en
t–aid
ed
scho
ols
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
(%)
Ind
ikato
r
Ind
ica
tor
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Kad
ar
Pe
ralih
an
/ T
ran
sitio
n R
ate
Ren
dah
Ke M
en
en
gah
Re
nd
ah
9
8.5
0
9
6.1
4
9
7.2
2
9
3.8
6
9
6.7
4
9
3.4
6
Pri
ma
ry t
o L
ow
er
Se
con
da
ry
Men
en
gah
Ren
dah
ke M
en
en
gah
Ata
s
9
8.0
9
9
5.3
4
9
5.7
4
9
0.8
1
9
7.7
5
9
5.0
9
Lo
wer
Seco
nda
ry to
Up
pe
r S
eco
nda
ry
Men
en
gah
Ata
s k
e L
ep
as M
en
en
gah
3
5.9
3
2
0.6
3
3
7.5
3
2
2.0
4
3
3.5
8
2
1.1
4
Upp
er
Seco
nda
ry to
Post
Seco
nd
ary
Kad
ar
Tam
at
Pen
did
ikan
/ E
du
ca
tio
n C
om
ple
tio
n R
ate
Peri
ng
kat
ren
dah
9
9.6
9
9
8.6
9
9
9.0
9
9
7.7
7
9
9.1
4
9
7.6
4
Pri
ma
ry level
Peri
ng
kat
men
en
gah
9
3.6
6
8
6.3
9
9
5.1
7
9
3.5
0
9
2.5
7
7
8.3
0
Se
co
nd
ary
leve
l
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
Sourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
64
Jad
ual
2.1
7:
Pen
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
pen
cap
aia
n p
en
did
ikan
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
Ta
ble
2.1
7:
Em
plo
ye
d p
ers
ons b
y e
du
ca
tio
na
l a
ttain
me
nt a
nd s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Pen
cap
aia
n p
en
did
ikan
2014
2015
2016
E
du
ca
tio
na
l att
ain
me
nt
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
('000)
5,1
82
.0
8,3
50
.1
5,3
76
.7
8,6
91
.1
5,4
34
.0
8,7
29
.7
To
tal
(%)
1
00
.0
1
00
.0
1
00
.0
1
00
.0
1
00
.0
1
00
.0
Tia
da p
en
did
ikan
rasm
i
1
57
.8
1
95
.2
1
63
.8
2
67
.9
1
49
.7
2
27
.7
No f
orm
al ed
uca
tion
3.0
2.3
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.6
Ren
dah
6
92
.1
1,4
07
.1
7
01
.3
1,4
94
.4
6
73
.5
1,4
05
.0
Pri
ma
ry
13
.4
16
.9
13
.0
17
.2
12
.4
16
.1
Men
en
gah
2,6
21
.6
4,8
86
.2
2,6
44
.9
4,9
42
.1
2,7
03
.2
5,1
08
.9
Se
co
nd
ary
50
.6
58
.5
49
.4
56
.9
49
.7
58
.5
Tert
iari
1,7
10
.5
1,8
61
.6
1,8
66
.6
1,9
86
.7
1,9
07
.5
1,9
88
.0
Te
rtia
ry
33
.0
22
.3
34
.7
22
.9
35
.1
22
.8
S
um
be
r: L
ap
ora
n P
en
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
65
Jad
ual
2.1
8:
Sta
tisti
k p
erb
ela
nja
an
pen
did
ikan
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
2.1
8:
Sta
tistics o
n e
du
ca
tio
na
l exp
en
ditu
re,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–2
016
(%)
Ind
ikato
r 2014
2015
2016
In
dic
ato
r
Perb
ela
nja
an
pen
did
ikan
kese
luru
han
(p
era
tusan
dari
pad
a K
DN
K)
4.2
0
4.0
0
3.4
3
Ed
uca
tio
n e
xp
en
ditu
re t
ota
l (p
erc
enta
ge o
f G
DP
)
Perb
ela
nja
an
pen
did
ikan
aw
am
(p
era
tusan
da
rip
ad
a ju
mla
h p
erb
ela
nja
an
pe
nd
idik
an
) n.a
n.a
n.a
P
ub
lic e
du
ca
tion
exp
end
itu
re to
tal (p
erc
en
tag
e o
f to
tal ed
ucatio
n e
xpe
nd
itu
re)
Pera
tus ju
mla
h p
erb
ela
nja
an
pen
did
ikan
seb
en
ar
berb
an
din
g ju
mla
h p
erb
ela
nja
an
kera
jaan
15.5
9
15.6
1
15.4
8
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f actu
al to
tal e
duca
tio
na
l e
xp
end
itu
re a
ga
inst
tota
l go
ve
rnm
en
t exp
en
ditu
re
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
KESIHATAN & PERKHIDMATAN
BERKAITAN HEALTH & RELATED SERVICES
67
Jad
ual
3.1
: K
ad
ar
mo
rtaliti
ku
ran
g d
ari
pad
a 5
tah
un
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14–
201
6
Ta
ble
3.1
: U
nd
er-
5 m
ort
alit
y r
ate
by s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–2
016
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
M
en
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
M
en
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
M
en
Mala
ysia
7.6
8.9
7.7
9.0
7.6
8.6
Johor
6.9
7.8
7.3
9.7
8.4
9.5
K
edah
7.0
8.7
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.7
K
ela
nta
n
8.9
11.1
6.8
9.3
9.3
9.7
M
ela
ka
5.3
8.8
7.3
6.7
6.5
9.2
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
7.3
8.7
8.4
8.3
7.0
7.9
P
ahan
g
7.8
10.9
8.3
11.1
9.1
9.3
P
era
k
6.8
8.7
7.6
8.6
7.7
9.5
P
erl
is
4.1
11.6
10.6
7.1
5.3
8.3
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
7.0
6.9
7.1
7.8
7.9
8.1
S
abah
13.3
12.6
14.0
14.0
7.0
7.5
S
ara
wak
6.4
8.3
5.9
7.9
6.9
8.0
S
ela
ngor
5.9
7.0
5.7
7.2
7.0
7.8
T
ere
nggan
u
9.0
10.2
9.1
10.1
7.7
9.4
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
6.4
7.7
5.9
7.0
6.7
8.1
W
.P. Labu
an
5.5
12.5
11.8
7.8
6.9
12.5
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
10.7
14.6
9.6
9.2
7.3
14.2
Kad
ar
ad
ala
h b
ag
i se
tia
p 1
,00
0 k
ela
hir
an
hid
up
Su
mb
er:
Pe
ran
gk
aa
n P
en
tin
g,
Ma
lays
ia,
20
15
& 2
017
, D
OS
M
Th
e r
ate
s a
re p
er
1,0
00 liv
e b
irth
s
S
ourc
e: V
ital S
tatistics, M
ala
ysia
, 2015 &
2017, D
OS
M
68
Jad
ual
3.2
: N
isb
ah
mo
rta
liti
ib
u b
ers
alin
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ys
ia,
201
4–2
016
T
ab
le 3
.2: M
ate
rna
l m
ort
alit
y r
atio
by s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Mala
ysia
22.3
23.8
29.1
Johor
26.5
23.1
26.9
K
edah
27.4
35.3
13.9
K
ela
nta
n
28.0
20.5
26.0
M
ela
ka
34.3
41.2
27.8
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
37.5
21.7
5.5
P
ahan
g
24.4
10.7
36.2
P
era
k
13.7
33.1
28.0
P
erl
is
44.4
69.5
-
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
17.5
27.0
50.5
S
abah
17.4
34.7
57.6
S
ara
wak
14.6
17.6
15.8
S
ela
ngor
17.4
19.4
29.6
T
ere
nggan
u
33.3
18.1
21.8
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
18.5
3.9
27.2
W
.P. Labu
an
-
-
57.1
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
65.3
69.7
-
Nis
ba
h a
da
lah
ba
gi s
eti
ap
10
0,0
00
ke
lah
iran
hid
up
Su
mb
er:
Pe
ran
gk
aa
n P
en
tin
g,
Ma
lays
ia,
20
15
& 2
017
, D
OS
M
Th
e r
atios a
re p
er
100,0
00 liv
e b
irth
s
S
ourc
e: V
ital S
tatistics, M
ala
ysia
, 2015 &
2017, D
OS
M
69
Jad
ual
3.3
: S
tati
sti
k k
esih
ata
n ib
u b
ers
alin
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
Ta
ble
3.3
: S
tatistics o
n m
ate
rna
l h
ea
lth,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Ind
ikato
r
2014
2015
2016
p
Ind
ica
tor
Lip
uta
n ib
u m
en
gan
du
ng
(L
aw
ata
n p
ert
am
a)
Bil./ N
um
.
A
nte
na
tal ca
re c
ove
rag
e (
Fir
st vis
it)
(%)
Bilan
gan
/ N
um
be
r
575,6
04
573,3
61
554,7
21
Pera
tus/
Pe
r ce
nt
97.2
97.4
94.9
Lip
uta
n ib
u m
en
gan
du
ng
yan
g d
iberi
Teta
nu
s T
oxo
id
C
ove
rage
of a
nte
na
tal m
oth
ers
fo
r T
eta
nu
s T
oxo
id
Bilan
gan
/ N
um
be
r
478,2
06
476,5
78
466,9
03
Pera
tus/
Pe
r ce
nt
80.7
81.0
79.8
Ju
mla
h k
ela
hir
an
yan
g b
erd
aft
ar
den
gan
Kem
en
teri
an
Kesih
ata
n M
ala
ysia
461,2
20
451,8
03
461,5
61
T
he
nu
mbe
r o
f b
irth
s r
eg
iste
red
with
th
e M
inis
try o
f H
ea
lth
, M
ala
ysia
Ju
mla
h k
ela
hir
an
yan
g d
isam
bu
t o
leh
kakit
an
gan
terl
ati
h (
Kera
jaan
dan
sw
asta
)
456,4
81
448,9
65
459,4
04
T
ota
l d
eliv
eries a
tte
nd
ed
by t
rain
ed p
ers
onn
el (G
ove
rnm
en
t a
nd
private
) 99.0
99.4
99.5
(a)
Kera
jaan
/ G
ove
rnm
en
t
Ho
sp
ital k
era
jaan
388,2
87
384,2
98
396,3
61
G
ove
rnm
en
t h
osp
ita
l
84.2
85.1
85.9
Kem
ud
ah
an
kesih
ata
n a
wam
5,1
31
3,8
36
3,3
41
P
ub
lic h
ea
lth
facili
ty
1.1
0.9
0.7
(b)
Sw
asta
/ P
riva
te
Ho
sp
ital sw
asta
59,3
73
56,9
15
56,5
44
P
riva
te h
osp
ita
l
12.9
12.6
12.3
Ru
mah
bers
alin
sw
asta
3,6
90
3,9
16
3,1
58
P
riva
te m
ate
rnity h
om
e
0.8
0.9
0.7
p P
erm
ula
an
/ P
relim
inary
S
um
be
r: P
us
at
Info
rma
tik
Ke
sih
ata
n,
KK
M
S
ourc
e: H
ealth Info
rmatio
n C
entr
e,
MO
H
70
Jad
ual
3.4
: S
tati
sti
k in
div
idu
yan
g m
en
gh
idap
i A
IDS
dan
HIV
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–201
6
Ta
ble
3.4
: S
tatistics o
n in
div
idu
als
with
AID
S a
nd
HIV
by s
tate
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014–
201
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wan
ita
L
ela
ki
Wo
men
Me
n
Wo
men
Me
n
Wo
men
Me
n
AID
S
HIV
A
IDS
H
IV
A
IDS
H
IV
AID
S
HIV
AID
S
HIV
A
IDS
H
IV
Mala
ysia
1
83
6
97
9
66
1
94
5
11
9
17
1
91
4
13
Johor
2
9
7
7
1
86
315
2
8
7
9
1
35
372
2
1
3
9
135
282
K
edah
1
4
5
1
4
8
121
1
2
2
9
5
0
108
4
2
3
50
148
K
ela
nta
n
1
1
4
1
7
9
186
1
4
3
3
9
2
136
2
9
3
7
132
152
M
ela
ka
7
2
4
4
2
114
4
1
4
4
0
114
1
1
2
32
101
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
7
2
2
4
0
83
1
0
2
3
4
1
110
5
7
30
110
P
ahan
g
2
9
6
3
1
09
152
2
0
4
2
1
09
135
1
6
3
4
92
178
P
era
k
1
1
2
6
5
9
130
5
3
7
3
1
111
9
1
7
68
102
P
erl
is
1
4
1
1
15
3
3
1
4
24
4
5
17
29
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
2
1
8
2
2
92
2
1
5
2
0
88
3
1
1
23
70
S
abah
1
3
7
4
8
8
183
2
2
3
9
8
9
194
2
6
3
8
99
794
S
ara
wak
3
2
5
8
9
0
177
2
8
3
0
1
00
200
2
9
4
2
108
118
S
ela
ngor
1
3
1
19
7
0
705
2
8
9
3
6
8
674
2
1
9
4
84
218
T
ere
nggan
u
1
2
5
0
8
8
160
1
5
3
1
7
2
134
1
0
1
6
71
216
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
2
6
8
3
4
372
3
3
7
5
5
394
1
2
3
7
90
454
W
.P. Labu
an
0
0
0
8
0
4
0
13
0
0
0
8
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
0
2
0
7
0
2
1
11
1
1
0
4
Su
mb
er:
Ba
ha
gia
n K
aw
ala
n P
en
ya
kit
, K
KM
Sourc
e: D
isease C
ontr
ol D
ivis
ion, M
OH
71
Jad
ual
3.5
: S
tati
sti
k in
div
idu
yan
g m
em
pu
nyai a
kse
s k
ep
ad
a u
bat
an
ti-r
etr
ov
iral m
en
gik
ut
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
Ta
ble
3.5
: S
tatistics o
n in
div
idu
als
wh
o h
ave a
ccess to
an
ti-r
etr
ovir
al d
rugs b
y s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ind
ikato
r In
dic
ato
r
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
M
en
An
gg
ara
n b
ilan
gan
pen
gid
ap
HIV
la
yak u
ntu
k r
aw
ata
n
10,9
17
34,5
59
12,9
44
78,7
04
10,5
17
82,5
72
E
stim
ate
d n
o. o
f pe
ople
liv
ing
with
HIV
elig
ible
fo
r tr
ea
tme
nt
Bilan
gan
pen
gid
ap
HIV
ya
ng
men
dap
at
raw
ata
n
6,8
97
14,7
57
7,3
55
18,3
45
9,8
11
26,1
44
N
um
. o
f p
eop
le liv
ing
with H
IV o
n t
reatm
en
t
Pera
tus y
an
g m
en
dap
at
raw
ata
n (
%)
Pe
r cen
t o
n t
rea
tmen
t
63.2
42.7
56.8
23.3
93.3
31.7
Su
mb
er:
Ba
ha
gia
n K
aw
ala
n P
en
ya
kit
, K
KM
S
ourc
e:
Dis
ease C
ontr
ol D
ivis
ion, M
OH
72
Jad
ual
3.6
: J
an
gkaan
ha
yat
men
gik
ut
um
ur
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ys
ia,
201
4, 2
015
dan
20
16
p
Ta
ble
3.6
: L
ife
exp
ecta
ncy b
y a
ge
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
, 2
01
5 a
nd
20
16
p
Um
ur
Ag
e
2014
2015
2016
p
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
L
ela
ki
Me
n
0
77.0
72.4
77.1
72.5
77.2
72.5
1
76.5
71.9
76.5
72.0
76.7
72.1
5
72.6
68.0
72.7
68.1
72.8
68.2
10
67.7
63.1
67.7
63.2
67.9
63.2
15
62.7
58.2
62.8
58.3
62.9
58.4
20
57.8
53.5
57.9
53.5
58.0
53.7
25
52.9
48.8
53.0
48.7
53.1
48.9
30
48.1
44.0
48.1
43.9
48.3
44.2
35
43.2
39.3
43.3
39.2
43.4
39.5
40
38.4
34.8
38.5
34.6
38.7
34.9
45
33.8
30.3
33.8
30.2
34.0
30.5
50
29.2
26.0
29.3
25.9
29.4
26.2
55
24.8
22.0
24.9
21.9
25.0
22.2
60
20.6
18.2
20.6
18.2
20.8
18.3
65
16.6
14.7
16.7
14.7
16.9
14.8
70
12.9
11.4
13.0
11.5
13.1
11.5
75
9.6
8.6
9.7
8.6
9.8
8.7
80+
6.9
6.1
6.9
6.1
7.0
6.1
p
Pe
rmu
laa
n/ P
relim
inary
Su
mb
er:
Ja
du
al
Ha
ya
t R
ing
ka
s,
Ma
lays
ia,
20
13
–2
01
6 &
20
14
–20
17
, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: A
brid
ged L
ife T
able
s, M
ala
ysia
, 2013
–2016 &
2014–2017, D
OS
M
73
Jad
ual
3.7
: S
tati
sti
k a
kau
n k
esih
ata
n k
eb
an
gsa
an
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
13
–20
15
Ta
ble
3.7
: S
tatistics o
n n
atio
na
l h
ea
lth a
cco
un
t, M
ala
ysia
, 20
13
–20
15
(%
)
Ind
ikato
r In
dic
ato
r 2013
2014
2015
Perb
ela
nja
an
kesih
ata
n k
eselu
ruh
an
(p
era
tusan
da
rip
ad
a K
DN
K)
4.3
4.4
4.5
Hea
lth
expe
nditu
re t
ota
l (p
erc
en
tage
of
GD
P)
Perb
ela
nja
an
sekto
r kesih
ata
n a
wam
(p
era
tusan
dari
pad
a ju
mla
h p
erb
ela
nja
an
ke
sih
ata
n)
52.7
53.1
51.5
Pu
blic
se
cto
r h
ea
lth e
xp
end
iture
to
tal (p
erc
en
tage
of
tota
l h
ea
lth
expe
nd
itu
re)
Perb
ela
nja
an
kesih
ata
n k
era
jaan
um
um
(G
GH
E)
se
bag
ai p
era
tusan
perb
ela
nja
an
kera
jaan
um
um
(G
GE
) 6.2
6.6
6.7
Ge
ne
ral g
ove
rnm
en
t h
ealth
exp
en
ditu
re (
GG
HE
) as a
pe
rcenta
ge
of
gen
era
l g
ove
rnm
ent
exp
en
ditu
re (
GG
E)
Data
ad
ala
h s
eh
ing
ga
10
Okto
be
r 2
017
S
um
be
r: U
nit
MN
HA
, B
ah
ag
ian
Pe
ran
ca
ng
an
, K
em
en
teri
an
Ke
sih
ata
n M
ala
ys
ia
Data
is u
p to 1
0 O
cto
ber
2017
S
ourc
e: M
NH
A U
nit, P
lannin
g D
ivis
ion, M
inis
try o
f H
ealth, M
ala
ysia
74
Jad
ual
3.8
: K
ela
zim
an
me
roko
k m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
da
n jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14 d
an
201
5
T
ab
le 3
.8: S
mo
kin
g p
revale
nce
by s
tate
an
d s
ex, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4 a
nd
20
15
(%
)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
Mala
ysia
Tia
da d
ata
kela
zim
an
me
roko
k p
ad
a t
ah
un
201
4.
Sko
p k
ajian
201
4 a
da
lah
pem
akan
an
dik
ala
ng
an
dew
asa M
ala
ysia
1.4
43.0
Johor
1.2
40.9
K
edah
0.7
52.1
K
ela
nta
n
1.1
48.7
M
ela
ka
1.5
32.5
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
0.2
40.6
P
ahan
g
0.5
47.4
P
era
k
0.8
40.6
P
erl
is
1.3
44.5
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
1.0
37.1
S
abah
3.7
50.3
S
ara
wak
2.3
46.8
S
ela
ngor
0.8
39.4
T
ere
nggan
u
0.1
43.6
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
1.4
35.9
W
.P. Labu
an
11.4
55.8
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
0.8
26.8
Su
mb
er:
In
sti
tut
Kes
iha
tan
Um
um
, K
KM
Sourc
e: P
ublic
Health Institu
te, M
OH
75
Jad
ual
3.9
: K
ela
zim
an
me
roko
k m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
da
n k
um
pu
lan
um
ur,
Mala
ys
ia, 2
014 d
an
20
15
Ta
ble
3.9
: S
mo
kin
g p
revale
nce
by s
tate
an
d a
ge
gro
up
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4 a
nd 2
015
(%
)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
K
um
pu
lan
Um
ur/
Ag
e G
rou
p
K
um
pu
lan
Um
ur/
Ag
e G
rou
p
15–2
4
25–4
4
45–6
4
65+
15–2
4
25–4
4
45–6
4
65+
Mala
ysia
Tia
da d
ata
kela
zim
an
me
roko
k p
ad
a t
ah
un
201
4.
Sk
op
kajian
201
4 a
dala
h p
em
ak
an
an
dik
ala
ng
an
dew
asa
Mala
ysia
19.5
28.3
21.4
12.4
Johor
16.8
28.1
22.9
10.2
K
edah
33.5
21.8
20.3
26.5
K
ela
nta
n
20.7
30.7
23.6
20.4
M
ela
ka
8.8
23.7
17.5
12.8
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
20.7
26.6
16.3
13.3
P
ahan
g
22.6
32.9
23.3
11.4
P
era
k
15.8
29.2
22.0
10.9
P
erl
is
18.9
25.8
23.7
18.4
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
16.5
25.0
16.7
9.8
S
abah
24.8
34.1
24.7
12.9
S
ara
wak
25.9
30.9
22.1
12.9
S
ela
ngor
16.7
25.0
19.9
10.7
T
ere
nggan
u
17.3
29.8
18.8
16.3
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
15.0
22.7
22.6
4.1
W
.P. Labu
an
14.7
43.3
57.7
0.0
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
9.4
12.1
17.4
10.7
S
um
be
r: I
ns
titu
t K
es
iha
tan
Um
um
, K
KM
S
ourc
e: P
ublic
Health Institu
te, M
OH
76
Jad
ual
3.1
0:
Maln
utr
isi k
ela
zim
an
, k
eti
ng
gia
n d
an
bera
t b
ad
an
un
tuk u
mu
r k
an
ak
-kan
ak d
i b
aw
ah
5 t
ah
un
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
15 d
an
201
6
Ja
dua
l 3.1
0:
Ma
lnu
tritio
n p
reva
lence
, h
eig
ht
an
d w
eig
ht fo
r ch
ildre
n a
ge
d u
nd
er
5 y
ea
rs o
ld b
y s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
15
an
d 2
01
6
(%
)
Neg
eri
S
tate
2015
(n
=2,6
89)
2016
(n
=1
6,9
66)
Pert
um
bu
han
Terb
an
tut*
K
ura
ng
Be
rat
Bad
an
**
P
ert
um
bu
han
Terb
an
tut*
K
ura
ng
Be
rat
Bad
an
**
Stu
nting
Und
erw
eig
ht
S
tun
ting
Un
de
rwe
igh
t
Mala
ysia
17.7
12.4
20.7
13.7
Johor
12.2
7.6
12.0
11.4
K
edah
16.2
13.0
18.1
15.9
K
ela
nta
n
19.7
14.9
34.0
16.8
M
ela
ka
20.6
14.0
14.1
13.4
N
eg
eri S
em
bila
n
18.5
10.7
19.1
12.3
P
ahan
g
22.7
17.4
25.7
12.9
P
era
k
20.8
14.7
23.7
15.2
P
erl
is
24.0
16.0
20.8
18.4
P
ula
u P
ina
ng
8.4
6.7
20.3
16.7
S
abah
1
17.4
13.5
23.5
15.2
S
ara
wak
18.0
14.8
23.1
17.8
S
ela
ngor
18.9
12.2
18.5
11.3
T
ere
nggan
u
22.0
12.2
26.1
10.8
W
.P. K
ua
la L
um
pur
15.5
8.7
10.5
8.3
W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
14.6
5.9
24.3
12.9
* P
ert
um
bu
han
te
rban
tut,
HA
Z <
-2S
D
Su
mb
er:
In
sti
tut
Kes
iha
tan
Um
um
, K
KM
Stu
ntin
g:
heig
ht fo
r age,
HA
Z <
-2S
D
Sourc
e: In
stitu
te o
f P
ublic
Health , M
OH
** K
ura
ng
be
rat
ba
da
n, W
AZ
<-2
SD
U
nderw
eig
ht: w
eig
ht fo
r age, W
AZ
<-2
SD
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. L
ab
ua
n
In
clu
ded W
.P.
Labuan
77
Jad
ual
3.1
1:
5 S
eb
ab
Ke
mati
an
uta
ma (
dis
ah
kan
) m
en
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
Ja
dua
l 3.1
1: 5
Prin
cip
al cau
ses o
f d
ea
th (
me
dic
ally
ce
rtifie
d)
by a
ge
gro
up
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
(%
)
Ku
mp
ula
n
2014
um
ur
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
A
ge
gro
up
0–14
1. C
ert
ain
co
nd
itio
ns o
rigin
atin
g in th
e p
erin
ata
l peri
od
27.1
1
. C
ert
ain
co
nd
itio
ns o
rigin
atin
g in th
e p
erin
ata
l peri
od
27.5
2. C
onge
nital m
alform
ation
s, defo
rmations a
nd c
hro
mosom
al
ab
norm
alit
ies
24.3
2
. C
onge
nital m
alform
ation
s, defo
rmations a
nd c
hro
mosom
al
ab
norm
alit
ies
21.4
3. P
neu
mon
ia
4.7
3
. P
neu
mon
ia
5.5
4. S
epticaem
ia
4.0
4
. T
ransport
accid
ents
4.1
5. T
ransport
accid
ents
3.2
5
. S
epticaem
ia
3.7
15–6
4
1. P
neu
mon
ia
9.2
1
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
16.1
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
8.9
2
. T
ransport
accid
ents
11.6
3. S
epticaem
ia
6.9
3
. P
neu
mon
ia
7.9
4. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
6.7
4
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
6.0
5.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of
bre
ast
6.7
5
. S
epticaem
ia
5.0
65+
1. P
neu
mon
ia
17.9
1
. P
neu
mon
ia
16.9
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
13.4
2
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
16.1
3. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
9.6
3
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
8.4
4. S
epticaem
ia
7.5
4
. S
epticaem
ia
6.5
5.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of tr
achea,
bro
nch
us a
nd
lu
ng
1.9
5
. M
alig
nant
neo
pla
sm
of tr
achea,
bro
nch
us a
nd
lu
ng
3.4
78
Jad
ual
3.1
1:
5 S
eb
ab
Ke
mati
an
uta
ma (
dis
ah
kan
) m
en
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
(sam
b.)
Ja
dua
l 3.1
1: 5
Prin
cip
al cau
ses o
f d
ea
th (
me
dic
ally
ce
rtifie
d)
by a
ge
gro
up
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
(co
nt'd)
(%
)
Ku
mp
ula
n
2015
um
ur
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
A
ge
gro
up
0–14
1. P
neu
mon
ia
5.6
1
. T
ransport
accid
ents
5.3
2. T
ransport
accid
ents
3.4
2
. P
neu
mon
ia
4.9
3. Le
ukaem
ia
1.5
3
. A
ccid
enta
l dro
wn
ing a
nd
subm
ers
ion
4.8
4. A
ccid
enta
l dro
wn
ing a
nd
subm
ers
ion
1.5
4
. Le
ukaem
ia
1.7
5.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of
men
ing
es, bra
in a
nd o
ther
part
s o
f
c
entr
al nerv
ous s
yste
m
1.2
5
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
s
0.9
15–6
4
1. P
neu
mon
ia
9.7
1
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
16.6
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
9.2
2
. T
ransport
accid
ents
10.8
3. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
7.1
3
. P
neu
mon
ia
8.4
4.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of
bre
ast
6.3
4
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
6.2
5. T
ransport
accid
ents
4.1
5
. D
ise
ases o
f th
e liv
er
2.8
65+
1. P
neu
mon
ia
18.9
1
. P
neu
mon
ia
17.5
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
13.3
2
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
16.0
3. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
9.4
3
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
7.8
4.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of tr
achea,
bro
nch
us a
nd
lu
ng
1.8
4
. M
alig
nant
neo
pla
sm
of tr
achea,
bro
nch
us a
nd
lu
ng
3.5
5. C
hro
nic
low
er
resp
irato
ry d
iseases
1.8
5
. C
hro
nic
low
er
resp
irato
ry d
iseases
3.1
79
Jad
ual
3.1
1:
5 S
eb
ab
Ke
mati
an
uta
ma (
dis
ah
kan
) m
en
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n u
mu
r d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
016
(sam
b.)
Ja
dua
l 3.1
1: 5
Prin
cip
al cau
ses o
f d
ea
th (
me
dic
ally
ce
rtifie
d)
by a
ge
gro
up
an
d s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
(co
nt'd)
(%
)
Ku
mp
ula
n
2016
um
ur
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Me
n
A
ge
gro
up
0–14
1. P
neu
mon
ia
4.2
1
. T
ransport
accid
ents
6.3
2. T
ransport
accid
ents
4.0
2
. P
neu
mon
ia
4.1
3. A
ccid
enta
l dro
wn
ing a
nd
subm
ers
ion
1.9
3
. A
ccid
enta
l dro
wn
ing a
nd
subm
ers
ion
3.7
4. C
hro
nic
low
er
resp
irato
ry d
iseases
1.3
4
. Le
ukaem
ia
1.9
5. Le
ukaem
ia
1.0
5
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
1.1
15–6
4
1. P
neu
mon
ia
9.5
1
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
16.6
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
8.9
2
. T
ransport
accid
ents
11.3
3. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
7.0
3
. P
neu
mon
ia
8.1
4.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of
bre
ast
6.6
4
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
6.0
5. T
ransport
accid
ents
3.8
5
. D
ise
ases o
f th
e liv
er
2.7
65+
1. P
neu
mon
ia
19.1
1
. P
neu
mon
ia
17.3
2. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
12.0
2
. Is
chae
mic
heart
dis
ease
s
15.3
3. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
9.0
3
. C
ere
bro
vascula
r dis
ease
7.7
4. C
hro
nic
low
er
resp
irato
ry d
iseases
2.2
4
. C
hro
nic
low
er
resp
irato
ry d
iseases
3.4
5.
Ma
lign
ant
neo
pla
sm
of
bre
ast
1.8
5
. M
alig
nant
neo
pla
sm
of tr
achea,
bro
nch
us a
nd
lu
ng
3.1
Su
mb
er:
Pe
ran
gk
aa
n P
en
tin
g,
Ma
lays
ia,
20
15
& 2
017
, D
OS
M
Sourc
e: V
ital S
tatistics, M
ala
ysia
, 2015 &
2017, D
OS
M
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
KEHIDUPAN AWAM DAN
PEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN PUBLIC LIFE AND
DECISION MAKING
81
Jad
ual
4.1
: P
era
tus a
hli
parl
imen
men
gik
ut
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Ta
ble
4.1
: P
erc
en
tag
e o
f p
arlia
me
nt
me
mb
ers
by s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
(%)
Perk
ara
It
em
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Dew
an
Neg
ara
2
2.7
7
7.3
2
0.3
7
9.7
2
2.4
7
7.6
S
en
ate
Dew
an
Rak
yat
1
0.4
8
9.6
1
1.3
8
8.7
1
0.8
8
9.2
H
ou
se
of
Rep
resen
tative
Men
teri
Kab
inet
5.7
9
4.3
8.3
9
1.7
8.6
9
1.4
C
ab
ine
t M
inis
ter
Tim
bala
n M
en
teri
2
2.2
7
7.8
2
1.2
7
8.8
1
7.6
8
2.4
D
ep
uty
Min
iste
r
S
um
be
r :
Pa
rlim
en
Ma
lays
ia
S
ourc
e: P
arlia
ment of M
ala
ysia
82
Jad
ual
4.2
: P
en
du
du
k b
ekerj
a m
en
gik
ut
peke
rja
an
dan
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014–2
016
Ta
ble
4.2
: E
mp
loye
d p
ers
on
s b
y o
ccu
pa
tio
n a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Pek
erj
aan
O
ccu
pa
tion
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
W
an
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Ju
mla
h
(‘
000)
5,1
82.0
8,3
50.1
5,3
76.7
8,6
91.1
5,4
34.0
8,7
29.7
To
tal
(%
) 3
8.3
6
1.7
3
8.2
6
1.8
3
8.4
6
1.6
Pen
gu
rus
1
47.7
5
18.4
1
61.9
5
56.7
1
34.4
5
24.1
M
an
ag
ers
2
2.2
7
7.8
2
2.5
7
7.5
2
0.4
7
9.6
Pro
fes
ion
al
7
68.0
6
08.9
8
21.5
6
40.6
9
67.0
7
88.3
P
rofe
ssio
na
ls
5
5.8
4
4.2
5
6.2
4
3.8
5
5.1
4
4.9
Ju
rute
kn
ik d
an
pro
fesio
nal b
ers
eku
tu
4
47.8
9
17.3
4
80.8
9
26.1
4
58.4
9
95.1
T
echn
icia
ns a
nd
asso
cia
te p
rofe
ssio
na
ls
3
2.8
6
7.2
3
4.2
6
5.8
3
1.5
6
8.5
Pek
erj
a s
oko
ng
an
perk
era
nia
n
9
16.1
3
18.5
8
90.0
3
51.1
8
53.9
3
09.9
C
leri
ca
l su
ppo
rt w
ork
ers
7
4.2
2
5.8
7
1.7
2
8.3
7
3.4
2
6.6
Pek
erj
a p
erk
hid
mata
n d
an
ju
ala
n
1,5
02.1
1,6
04.8
1,5
87.4
1,6
01.5
1,6
07.0
1,5
69.3
S
erv
ice
an
d s
ale
s w
ork
ers
4
8.3
5
1.7
4
9.8
5
0.2
5
0.6
4
9.4
Pek
erj
a m
ah
ir p
ert
an
ian
, p
erh
uta
nan
dan
peri
kan
an
2
68.9
7
10.7
2
27.1
7
13.2
1
97.1
6
75.0
S
kill
ed
ag
ricu
ltu
ral, f
ore
str
y a
nd
fis
he
ry w
ork
ers
2
7.4
7
2.6
2
4.2
7
5.8
2
2.6
7
7.4
Pek
erj
a k
em
ah
iran
dan
pekerj
a p
ert
ukan
gan
yan
g b
erk
ait
an
2
53.4
1,2
49.7
3
03.1
1,2
75.7
2
98.3
1,2
72.0
C
raft
an
d r
ela
ted
tra
de
s w
ork
ers
1
6.9
8
3.1
1
9.2
8
0.8
1
9.0
8
1.0
Op
era
tor
loji
dan
me
sin
sert
a p
em
asan
g
3
26.8
1,2
53.2
3
06.8
1,2
78.4
3
48.8
1,3
21.0
P
lan
t an
d m
ach
ine
-ope
rato
rs a
nd
asse
mb
lers
2
0.7
7
9.3
1
9.4
8
0.6
2
0.9
7
9.1
Pek
erj
aan
asas
5
51.2
1,1
68.7
5
98.1
1,3
47.8
5
69.1
1,2
75.1
E
lem
en
tary
occup
atio
ns
3
2.0
6
8.0
3
0.7
6
9.3
3
0.9
6
9.1
Su
mb
er:
La
po
ran
Pen
yia
sa
tan
Te
na
ga
Bu
ruh
, D
OS
M
S
ourc
e: Labour
Fo
rce S
urv
ey R
eport
, D
OS
M
83
Jad
ual
4.3
: B
ilan
gan
dan
pera
tus h
akim
di
Keh
akim
an
Siv
il m
en
gik
ut
jaw
ata
n d
an
jan
tin
a,
Mala
ysia
, 2014–20
16
Ta
ble
4.3
: N
um
be
r an
d p
erc
enta
ge
of
jud
ges in
Civ
il Ju
dic
iary
by p
ositio
n a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Jaw
ata
n
Po
sitio
n
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
B
il./ N
um
.
4
5
8
2
5
0
8
3
4
9
8
4
To
tal
(%
) 3
5.4
6
4.6
3
7.8
6
2.2
3
6.8
6
3.2
Ketu
a H
akim
Neg
ara
0
1
0
1
0
1
Chie
f Ju
stice
of
Ma
laysia
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Pre
sid
en
Mah
kam
ah
Ra
yu
an
Mala
ysia
0
1
0
1
0
1
Pre
sid
en
t o
f th
e C
ou
rt o
f A
pp
ea
l o
f M
ala
ysia
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Hakim
Bes
ar
Mala
ya
0
1
0
1
0
1
Chie
f Ju
dge
of
Ma
laya
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Hakim
Bes
ar
Sab
ah
dan
Sara
wak
0
1
0
1
0
1
Chie
f Ju
dge
of
Sa
bah
and
Sa
raw
ak
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Hakim
Mah
kam
ah
Pe
rse
ku
tuan
Mala
ysia
1
9
2
7
2
9
Ju
dge
s o
f th
e F
ed
era
l C
ou
rt o
f M
ala
ysia
1
0.0
9
0.0
2
2.2
7
7.8
1
8.2
8
1.8
Hakim
Mah
kam
ah
Ra
yu
an
Mala
ysia
9
1
9
8
1
5
1
2
1
7
Ju
dge
s o
f th
e C
ou
rt o
f A
pp
eal o
f M
ala
ysia
3
2.1
6
7.9
3
4.8
6
5.2
4
1.4
5
8.6
Hakim
Mah
kam
ah
Tin
gg
i
2
9
2
8
2
9
2
7
2
5
2
7
Ju
dge
s o
f th
e H
igh
Co
urt
s
5
0.9
4
9.1
5
1.8
4
8.2
4
8.1
5
1.9
Pesu
ruh
jaya K
eh
akim
an
Mah
kam
ah
Tin
gg
i
6
2
2
1
1
3
0
1
0
2
7
Ju
dic
ial C
om
mis
sio
ne
rs o
f th
e H
igh
Co
urt
s
2
1.4
7
8.6
2
6.8
7
3.2
2
7.0
7
3.0
S
um
be
r:
Pe
jab
at
Ke
tua
Pen
da
fta
r M
ah
kam
ah
Pe
rse
ku
tua
n
S
ourc
e: C
hie
f R
egis
trar’s O
ffic
e F
edera
l C
ourt
of M
ala
ysia
84
Jad
ual
4.4
: B
ilan
gan
Ketu
a S
eti
au
sah
a, T
imb
ala
n K
etu
a S
eti
au
sah
a d
an
Ketu
a P
en
gara
h m
en
gik
ut
jaw
ata
n d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014–
201
6
T
ab
le 4
.4: N
um
be
r S
ecre
tary
Ge
ne
ral, D
ep
uty
Secre
tary
Gen
era
l a
nd
Dir
ecto
r G
ene
ral b
y p
ositio
n a
nd s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–
201
6
Jaw
ata
n
Po
sitio
n
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
Bil./
Num
. 299
59
240
312
61
251
311
50
261
To
tal
(
%)
100.0
19.7
80.3
100.0
19.6
80.4
100.0
16.1
83.9
Ketu
a S
eti
au
sah
a N
eg
ara
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
Chie
f S
ecre
tary
to
the
Gove
rnm
en
t 100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Ketu
a S
eti
au
sah
a
24
5
19
24
5
19
24
3
21
S
ecre
tary
Gene
ral
100.0
20.8
79.2
100.0
20.8
79.2
100.0
12.5
87.5
Tim
bala
n K
etu
a S
eti
au
sa
ha
54
10
44
60
13
47
57
10
47
D
ep
uty
Se
cre
tary
Gen
era
l 100.0
18.5
81.5
100.0
21.7
78.3
100.0
17.5
82.5
Ketu
a-K
etu
a P
en
ga
rah
, P
en
gara
h d
an
Pen
gu
rus
Bes
ar
Bad
an
-Bad
an
Be
rkan
un
115
21
94
115
19
96
122
20
102
D
ire
cto
r G
en
era
l, D
ire
cto
r a
nd
Ge
ne
ral M
an
ag
er
of
Sta
tuto
ry B
od
ies
100.0
18.3
81.7
100.0
16.5
83.5
100.0
16.4
83.6
Ketu
a-K
etu
a P
en
ga
rah
Ja
bata
n P
ers
eku
tuan
105
23
82
112
24
88
107
17
90
D
ire
cto
r G
en
era
l o
f F
ede
ral D
ep
art
me
nts
100.0
21.9
78.1
100.0
21.4
78.6
100.0
16.0
84.0
Su
mb
er:
Ba
ha
gia
n Is
tiad
at
da
n U
rus
eti
a P
ers
ida
ng
an
An
tara
ba
ng
sa
, Ja
ba
tan
Pe
rdan
a M
en
teri
S
ourc
e: T
he C
ere
monia
l &
Inte
rnatio
nal C
onfe
rence S
ecre
taria
t D
ivis
ion, P
rim
e M
inis
ter's D
epart
ment
85
Jad
ual
4.5
: B
ilan
gan
pen
jaw
at
aw
am
men
gik
ut
ku
mp
ula
n p
erk
hid
mata
n d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2016
Ta
ble
4.5
: N
um
be
r o
f civ
il se
rva
nts
by g
rou
p o
f se
rvic
es a
nd
se
x, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Jaw
ata
n
Po
sitio
n
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
B
il./
Num
. 1
,20
1,6
84
675,2
63
5
26,4
21
1,2
68,7
58
725,8
48
5
42,9
10
1,2
67,0
88
728,9
11
5
38,1
77
To
tal
(
%)
1
00.0
56.2
4
3.8
1
00.0
5
7.2
4
2.8
1
00.0
5
7.5
42.5
Pen
gu
rus
an
Tert
ing
gi (G
red
Ju
sa
C d
an
Ke A
tas)
3
,81
9
1
,260
2
,559
4
,02
4
1
,413
2
,611
4
,07
8
1
,461
2
,617
Gra
de
Jusa
C a
nd
Ab
ove
(G
rad
e J
usa
C a
nd
Ab
ove
) 1
00.0
33.0
6
7.0
1
00.0
3
5.1
6
4.9
1
00.0
3
5.8
64.2
Pen
gu
rus
an
& P
rofe
sio
na
l (G
red
41
–54)
38
0,4
99
243,6
75
1
36,8
24
50
1,9
53
327,8
72
1
74,0
81
51
0,6
03
334,1
81
1
76,4
22
Pro
fessio
na
l &
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
(Gra
de
41
–5
4)
1
00.0
64.0
3
6.0
1
00.0
6
5.3
3
4.7
1
00.0
6
5.4
34.6
So
ko
ng
an
(G
red
1–4
0)
81
7,3
66
430,3
28
3
87,0
38
76
2,7
81
396,5
63
3
66,2
18
75
2,4
07
393,2
69
3
59,1
38
Su
pp
ort
(G
rad
e 1
–4
0)
1
00.0
52.6
4
7.4
1
00.0
5
2.0
4
8.0
1
00.0
5
2.3
47.7
Bil
an
ga
n t
ida
k t
erm
as
uk
An
gk
ata
n T
en
tera
Mala
ys
ia (
AT
M)
da
n P
oli
s D
i R
aja
Ma
lays
ia (
PD
RM
)
Su
mb
er:
Ja
ba
tan
Pe
rkh
idm
ata
n A
wam
N
um
bers
are
exclu
din
g M
ala
ysia
n A
rmed F
orc
es a
nd R
oyal M
ala
ysia
n P
olic
e (
RM
P)
S
ourc
e: P
ublic
Serv
ice D
epart
ment
of M
ala
ysia
86
Jad
ual
4.6
: B
ilan
gan
pem
bu
at
kep
utu
san
di
sekto
r p
en
did
ikan
men
gik
ut
jaw
ata
n d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
T
ab
le 4
.6: N
um
be
r o
f d
ecis
ion m
akin
g le
ve
l in
ed
uca
tion
se
cto
r b
y p
ositio
n a
nd
se
x,
Ma
laysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Jaw
ata
n
Po
sitio
n
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
To
tal
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
Bil./
Num
. 9,8
27
3,6
72
6,1
55
9,7
36
3,6
10
6,1
26
9,9
10
3,7
44
6,1
66
To
tal
(
%)
10
0.0
3
7.4
6
2.6
10
0.0
3
7.1
6
2.9
10
0.0
3
7.8
6
2.2
Gu
ru B
esa
r S
eko
lah
Ren
dah
7,6
24
2,6
80
4,9
44
7,4
32
2,6
41
4,7
91
7,6
13
2,8
71
4,7
42
Pri
ma
ry S
ch
oo
l H
ea
d M
aste
r
10
0.0
3
5.2
6
4.8
10
0.0
3
5.5
6
4.5
10
0.0
3
7.7
6
2.3
Pen
getu
a S
eko
lah
Men
en
gah
2,1
38
9
69
1,1
69
2,2
38
9
45
1,2
93
2,2
28
8
52
1,3
76
Se
co
nd
ary
Scho
ol P
rincip
al
10
0.0
4
5.3
5
4.7
10
0.0
4
2.2
5
7.8
10
0.0
3
8.2
6
1.8
Pen
getu
a S
eko
lah
Bera
sra
ma P
en
uh
6
5
2
3
4
2
6
6
2
4
4
2
6
9
2
1
4
8
Resid
en
tia
l S
ch
ool P
rin
cip
al
10
0.0
3
5.4
6
4.6
10
0.0
3
6.4
6
3.6
10
0.0
3
0.4
6
9.6
Su
mb
er:
Ke
me
nte
rian
Pe
nd
idik
an
Ma
lays
ia
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f E
ducatio
n, M
ala
ysia
87
Jad
ual
4.7
: B
ilan
gan
dan
pera
tus h
akim
di
Keh
akim
an
Syari
ah
men
gik
ut
jaw
ata
n d
an
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–2
016
Ta
ble
4.7
: N
um
be
r an
d p
erc
enta
ge
ju
dge
s in
Sya
riah
Ju
dic
iary
by p
ositio
n a
nd
sex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–20
16
Jaw
ata
n
Po
sitio
n
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
M
en
Ju
mla
h
Bil./
Num
. 11
174
11
174
11
174
To
tal
(
%)
5.9
94.1
5.9
94.1
5.9
94.1
Ketu
a P
en
gara
h/ K
etu
a H
akim
Sya
rie
0
1
0
1
0
1
Dir
ecto
r G
en
era
l/ S
ya
rie C
hie
f Ju
dge
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Hakim
Mah
kam
ah
Ra
yu
an
Sya
riah
0
5
0
5
0
5
Ju
dge
s o
f th
e C
ou
rt o
f A
pp
eal S
ya
rie
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Ketu
a H
akim
Sya
rie N
eg
eri
0
14
0
14
0
14
Sta
te S
ya
rie C
hie
f Jud
ge
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Ketu
a P
en
daft
ar
Mah
kam
ah
Syari
ah
Neg
eri
2
12
2
12
2
12
Chie
f R
egis
ter
of th
e S
tate
Sya
ria
h C
ou
rt
14.3
85.7
14.3
85.7
14.3
85.7
Hakim
Syari
e
9
142
9
142
9
142
Sya
rie J
ud
ge
6.0
94.0
6.0
94.0
6.0
94.0
Su
mb
er:
J
ab
ata
n K
eh
ak
iman
Sya
ria
h M
ala
ys
ia
S
ourc
e: S
yaria
h J
udic
iary
Depart
ment
Ma
laysia
88
Jad
ual
4.8
: B
ilan
gan
dan
pera
tus a
ng
go
ta p
olis m
en
gik
ut
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2015
dan
2016
Ta
ble
4.8
: N
um
be
r an
d p
erc
enta
ge
of
polic
e p
ers
on
nel b
y s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 20
15
an
d 2
016
Perk
ara
It
em
2015
2016
W
an
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Men
Wan
ita
W
om
en
Lela
ki
Men
Po
lis
Bil./
Num
. 13,5
49
101,1
06
14,0
10
104,7
99
Po
lice
(
%)
11.8
88.2
11.8
88.2
Su
mb
er:
Po
lis
DiR
aja
Mala
ys
ia
Sourc
e: R
oyal M
ala
ysia
Polic
e
HAK ASASI WANITA DAN
KANAK-KANAK PEREMPUAN HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN
AND GIRLS CHILDREN
89
Jad
ual
5.1
: B
ilan
gan
kes p
em
bu
nu
han
den
gan
nia
t m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
Ta
ble
5.1
: N
um
be
r o
f cases o
f in
ten
tion
al h
om
icid
e b
y s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h k
es
T
ota
l case
s
Kes s
ele
sai
So
lvin
g c
ase
Ju
mla
h k
es
T
ota
l case
s
Kes s
ele
sai
So
lvin
g c
ase
Ju
mla
h k
es
T
ota
l case
s
Kes s
ele
sai
So
lvin
g c
ase
Mala
ysia
504
256
480
220
456
376
Johor
65
34
70
33
70
54
Ked
ah
25
9
30
19
17
16
Kela
nta
n
14
3
13
8
10
13
Mela
ka
10
6
9
3
13
13
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
24
10
21
11
17
11
Pah
ang
24
15
14
6
15
10
Pera
k
30
17
45
16
42
29
Perl
is
2
1
1
0
0
0
Pula
u P
inan
g
53
19
37
21
28
26
Sab
ah
50
28
35
22
60
55
Sara
wak
45
24
35
10
27
22
Sela
ngor
110
65
127
56
105
67
Tere
ngganu
10
5
8
4
11
7
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
42
20
35
11
41
53
Su
mb
er:
Po
lis
Dir
aja
Mala
ys
ia
Sourc
e: R
oyal M
ala
ysia
Polic
e
90
Jad
ual
5.2
: B
ilan
gan
kes k
eg
an
asan
te
rhad
ap
wan
ita m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
dan
je
nis
ke
s, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Ta
ble
5.2
: N
um
be
r o
f cases o
f vio
lence
ag
ain
st
wo
me
n b
y s
tate
and
typ
es o
f case
s,
Ma
laysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Keg
an
as
an
ru
mah
tan
gg
a
Dom
estic v
iole
nce
Ro
go
l R
ap
e
Cab
ul
Mo
lest
Lu
ar
tab
ii
Unn
atu
ral
Keg
an
as
an
ru
mah
tan
gg
a
Dom
estic v
iole
nce
Ro
go
l R
ap
e
Cab
ul
Mo
lest
Lu
ar
tab
ii
Un
na
tura
l
K
eg
an
as
an
ru
mah
tan
gg
a
Do
me
stic v
iole
nce
Ro
go
l R
ap
e
Cab
ul
Mo
lest
Lu
ar
tab
ii
Un
na
tura
l
Mala
ysia
4,8
07
2,3
49
1,5
90
214
5,0
14
2,1
24
1,5
85
300
5,7
96
1,9
51
1,5
26
327
Johor
541
311
229
30
633
273
224
40
671
285
219
37
Ked
ah
398
251
115
18
556
210
114
24
575
165
106
28
Kela
nta
n
621
206
84
3
621
204
66
9
686
157
58
15
Mela
ka
101
70
64
14
142
86
87
26
98
61
70
14
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
459
135
145
12
339
121
92
24
323
108
93
18
Pah
ang
231
152
82
14
203
97
81
18
279
138
82
13
Pera
k
331
128
104
18
263
94
98
9
326
98
105
21
Perl
is
78
37
22
5
83
31
20
1
119
31
23
2
Pula
u P
inan
g
306
100
98
13
301
81
87
25
258
68
74
11
Sab
ah
1
299
223
111
10
351
222
123
14
340
205
131
15
Sara
wak
355
145
65
1
279
149
61
5
427
141
49
12
Sela
ngor
657
326
247
43
780
322
306
63
938
316
282
89
Tere
ngganu
229
112
53
9
255
111
49
12
302
83
61
5
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur2
201
153
171
24
208
123
177
30
454
95
173
47
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. L
ab
ua
n
S
um
be
r: P
oli
s D
ira
ja M
ala
ys
ia
In
clu
des W
.P.
Labuan
Sourc
e: R
oyal M
ala
ysia
Polic
e
2 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
In
clu
des W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
91
Jad
ual
5.3
: B
ilan
gan
wan
ita B
ukan
Isla
m y
an
g b
eru
mu
r 20
−2
4 t
ah
un
dan
be
rkah
win
seb
elu
m u
mu
r 1
8 t
ah
un
, M
ala
ysia
, 201
4–
2016
T
ab
le 5
.3: N
um
be
r o
f N
on
-Mu
slim
wo
me
n a
ge
d 2
0−
24
ye
ars
old
an
d m
arr
ied
be
fore
18
ye
ars
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–2
016
Um
ur
(tah
un
sem
asa)
Ag
e (
cu
rre
nt yea
r)
2014
2015
2016
Ju
mla
h/
To
tal
2,2
04
2,3
53
2,0
51
20
492
421
116
21
541
492
421
22
481
541
492
23
418
481
541
24
272
418
481
Su
mb
er:
Ja
ba
tan
Pe
nd
aft
ara
n N
eg
ara
Sourc
e: N
atio
nal R
egis
tratio
n D
epart
ment
92
Jad
ual
5.4
: K
ad
ar
kesu
bu
ran
rem
aja
beru
mu
r 1
5−
19 t
ah
un
men
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–20
16
Ja
dua
l 5.4
: A
do
lesce
nt b
irth
rate
ag
ed
15−
19
ye
ars
by s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
014
–2
01
6
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Mala
ysia
13
12
10
Johor
11
10
9
Ked
ah
9
8
7
Kela
nta
n
14
13
12
Mela
ka
7
7
6
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
9
9
7
Pah
ang
15
15
13
Pera
k
8
8
7
Perl
is
11
12
12
Pula
u P
inan
g
7
7
7
Sab
ah
20
16
13
Sara
wak
30
27
21
Sela
ngor
9
8
7
Tere
ngganu
11
10
10
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur
10
9
8
W.P
. Labua
n
31
30
24
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
2
4
1
Kad
ar
ad
ala
h b
ag
i se
tia
p 1
,00
0 w
an
ita
be
rum
ur
15
–1
9 t
ah
un
S
um
be
r: P
era
ng
kaa
n P
en
tin
g,
Ma
lays
ia,
20
15
& 2
017
, D
OS
M
Th
e r
ate
s a
re p
er
1,0
00 w
om
en a
ged 1
5–19 y
ears
S
ourc
e: V
ital S
tatistics, M
ala
ysia
, 2015 &
2017, D
OS
M
PERLINDUNGAN SOSIAL
(FOKUS KHAS : PENUAAN
PENDUDUK) SOCIAL PROTECTION
(SPECIAL FOCUS : POPULATION AGEING)
93
Jad
ual
6.1
: B
ilan
gan
pen
eri
ma
ban
tuan
ora
ng
tu
a m
en
gik
ut
neg
eri
, M
ala
ysia
, 20
14
–201
6
T
ab
le 6
.1: N
um
be
r o
f e
lde
rly b
en
eficia
ries b
y s
tate
, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
Neg
eri
S
tate
2014
2015
2016
Bil. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
Bil. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
B
il. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
Mala
ysia
1
42,0
32
50
0,4
02.0
1
41,4
93
50
2,1
71.1
1
33,3
52
49
7,5
60.6
Johor
14,3
66
51
,87
7.5
14,2
16
51
,60
9.3
13,4
78
52
,34
9.4
Ked
ah
7,0
42
26
,41
1.4
6,6
60
24
,44
5.7
5,0
05
21
,36
1.6
Kela
nta
n
9,3
23
33
,58
1.3
9,5
57
33
,91
0.5
9,3
32
33
,38
7.2
Mela
ka
9,0
39
33
,23
8.2
8,8
14
31
,79
1.4
8,0
04
30
,75
4.8
Negeri
Sem
bila
n
8,7
82
31
,41
9.3
9,1
43
31
,90
3.7
9,1
11
32
,73
7.8
Pah
ang
8,7
75
31
,09
0.5
8,8
66
31
,83
3.6
8,9
37
33
,46
9.2
Pera
k
7,3
41
25
,84
9.5
7,3
00
26
,25
3.9
7,2
29
26
,31
1.8
Perl
is
2
30
69
8.7
1,2
23
1
,69
0.1
1,2
38
4
,29
9.0
Pula
u P
inan
g
6,6
30
24
,93
0.6
6,0
83
22
,55
9.1
4,9
50
20
,84
4.0
Sab
ah
30,4
31
10
8,2
81.7
27,8
52
98
,66
2.4
26,3
84
93
,87
4.0
Sara
wak
21,3
45
67
,31
2.3
22,2
97
79
,12
9.0
22,0
07
80
,79
5.9
Sela
ngor
10,6
75
37
,67
8.7
11,2
78
39
,43
4.2
10,7
84
39
,13
6.8
Tere
ngganu
4,2
30
14
,52
9.9
4,3
14
15
,32
0.4
4,1
60
15
,31
7.4
W.P
. K
ua
la L
um
pur1
3,5
64
12
,48
5.4
3,6
47
12
,74
5.8
2,5
18
12
,09
1.2
W.P
. Labua
n
2
59
1
,01
7.0
2
43
88
2.0
2
15
83
0.7
1 T
erm
as
uk
W.P
. P
utr
aja
ya
S
um
be
r: J
ab
ata
n K
eb
ajik
an
Ma
sya
rak
at
In
clu
ded W
.P. P
utr
aja
ya
S
ourc
e: D
epart
ment
of S
ocia
l W
elfare
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
PENGURANGAN RISIKO
BENCANA DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
95
Jad
ual
7.1
: B
ilan
gan
pen
eri
ma
ban
tuan
kew
an
gan
bag
i m
an
gsa
ben
can
a m
en
gik
ut
jen
is b
en
can
a,
Mala
ysia
, 2
014
–20
16
T
ab
le 7
.1: N
um
be
r o
f fina
ncia
l a
ssis
tan
ce
ben
eficia
ries f
or
the
vic
tim
s o
f dis
aste
r b
y t
ype
of d
isa
ste
r, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–
20
16
Jen
is B
en
can
a
Typ
e o
f dis
aste
r
2014
2015
2016
Bil. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
B
il. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
B
il. P
en
eri
ma
N
um
. o
f re
cip
ien
t R
M '000
Ju
mla
h/
To
tal
16,1
28
9
,074.2
28,0
57
8
,206.0
8,0
98
6
,070.3
Keb
aka
ran
/ F
ire
3,9
80
4
,646.9
1,4
14
2
,708.7
1,5
88
3
,019.2
Ban
jir/
Flo
od
2,5
08
7
00.8
17,3
25
1
,306.1
4
61
2
72.8
Rib
ut/
Sto
rm
3,4
69
2
,518.1
4,6
25
3
,295.1
2,7
71
1
,462.6
Kem
ara
u/
Dro
ug
ht
5,6
41
6
93.9
4,1
05
6
06.8
2,3
55
4
91.8
Tan
ah
ru
ntu
h/
La
ndslid
e
24
39.8
1
07
1
38.8
33
25.0
Lain
-lain
/ O
the
rs
5
06
4
74.7
4
81
1
50.5
8
90
7
98.9
Su
mb
er:
Ja
ba
tan
Ke
ba
jik
an
Ma
sya
rak
at
Sourc
e: D
epart
ment
of S
ocia
l W
elfare
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
KEAMANAN DAN KESELAMATAN PEACE AND SECURITY
97
Jad
ual
8.1
: B
ilan
gan
dan
pera
tus a
ng
go
ta t
en
tera
dara
t, l
au
t d
an
ud
ara
men
gik
ut
jan
tin
a, M
ala
ysia
, 2
01
4–20
16
T
ab
le 8
.1: N
um
be
r an
d p
erc
enta
ge
of
arm
y, n
avy a
nd
air
fo
rce
pe
rso
nne
l by s
ex,
Ma
laysia
, 2
01
4–2
016
An
gk
ata
n t
en
tera
A
rme
d F
orc
es
2014
2015
2016
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Wan
ita
Wo
men
Lela
ki
Me
n
Ten
tera
Dara
t
B
il./
Num
. 7,3
85
85,4
59
7,2
66
86,2
95
6,9
28
81,3
94
A
rmy p
ers
on
nel
(%
) 8.0
92.0
7.8
92.2
7.8
92.2
Ten
tera
Lau
t 1,4
91
16,6
28
1,4
40
15,9
92
1,4
03
15,3
51
N
avy p
ers
on
ne
l
8.2
91.8
8.3
91.7
8.4
91.6
Ten
tera
Ud
ara
970
15,0
35
1,0
39
14,7
91
945
13,8
18
A
ir f
orc
e p
ers
on
ne
l
6.1
93.9
6.6
93.4
6.4
93.6
S
um
be
r: K
em
en
teri
an
Pe
rtah
an
an
Ma
lays
ia
S
ourc
e: M
inis
try o
f D
efe
nce, M
ala
ysia
Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong. This page is deliberately left blank.
NOTA TEKNIKAL
TECHNICAL NOTES
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
99
1. Pengenalan
Statistik Pemerkasaan Wanita Dalam
Domain Terpilih, Malaysia, 2017
merangkumi lapan domain utama
iaitu:
i. Struktur ekonomi, penyertaan
dalam aktiviti produktif dan akses
kepada sumber;
ii. Pendidikan;
iii. Kesihatan dan perkhidmatan
berkaitan;
iv. Kehidupan awam dan pembuat
keputusan;
v. Hak asasi wanita dan kanak-
kanak perempuan;
vi. Perlindungan sosial;
vii. Pengurangan risiko bencana;
dan
viii. Keamanan & keselamatan.
1. Introduction
Statistics on Women Empowerment In
Selected Domains, Malaysia, 2017
covers eight major domains, namely:
i. Economic structures, participation
in productive activities and access
to resources;
ii. Education;
iii. Health and related services;
iv. Public life and decision making;
v. Human rights of women and girl
children;
vi. Social protection;
vii. Disaster risk reduction; and
viii. Peace & security.
2. Ketersediaan Data
Ketersediaan data adalah
berdasarkan data yang dibekalkan
oleh agensi berkaitan.
3. Nisbah perempuan kepada lelaki
Merujuk kepada nisbah perempuan
kepada lelaki bagi indikator tertentu.
4. Konsep dan definisi
4.1 INDEKS JURANG GENDER
Definisi Indeks Jurang Gender
Indeks Jurang Gender adalah suatu
indeks yang dibentuk/ direka untuk
mengukur kesaksamaan gender.
2. Availability of data
The availability of data is based on the
data provided by the related agencies.
3. Female to male ratio
Refer to ratio of females to males in a
particular indicator.
4. Concept and definition
4.1 GENDER GAP INDEX
Definition of Gender Gap Index
The Gender Gap Index is an index
designed to measure gender equality.
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
100
Indeks ini diukur daripada empat
kategori asas iaitu Peluang &
Penyertaan Ekonomi, Pencapaian
Pendidikan, Kesihatan & Kehidupan
dan Penguasaan Politik.
Jurang tersebut diukur dengan skala
0 hingga 1. Secara amnya,
kesaksamaan gender dicapai
apabila indeks tersebut mencapai
skala 1 manakala jurang ini menjadi
semakin besar sekiranya skala
tersebut menghampiri skala 0.
Pembangunan Indeks
Keseluruhan Indeks Jurang Gender
dikira dengan menggunakan empat
proses/ langkah seperti di bawah:
i. Menukar kepada nisbah
Langkah satu, semua data ditukar
kepada nisbah wanita/lelaki.
Sebagai contoh, sebuah negara
dengan 20 peratus wanita dalam
jawatan menteri, akan dikira
sebagai nisbah 20 wanita kepada
80 lelaki. Oleh yang demikian,
nilainya adalah 0.25. Ini adalah
bagi memastikan indeks ini
menunjukkan jurang antara
peringkat pencapaian lelaki
dan wanita dan bukannya tahap
diri mereka sendiri.
ii. Menghadkan data pada tanda
aras kesaksamaan
Langkah kedua, nisbah ini
dihadkan pada "tanda aras
kesamaan." Bagi semua indikator,
kecuali dua indikator kesihatan,
penanda aras kesamaan ini
dianggap sebagai 1, di mana
This index is measured from four
fundamental categories: Economic
Opportunity & Participation,
Educational Attainment, Health &
Survival and Political Empowerment.
The gap is measured by a scale of 0 to
1. Generally, gender equality is
achieved when the index reaches a
scale of 1 while this gap becomes
larger if the scale approaches the
scale of 0.
Construction of the Index
The overall Global Gender Gap Index
is constructed using a four–step
process, outlined below:
i. Convert to ratios
Initially, all data is converted to
female-to-male ratios. For example,
a country with 20 per cent of
women in ministerial positions is
assigned a ratio of 20 women to 80
men, thus a value of 0.25. This is to
ensure that the Index is capturing
gaps between women and men’s
attainment levels, rather than the
levels themselves.
ii. Truncate data at equality
benchmark
As a second step, these ratios are
truncated at the “equality
benchmark.” For all indicators,
except the two health indicators,
this equality benchmark is
considered to be 1, meaning equal
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
101
bilangan wanita dan lelaki adalah
sama. Dalam kes pembolehubah
nisbah jantina ketika lahir,
penanda aras kesamaan
ditetapkan menjadi 0.944, dan
penanda aras jangka hayat sihat
ditetapkan menjadi 1.06.
Menghadkan data pada tanda
aras kesamaan bagi setiap
indikator akan memberikan
markah yang sama kepada
negara yang telah mencapai
keseimbangan antara wanita dan
lelaki dan nilai 1 di mana wanita
melebihi lelaki.
Jenis skala yang dipilih
menentukan sama ada indeks
memberi manfaat kepada
pemerkasaan wanita atau
kesaksamaan jantina. Untuk
mendapatkan kesaksamaan
gender, dua skala telah
dipertimbangkan. Skala pertama
adalah skala positif negatif yang
menunjukkan saiz dan arah jurang
gender. Skala ini menilai sama
ada kelebihan lelaki terhadap
wanita atau kelebihan wanita
terhadap lelaki, dan memberikan
mata tertinggi kepada
kesaksamaan mutlak.
Skala kedua adalah skala satu sisi
yang mengukur sejauh mana
wanita yang hampir mencapai
keseimbangan dengan lelaki,
tetapi tidak memberi manfaat
atau tidak menilai negara
kerana mempunyai jurang gender
dalam arah yang berbeza. Kita
mendapati skala satu sisi lebih
sesuai untuk tujuan kesaksamaan
gender, kerana ia tidak memberi
numbers of women and men. In the
case of the sex ratio at birth
variable, the equality benchmark is
set to be 0.944, and the healthy life
expectancy benchmark is set to be
1.06.
Truncating the data at the equality
benchmarks for each assigns the
same score to a country that has
reached parity between women
and men and one where women
have surpassed men.
The type of scale chosen
determines whether the Index is
rewarding women’s empowerment
or gender equality. To capture
gender equality, two possible scales
were considered. One was
a negative-positive scale capturing
the size and direction of the gender
gap. This scale penalizes either
men’s advantage over women or
women’s advantage over men,
and gives the highest points to
absolute equality.
The second choice was a
one–sided scale that measures how
close women are to reaching parity
with men, but does not reward or
penalize countries for having a
gender gap in the other direction.
We find the one-sided scale more
appropriate for our purposes, as it
does not reward countries for
having exceeded the parity
benchmark.
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manfaat kepada negara yang
telah melebihi penanda aras
pariti.
iii. Mengira skor sub–indeks
Langkah ketiga melibatkan proses
pengiraan purata pemberat bagi
setiap indikator di dalam setiap
sub–indeks untuk menghasilkan
skor sub–indeks. Purata indikator
yang berbeza akan memberi
pemberat yang lebih kepada
ukuran yang menunjukkan
variabiliti terbesar atau sisihan
piawai. Oleh itu, langkah
pertama, normalkan indikator
dengan menyamakan setiap
sisihan piawai.
Sebagai contoh, dalam
sub–indeks pencapaian
pendidikan, sisihan piawai bagi
setiap empat indikator dikira.
Kemudian tentukan titik
perubahan 1 peratus dengan
membahagikan 0.01 dengan
sisihan piawai bagi setiap
indikator. Empat nilai ini
kemudiannya digunakan sebagai
pemberat untuk mengira purata
wajaran kepada empat indikator.
Kaedah pemberat indikator ini
memastikan bahawa setiap
indikator mempunyai kesan relatif
yang sama keatas sub–indeks.
Sebagai contoh, indikator dengan
kebolehubahan yang kecil atau
sisihan piawai, seperti kadar
enrolmen sekolah rendah,
mendapat pemberat yang
lebih besar dalam sub–indeks
pencapaian pendidikan daripada
penunjuk dengan variabiliti yang
iii. Calculate sub–index scores
The third step in the processinvolves
calculating theweighted average
of the indicators within each sub–
index to create the sub–index
scores. Averaging the different
indicators would implicitly give
more weight to the measure that
exhibits the largest variability or
standard deviation. Therefore the
first stepis to normalize the indicators
by equalizing theirstandard
deviations.
For example, within the educational
attainment sub–index, standard
deviations for each of the four
indicators are calculated. Then
determine what a 1 per cent point
change of standard deviations by
dividing 0.01 by the standard
deviation for each indicator. These
four values are then used as
weights to calculate the weighted
average of the four indicators.
This way of weighting indicators
allows us to make sure that each
indicator has the same relative
impact on the sub–index. For
example, an indicator with a small
variability or standard deviation,
such as primary enrolment rate,
gets a larger weight within the
educational attainment sub–index
than an indicator with a larger
variability, such as tertiary
enrolment rate.
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103
lebih besar, seperti kadar
enrolmen tertiari.
Oleh itu, negara yang mempunyai
jurang jantina yang besar dalam
pendidikan rendah (indikator di
mana kebanyakan negara telah
mencapai persamaan di antara
wanita dan lelaki) akan lebih
dihakimi. Begitu juga dengan
indikator nisbah jantina (dalam
sub–indeks kesihatan dan
kehidupan), di mana kebanyakan
negara mempunyai nisbah jantina
yang sangat tinggi dan
penyebaran data adalah kecil,
pemberat yang lebih besar akan
memberi kesan yang lebih besar
kepada negara-negara yang
menyimpang dari nilai ini. Jadual 1
diperoleh dari Laporan Global
Gap (World Economic Forum)
memaparkan nilai-nilai pemberat
yang digunakan.
iv. Mengira skor akhir
Bagi semua sub–indeks, nilai
berkemungkinan paling tinggi
adalah skor 1 (sepadan/pariti)
dan nilai berkemungkinan paling
rendah adalah skor 0
(ketidaksepadanan), oleh yang
demikian, tanda aras skor antara
ketidaksaksamaan dan
kesaksamaan perlu digabungkan.
Nilai purata tanpa pemberat bagi
setiap indikator digunakan untuk
mengira keseluruhan skor Indeks
Jurang Gender Antarabangsa.
Sama seperti skor sub–indeks, nilai
akhir ini berkisar antara 1
(sepadan/pariti) dan 0
(ketidaksepadanan), dengan itu
Therefore, a country with a large
gender gap in primary education
(an indicator where most countries
have achieved near–parity
between women and men) will be
more heavily penalized. Similarly, in
the case of the sex ratio indicator
(within the Health and Survival
sub-index), where most countries
have a very high sex ratio and the
spread of the data is small, the
larger weight will penalize more
heavily those countries that deviate
from this value. Table 1 was
obtained from the Global Gap
Report (World Economic Forum)
displays the values of the weights
used.
iv. Calculation of final scores
For all sub–indexes, the highest
possible score is 1 (parity) and the
lowest possible score is 0 (imparity),
thus binding the scores between
inequality and equality
benchmarks. An un-weighted
average of each sub–index score is
used to calculate the overall Global
Gender Gap Index score.
Similar to sub–index scores, this final
value ranges between 1 (parity)
and 0 (imparity), thus allowing for
comparisons relative to ideal
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104
membolehkan perbandingan
relatif dengan kesamaan piawai
yang ideal di samping kedudukan
relatif negara. Penanda aras
sepadan/pariti dan
ketidaksepadanan tetap sama
merentasi masa, membolehkan
pembaca mengesan kemajuan
negara masing-masing berhubung
dengan kesaksamaan yang ideal.
Selain itu, pilihan untuk
menafsirkan skor indeks akhir
sebagai nilai peratusan boleh
mendedahkan bagaimana
sebuah negara telah
mengurangkan jurang jantinanya
akan membantu menjadikan
indeks lebih menarik kepada
pembaca.
standards of equality in addition to
relative country rankings. The parity
and imparity benchmarks remain
fixed across time, allowing the
reader to track individual country
progress in relation to an ideal
standard of equality. Furthermore,
the option of roughly interpreting
the final index scores as a
percentage value that reveals how
a country has reduced its gender
gap should help make the index
more intuitively appealing to
readers.
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Jadual A: Pengiraan pemberat antara setiap sub–indeks (berdasarkan kepada Global
Gender Gap Report 2006)
Table A: Calculation of weight within each sub–index (based on the Global Gender
Gap Report 2006)
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Jadual A: Pengiraan pemberat antara setiap sub–indeks (berdasarkan kepada Global
Gender Gap Report 2006) (samb.)
Table A: Calculation of weight within each sub–index (based on the Global Gender
Gap Report 2006) (cont'd)
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4.2 STRUKTUR EKONOMI, PENYERTAAN
DALAM AKTIVITI PRODUKTIF DAN
AKSES KEPADA SUMBER.
Pekali Gini
Pekali Gini (G) ialah ukuran
pemusatan pendapatan
berdasarkan Keluk Lorenz. Keluk ini
dihasilkan dengan memplot peratus
isi rumah kumulatif pada paksi X dan
peratus jumlah pendapatan
kumulatif yang diterima oleh isi
rumah pada paksi Y. Nilai Pekali Gini
berada antara 0 dan 1 di mana 0
menunjukkan agihan pendapatan
yang saksama manakala nilai 1
menunjukkan agihan pendapatan
yang paling tidak saksama.
Kemiskinan
Konsep kemiskinan yang digunakan
adalah mengambil kira Pendapatan
Garis Kemiskinan (PGK) makanan
dan PGK bukan makanan bagi
setiap isi rumah. Sesebuah isi rumah
dianggap miskin jika pendapatan
mereka kurang daripada nilai PGK
yang diperlukan. Ini bermaksud isi
rumah tersebut kekurangan sumber
pendapatan untuk memenuhi
keperluan asas makanan dan bukan
makanan bagi setiap ahlinya.
Sesebuah isi rumah dianggap miskin
tegar jika pendapatannya kurang
daripada nilai PGK makanan yang
diperlukan.
Ketua isi rumah
Merujuk kepada seorang ahli biasa
sama ada lelaki atau perempuan
yang dianggap sebagai ketua oleh
4.2 ECONOMIC STRUCTURES,
PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE
ACTIVITIES AND ACCESS TO
RESOURCES
The Gini Coefficient
The Gini Coefficient (G) is a measure
of income concentration derived from
the Lorenz Curve. The curve is
obtained by plotting the cumulative
per cent of households on the X axis
against the cumulative per cent of the
aggregate income received by these
households on the Y axis. The value of
the Gini Coefficient ranges from 0 to 1
where 0 denotes complete equality of
income share and 1 represents total
inequality of income share.
Poverty
The concept of poverty used takes
into account food Poverty Line
Income (PLI) and non–food PLI for
each household. A household is
considered poof if their income is
below the PLI needed. This means that
it lacks the resources to meet the
basic needs of food and non-food for
each of its members. A household is
considered hard–core poor if its
income is below the food PLI.
Head of household
Defined as any members whether
male or female which is considered as
head of household by other members.
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ahli isi rumah yang lain.
Bekerja
Semua orang yang bekerja
sekurang-kurangnya sejam semasa
minggu rujukan untuk mendapatkan
upah, keuntungan atau keuntungan
keluarga sama ada sebagai
majikan, pekerja, bekerja sendiri atau
pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji.
Mereka juga dianggap bekerja jika:
Tidak bekerja semasa minggu
rujukan disebabkan sakit,
kecederaan, tiada upaya,
cuaca buruk, bercuti
pertelingkahan buruh dan
sebab-sebab sosial atau
keagamaan tetapi mempunyai
pekerjaan, ladang, perusahaan
keluarga lain untuk kembali
bekerja.
Tidak bekerja buat sementara
waktu tetapi bergaji dan pasti
akan dipanggil bekerja semula.
Bekerja kurang daripada 30 jam
semasa minggu rujukan
disebabkan bentuk kerja atau
disebabkan kurang kerja dan
berkeupayaan serta sanggup
menerima tambahan bilangan
jam bekerja. Kumpulan ini
merupakan guna tenaga tidak
penuh.
Mereka yang bekerja lebih daripada
30 jam semasa minggu rujukan
merupakan guna tenaga penuh.
Employed
All persons who, at any time during the
reference week worked at least one
hour for pay, profit or family gain as an
employer, employee, own–account
worker or unpaid family worker.
They are also considered as employed
if they:
Did not work during the reference
week because of illness, injury,
disability, bad weather, leave,
labour dispute and social or
religious reasons but had a job,
farm, enterprise or other family
enterprise to return to.
Were temporary laid-off with pay
and would definitely be called
back to work.
Were employed less than 30 hours
during the reference week
because of the nature of their
work or due to insufficient work
and are able and willing to
accept addtional hours of work.
This group is underemployed.
Persons who were employed more
than 30 hours during the reference
week is full employment.
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Menganggur
Penganggur adalah mereka yang
tidak bekerja semasa minggu rujukan
dan dikelaskan kepada dua
kumpulan iaitu penganggur aktif dan
tidak aktif.
Penganggur aktif adalah mereka
yang bersedia untuk bekerja dan
aktif mencari pekerjaan dalam
minggu tersebut.
Penganggur tidak aktif adalah
mereka yang berada dalam
kategori berikut:
Tidak mencari pekerjaan dalam
minggu rujukan kerana percaya
tidak terdapat pekerjaan atau
pun tidak berkelayakan;
Mungkin mencari pekerjaan jika
tidak kerana sakit atau keadaan
cuaca;
Menunggu jawapan
permohonan pekerjaan; dan
Telah mencari pekerjaan
sebelum minggu rujukan.
Isi rumah
Merujuk kepada seorang atau
sekumpulan orang yang bersaudara
atau tidak bersaudara yang
biasanya tinggal bersama dan
membuat peruntukan yang sama
untuk makanan dan keperluan hidup
yang lain.
Taraf pekerjaan
Merujuk kepada kedudukan atau
taraf seseorang yang bekerja di
dalam pertubuhan atau organisasi di
mana beliau bekerja. Penduduk
yang bekerja dikelaskan mengikut
Unemployed
The unemployed are those who did
not work during the reference week
and are classified into two groups that
is the actively unemployed and
inactively unemployed.
The actively unemployed include all
persons who were available for work
and were actively looking for work
during the reference week.
Inactively unemployed persons
include those in the following
categories:
Did not look for work because they
believed no work was available or
that they were not qualified;
Would have looked for work if they
had not been temporarily ill or had
it not been for weather condition;
Were waiting for result of job
applications; and
Had looked for work prior to the
reference week.
Household
Defined as a person or group of
related or unrelated persons who
usually live together and make
common provisions for food and other
living essentials.
Status in employment
Refers to the position or status of an
employed person within the
establishment or organisation for
which he/she worked. Employed
persons are classified according to the
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taraf guna tenaga.
i. Majikan
Merujuk kepada seseorang yang
menjalankan sesuatu perniagaan,
perusahaan ladang atau
perniagaan lain dan menggaji
seorang pekerja atau lebih untuk
menolongnya.
ii. Pekerja
Merujuk kepada seseorang yang
bekerja untuk majikan sektor
awam atau swasta dan menerima
ganjaran tetap seperti upah, gaji,
komisen, tip atau ganjaran yang
berbentuk mata benda.
iii. Bekerja sendiri
Merujuk kepada seseorang yang
mengusahakan ladang,
perniagaan atau perusahaan
sendiri tanpa menggaji pekerja di
ladang, perniagaan atau
perusahaannya.
iv. Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji
Merujuk kepada seseorang yang
bekerja tanpa menerima
sebarang bayaran atau upah di
ladang, perniagaan atau
perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh
ahli keluarganya yang lain.
Pekerjaan
Dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi
Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan
Malaysia (MASCO) 2008 berasaskan
kepada International Standard
Classification of Occupations
following employment status.
i. Employer
A person who operates a business,
a plantation or other trade and
employs one or more workers to
help him.
ii. Employee
A person who works for a public or
private employer and receives
regular remuneration in wages,
salary, commission, tips or payment
in kind.
iii. Own account worker
A person who operates his own
farm, business or trade without
employing any paid workers in the
conduct of his farm, trade or
business.
iv. Unpaid family worker
A person who works without pay or
wages on a farm, business or trade
operated by another member of
the family.
Occupation
Occupation is classified according to
the Malaysia Standard Classification of
Occupations (MASCO) 2008 based on
the International Standard
Classification of Occupations
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111
(ISCO-08).
Bagi seseorang yang mempunyai
lebih daripada satu pekerjaan,
hanya pekerjaan yang mengambil
masa terbanyak semasa tempoh
rujukan dianggap sebagai pekerjaan
utamanya. Jika masa bekerja bagi
setiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka
pekerjaan yang menghasilkan
pendapatan yang tertinggi adalah
pekerjaan utamanya.
Dalam kes di mana bilangan jam
bekerja dan pendapatannya adalah
sama bagi setiap pekerjaan,
pekerjaan di mana dia telah bekerja
paling lama dianggap sebagai
pekerjaan utamanya.
Industri
Dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian
Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)
2008 Versi 1.0 berasaskan kepada
International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic
Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.
Pengelasan industri seseorang
merujuk kepada yang berkaitan
dengan pekerjaan utamanya.
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh (PTB)
tidak mengelaskan aktiviti
pengeluaran barangan dan
perkhidmatan sara hidup untuk
kegunaan isi rumah sendiri sebagai
penduduk yang aktif secara
ekonomi.
Oleh itu, klasifikasi MSIC 2008 bagi
industri Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai
majikan; aktiviti mengeluarkan
barangan dan perkhidmatan yang
(ISCO-08).
For a person having more than one
job,only the job at which he worked
for the longest number of hours during
the referenceweek is treated as his
principal occupation.If the number of
hours worked for each job is the same,
then the job with the highest income is
the principal occupation.
In cases where the number of hours
worked and the income earned from
each job are the same, the job at
which he was working for the longest
period of time is considered as the
principal occupation.
Industry
Industry is classified according to the
Malaysia Standard Industrial
Classification (MSIC) 2008 Version 1.0
based on the International Standard
Industrial Classification of All Economic
Activities (ISIC), Revision 4.
A person’s industry classification refers
to that of his principal occupation.
Labour Force Survey (LFS) does not
classify the subsistence goods-and
services producing activities of
households as persons who are
economically active
Therefore, the classification of industry
by MSIC 2008 Version 1.0 for Activities
of households as employers;
undifferentiated goods-and services
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tidak dapat dibezakan oleh isi rumah
untuk kegunaan sendiri hanya
mengambil kira Aktiviti isi rumah
sebagai majikan.
Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh
Aktiviti ekonomi penduduk pada
keseluruhannya bergantung kepada
ciri-ciri demografi sesuatu populasi.
Dengan itu, pecahan mereka yang
aktif secara ekonomi berbeza di
antara kumpulan-kumpulan kecil
penduduk tersebut. Perbezaan ini
diukur dengan kadar aktiviti tertentu
yang dikenali sebagai kadar
penyertaan tenaga buruh. Kadar
penyertaan tenaga buruh ditakrifkan
sebagai perkadaran penduduk
dalam tenaga buruh kepada jumlah
penduduk dalam umur bekerja
(15–64 tahun) yang dipersembahkan
dalam bentuk peratus.
Kadar pengangguran
Perkadaran penduduk yang
menganggur kepada jumlah
penduduk di dalam tenaga buruh.
Kadar ini mengukur peratus
penduduk di dalam tenaga buruh
yang tidak bekerja.
Gaji dan upah
Statistik gaji dan upah yang
dipaparkan dalam laporan ini
adalah merujuk kepada kadar upah
merangkumi gaji pokok, elaun sara
hidup dan lain-lain elaun dalam
bentuk tunai atau mata benda yang
dibayar secara tetap dan berkala
serta bayaran kerja lebih masa.
Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak
termasuk bonus dan gratuiti, elaun
producing activities of households for
own use only accounted for Activities
of households as employers.
Labour force participation rate
The economy activity of a population
dependson the demographic
characteristic of that population.
Therefore, the proportion of
economically active persons differs
betweensub-groups of that
population. These variations are
measured by specificactivity rates
termed labour forceparticipation rate.
Labour force participation rate is
defined as the ratio of the labour
force to the working age population
(15–64 years), expressed as
percentage.
Unemployment rate
The proportion of unemployed
population to the total population in
labour force. This measures the
percentage of unemployed
population in labour force.
Salaries and wages
Statistics on salaries and wages
presented in this report refer to wage
rate consisting of basic wages, cost-of-
living allowances and other
guaranteed and regularly paid
allowances in cash or in kind and
overtime payment. However, it
excludes bonuses and gratuities,
family allowances and social security
payments made by employers.
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keluarga dan lain-lain bayaran
keselamatan sosial oleh majikan.
Jumlah nisbah tanggungan
Merujuk kepada nisbah bilangan
penduduk yang berumur bawah 15
tahun dan yang berumur 65 tahun
dan lebih kepada bilangan
penduduk yang berumur 15–64
tahun.
Nisbah tanggungan umur muda
Merujuk kepada nisbah di antara
bilangan penduduk yang berumur
bawah 15 tahun kepada bilangan
penduduk yang berumur
15–64 tahun.
Nisbah tanggungan umur tua
Merujuk kepada nisbah di antara
bilangan penduduk yang berumur
bawah 65 tahun dan lebih kepada
bilangan penduduk yang berumur
15–64 tahun.
Taska
Taman asuhan kanak-kanak merujuk
kepada mana-mana premis yang
mempunyai empat orang atau lebih
kanak-kanak di bawah umur empat
tahun daripada satu isi rumah atau
lebih yang diterima masuk untuk
dijaga dengan upah (merujuk
kepada Tafsiran, Seksyen 2, Akta
Taman Asuhan Kanak-kanak 1984
(Akta 308)).
Total dependency ratio
Refers to the ratio of the number of
persons below the age of 15 years
and the number of persons aged 65
years and over to the number of
persons aged 15–64 years.
Young age dependency ratio
Refers to the ratio of the number of
persons below the age of 15 years to
the number of persons aged
15–64 years.
Old age dependency ratio
Refers to the ratio of the number of
persons aged 65 years and over to the
number of persons aged 15–64 years.
Child Care Centre
Child Care Centre means any
premises at which four or more
children under the age of four years
from more than one household are
received to be looked after for reward
(as per interpretation, Section 2, Child
Care Centre Act 1984 (Act 308).
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Taska berdaftar
Taska berdaftar merujuk kepada
mana-mana taman asuhan kanak-
kanak yang didaftarkan di bawah
Akta Taman Asuhan Kanak-kanak
1984 (Akta 308).
4.3 PENDIDIKAN
Kadar literasi
Merujuk kepada penduduk yang
mempunyai pendidikan formal.
Kadar literasi diproksikan daripada
variabel persekolahan yang sedang
bersekolah dan telah tamat
persekolahan daripada PTB.
Enrolmen
Merujuk kepada murid yang
mengikut persekolahan di sekolah
kerajaan dan bantuan kerajaan.
Enrolmen peringkat rendah
Merujuk kepada murid yang
mengikuti persekolahan di sekolah
kerajaan dan bantuan kerajaan
pada peringkat rendah.
Enrolmen peringkat menengah
Merujuk kepada murid yang
mengikuti persekolahan di
sekolah kerajaan dan bantuan
kerajaan pada peringkat
menengah.
Registered Child Care Centre
Registered Child Care Centre means
any child care centre which is
registered under the Child Care
Centre Act 1984(Act 308).
4.3 EDUCATION
Literacy rate
Literacy rate is defined as the
population who have formal
education. Literacy rate is proxy from
the school attendance variable which
is schooling and completed schooling
from LFS.
Enrolment
Refers to the number of students
studying in government or
government–aided schools.
Enrolment at primary level
Refers to the number of students
studying in government or
government–aided schools at primary
level.
Enrolment at secondary level
Refers to the number of students
studying in government or
government–aided schools at
secondary level.
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Enrolmen peringkat tertiari
Merujuk kepada bilangan pelajar
yang sedang mengikuti pengajian di
sesebuah institusi pendidikan tinggi,
termasuk pelajar baharu bagi
sesuatu sesi pengajian berkenaan.
Bilangan enrolmen ini adalah
dinamik dan berubah mengikut
masa pengumpulan data.
Gender pariti indeks
Merujuk kepada nisbah wanita
kepada lelaki bagi indikator
tertentu. Nilai indeks bersamaan satu
menunjukkan terdapat pariti di
antara gender.
Bidang pengajian
Merujuk kepada garis panduan Kod
Pendidikan Nasional yang
berpandukan International Standard
Classification of Education 1997
(ISCED 1997) yang diwujudkan oleh
United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
bagi tujuan menyeragamkan
pengelasan program pengajian di
peringkat antarabangsa.
Kadar enrolmen kasar pra–sekolah
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid prasekolah diungkapkan
sebagai peratus kepada populasi
kumpulan umur rasmi pra–sekolah
(4–5 tahun).
Enrolment at tertiary level
Refers to the number of students
currently pursuing study programmes
in a particular higher education
institution, including any intake of
new students for a
particularacademic session. Enrolment
targets were dynamic in the sense that
they may change according to the
data collection period.
Gender parity index
Refers to ratio of women to men for a
particular indicator. Index of one
denotes the presence of gender
parities.
Field of study
Refers to the guidelines provided in
the National Education Code (NEC)
with reference to the International
Standard Classification of Education
1997 (ISCED 1997), established by the
United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
for the purpose of uniformity in the
classification.
Gross enrolment rate at pre–school
level
Total enrolment in pre–school
expressed as a percentage to the
eligible official pre-school age
population in a given pre-school year
(4–5 years).
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Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat
rendah
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid peringkat rendah diungkapkan
sebagai peratus kepada populasi
kumpulan umur rasmi peringkat
rendah (6–11 tahun).
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat
menengah
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid peringkat menengah
diungkap sebagai peratus kepada
populasi kumpulan umur rasmi
peringkat menengah (12–16 tahun).
Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat
tertiari
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
pelajar peringkat tertiari diungkap
sebagai peratus kepada populasi
kumpulan umur rasmi peringkat
tertiari (18–22 tahun).
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat
rendah
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid tahun pertama peringkat
rendah (Tahun 1), diungkapkan
sebagai peratus kepada populasi
penduduk kumpulan umur rasmi
tahun pertama peringkat rendah
(6 tahun).
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat
menengah
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid tahun pertama peringkat
menengah (Tingkatan 1),
diungkapkan sebagai peratus
Gross enrolment rate at primary level
Total enrolment in primary level
expressed as a percentage to the
eligibleofficial primary level age
population (6–11 years old).
Gross enrolment rate at secondary
level
Total enrolment in secondary level
expressed as a percentage to the
eligible official secondary level age
population (12–16 years old).
Gross enrolment rate at tertiary level
Total enrolment in tertiary level
expressed as a percentage to the
eligible official tertiary level age
population (18–22 years old).
Gross intake rate at primary level
Total number of new entrants in the
first grade (Year 1) of primary
education, regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the
population at the official primary
school entrance age (6 years).
Gross intake rate at secondary level
Total number of new entrants in the
first grade (Form 1) of secondary
education, regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the
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kepada populasi penduduk
kumpulan umur rasmi tahun pertama
peringkat menengah (12 tahun).
Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat
tertiari
Merujuk kepada bilangan enrolmen
murid tahun pertama peringkat
tertiari (Tahun pertama),
diungkapkan sebagai peratus
kepada populasi penduduk
kumpulan umur rasmi tahun pertama
peringkat pengajian tertiari
(18 tahun).
Kadar peralihan rendah ke
menengah rendah
Merujuk kepada bilangan murid
tahun pertama peringkat menengah
(Tingkatan 1) tahun tersebut,
diungkapkan sebagai peratus
kepada bilangan murid dalam tahun
akhir peringkat rendah (Tahun 6)
pada tahun sebelumnya.
Kadar peralihan menengah rendah
ke menengah atas
Merujuk kepada bilangan murid
dalam tahun pertama peringkat
menengah atas (Tingkatan 4) tahun
tersebut, diungkapkan sebagai
peratus kepada bilangan murid
dalam tahun akhir peringkat
menengah rendah (Tingkatan 3)
pada tahun sebelumnya.
population at the official secondary
school entrance age (12 years).
Gross intake rate at tertiary level
Total number of new entrants in the
first grade (First year) of tertiary
education, regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the
population at the official tertiary
education (18 years).
Transition rate primary to lower
secondary
Number of students attending the first
grade of lower secondary school
(Form 1), as a percentage of those
attending the final grade of primary
school (Year 6).
Transition rate lower secondary to
upper secondary
Number of students attending the first
grade of upper secondary school
(Form 4) as a percentage of those
attending the final grade of lower
secondary (Form 3).
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Kadar peralihan menengah atas ke
lepas menengah
Merujuk kepada bilangan murid
dalam tahun pertama peringkat
lepasan menengah tahun tersebut,
diungkapkan sebagai peratus
kepada bilangan murid dalam tahun
akhir peringkat menengah atas
(Tingkatan 5) pada tahun
sebelumnya.
Kadar tamat pendidikan peringkat
rendah
Merujuk kepada peratusan kohort
murid dalam tahun pertama
peringkat rendah yang dijangka
kekal sehingga tahun akhir
persekolahan peringkat rendah.
Kadar tamat pendidikan peringkat
menengah
Merujuk kepada peratusan kohort
murid dalam tahun pertama
peringkat rendah yang dijangka
kekal sehingga tahun akhir
persekolahan peringkat rendah.
Pra–sekolah
Pendidikan pra–sekolah adalah satu
program yang menyediakan
pengalaman pembelajaran kanak-
kanak berumur empat hingga enam
tahun dalam jangka masa satu
tahun atau lebih sebelum memasuki
ke tahun satu.
Transition rate upper secondary to post
secondary
Number of students attending the first
grade of post secondary school as a
percentage of those attending the
final grade of upper secondary
(Form 5).
Completion rate primary level
Percentage of a cohort of students in
the first grade of primary level of
education who are expected to
reach the last grade of primary level.
Completion rate secondary level
Percentage of a cohort of students in
the first grade of secondary level of
education who are expected to
reach the last grade of secondary
level.
Pre–school
Pre–school education is a programme
that exposes children aged four to six
years to the learning experience within
a or more before entering year one.
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Pencapaian pendidikan
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi
seseorang itu telah menamatkan
atau sedang mengikuti persekolahan
di institusi pendidikan awam atau
swasta yang menyediakan
pendidikan rasmi dan dikategorikan
seperti berikut:
i. Tiada pendidikan rasmi
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
tidak pernah menghadiri mana-
mana institusi pendidikan yang
memberi pendidikan secara rasmi.
ii. Rendah
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
telah mencapai pendidikan
tertinggi di peringkat Tahun 1
hingga 6 atau yang setaraf.
iii. Menengah
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
telah mencapai pendidikan
tertinggi di peringkat Tingkatan 1
hingga 5 (termasuk kelas
peralihan), General Certificate of
Education (GCE) O Level atau
yang setaraf. Ini termasuk
program kemahiran asas di institusi
latihan kemahiran khusus dan
teknikal yang mana tempoh
pengajian adalah sekurang-
kurangnya enam bulan.
Educational attainment
Refers to the highest level in which a
person has completed schooling or is
currently attending school in a public
or private educational institution that
provides formal education and is
categorized as follows:
i. No formal education
Refers to persons who have never
attended school in any of the
educational institutions that provide
formal education.
ii. Primary
Refers to those whose highest level
of education attained is from
Standard 1 to 6 or equivalent.
iii. Secondary
Refers to those whose highest level
of education attained is from Form
1 to 5 (including remove class),
General Certificat of Education
(GCE) 0 Level or equivalent. This
includes basic skillprograms in
specific trades and technical skills
institutions whereby the training
period is at least six months.
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4.4 KESIHATAN DAN PERKHIDMATAN
BERKAITAN
Kematian kurang daripada 5 tahun
Merujuk kepada kematian bayi dan
kanak-kanak yang berumur kurang
daripada lima tahun.
Kematian ibu bersalin
Merujuk kepada kematian seorang
wanita yang hamil, ketika melahirkan
anak sehingga selepas 42 hari
melahirkan anak atau keguguran
akibat daripada proses kehamilan
dan pengendaliannya atau
penyakit−penyakit yang menjejaskan
kesihatan ibu dan bukan dari
penyebab-penyebab kemalangan
atau kebetulan.
Liputan ibu mengandung
Merujuk kepada lawatan antenatal
pertama ibu mengandung.
Liputan ibu mengandung yang diberi
Tetanus Toxoid
Merujuk kepada ibu mengandung
yang diberikan dos kedua atau dos
semula Tetanus Toxoid.
Kelahiran yang disambut oleh
kakitangan terlatih
Merujuk kepada bilangan kelahiran
yang disambut oleh kakitangan
terlatih sama ada di hospital
kerajaan atau swasta.
4.4 HEALTH AND RELATE SERVICES
Under−5 mortality
Refers to deaths of infants and
toddlers aged below five years.
Maternal deaths
Refers to deaths of a woman while
pregnant or within 42 days after the
termination of pregnancy, irrespective
of the duration and site of the
pregnancy, from any cause related to
or aggravated by the pregnancy or its
management but not from accidental
causes.
Antenatal care coverage
Refers to first visit of antenatal care
coverage.
Coverage of antenatal mothers for
Tetanus Toxoid
Refers to antenatal mothers given
second dose or booster dose of
Tetanus Toxoid.
Deliveries attended by personnel
skilled
Refers to the number of deliveries
attended by personnel skilled either
government or private hospitals.
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Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir
Merujuk kepada purata tahun bayi
yang baru lahir dijangka akan dapat
hidup jika bayi tersebut mengalami
kadar mortaliti pada umur tertentu
bagi tempoh rujukan seluruh
hidupnya.
Akses kepada ubat anti retroviral
Peratusan pesakit dewasa dan
kanak-kanak yang menerima terapi
anti-retroviral mengikut protokol
nasional yang diluluskan (atau World
Health Organization (WHO)/Program
Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu
(PBB) Bersama mengenai HIV dan
AIDS) berbanding bilangan orang
yang layak mendapat rawatan.
Nominator (bilangan orang yang
menerima terapi anti-retroviral)
diperoleh dari sistem laporan
program kebangsaan yang
dikumpulkan daripada kemudahan
kesihatan atau sistem penyampaian
perkhidmatan lain. Denominator
(jumlah bilangan orang yang layak
untuk terapi anti-retroviral) dijana
menggunakan kaedah pemodelan
statistik yang seragam.
Sebab kematian disahkan
Merujuk kepada pengesahan yang
dibuat oleh Pegawai Perubatan dan
Koroner sahaja. Koroner merupakan
pegawai awam yang menyiasat kes
kematian mengejut yang puncanya
disyaki ada kaitan dengan kes
jenayah.
Life expectancy at birth
Refers to an estimate of the average
number of years a newborn baby is
expected to live, if he or she were to
experience the age-specific mortality
rates of the reference period
throughout his or her life.
Access to antiretroviral drugs
Percentage of adults and children
currently receiving antiretroviral
therapy according to nationally
approved treatment protocol (or
WHO/Joint United Nations Programs
on HIV and AIDS standards) among
the estimated number of people
eligible for treatment. Numerator
(the number of people receiving
antiretroviral therapy) is derived from
national program reporting system, is
collected from health facilities or other
service delivery site. Denominator (the
total number of people eligible
forantiretroviral therapy) were
generated using a standardized
statistical modeling approach.
Medically certified cause of death
Refers to verification made by Medical
Officer and Coroner only. The coroner
is a public officer who investigated
cases of sudden death that the cause
is suspected to be related to a
criminal case.
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4.5 KEHIDUPAN AWAM DAN PEMBUAT
KEPUTUSAN
Dewan Negara
Merujuk kepada dua kategori seperti
berikut yang terdiri daripada 70
orang ahli:
26 ahli yang dipilih oleh Dewan
Undangan Negeri sebagai
mewakili 13 negeri (setiap negeri
diwakili oleh dua orang ahli); dan
44 ahli yang dilantik oleh Seri
Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan
Agong atas nasihat Perdana
Menteri, termasuk dua ahli dari
W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan satu ahli
masing-masing dari W.P. Labuan
dan W.P. Putrajaya.
Dewan Rakyat
Dewan Rakyat mempunyai seramai
222 ahli yang dipilih melalui pilihan
raya dan setiap ahli mewakili satu
kawasan pilihan raya. Setiap ahli
Dewan Rakyat memegang jawatan
selama lima tahun dan selepas itu
pilihan raya yang baru akan
diadakan.
Ahli Kabinet
Ahli Kabinet merupakan badan
eksekutif yang dipegang oleh Seri
Paduka Baginda Yang di−Pertuan
Agong. Di bawah Perkara 43,
Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Yang di-
Pertuan Agong hendaklah melantik
barisan Ahli Kabinet untuk
menasihatkan baginda dalam hal
ehwal menjalankan tugas-tugasnya.
4.5 PUBLIC LIFE AND DECISION MAKING
Senate
Refers to two categories consists of 70
members:
26 members elected by the State
Legislative Assembly to represent
13 states (each state represented
by two members); and
44 members appointed by Seri
Paduka Baginda Yang Di-Pertuan
Agong on the advice of the Prime
Minister, including two members
from the W.P. Kuala Lumpur and
one member each from the W.P.
Labuan and W.P. Putrajaya.
House of Representatives
The House of Representative consists
of 222 members elected by people
through a general election, where
each member represents a
constituency. Members of the House
of Representatives hold a position for
period of five years and after that new
election will be held.
Cabinet Members
The Cabinet Members is the executive
body practising powers held by Seri
Paduka Baginda Yang di−Pertuan
Agong. Under the Article 43, the
Federal Constitution Yang di-Pertuan
Agong shall appoint the cabinet
members to advise him in the affairs of
his work.
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4.6 HAK ASASI WANITA DAN
KANAK−KANAK PEREMPUAN
Homisid
Merujuk kepada pembunuhan
seorang manusia oleh manusia lain.
Pembunuhan adalah lebih luas
skopnya daripada membunuh.
Membunuh adalah satu bentuk
pembunuhan jenayah; lain-lain
bentuk pembunuhan mungkin bukan
merupakan perbuatan jenayah. Kes
pembunuhan ini dianggap sebagai
wajar atau dimaafkan.
Sebagai contoh, individu boleh,
dalam tindakan yang perlu untuk
pertahanan diri, membunuh
seseorang yang mengancam
mereka dengan kematian
ataukecederaan serius.
Perkahwinan
Merujuk kepada perbuatan,
upacara atau proses di mana
hubungan yang sah dibina dari segi
perundangan di antara pasangan
suami dan isteri. Penyatuan yang sah
yang telah ditetapkan oleh sivil,
agama atau lain–lain upacara yang
diiktiraf oleh undang-undang
sesebuah negara (United Nations).
Kadar kesuburan remaja
Merujuk kepada bilangan kelahiran
bagi kumpulan umur 15–19 tahun
dalam sesuatu tahun bagi setiap
1,000 wanita dalam kumpulan umur
berkenaan.
4.6 HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRL
CHILDREN
Homicide
The killing of one human being by
another human being. Homicide is
broader in scope than murder. Murder
is a form of criminal homicide; other
forms of homicide might not constitute
criminal acts. These homicidesare
regarded as justified or excusable.
For example, individuals may, in a
necessary act of Self–Defense, kill a
person who threatens them with death
or serious injury.
Marriage
The act, ceremony or process by
which the legal relationship of
husband and wife is constituted. The
legality of the union may be
established by civil, religious or other
means recognized by the law of each
country.
Adolescent birth rate
Refers to the number of births within
age group 15–19 years during a given
year, per 1,000 women in that age
group.
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5. Formula/ Formulae
i. Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh
Labour force participation rate
ii. Kadar pengangguran
Unemployment rate
iii. Jumlah nisbah tanggungan
Total dependency ratio
Bilangan penduduk umur 15-64 tahun dalam
tahun t
= Bilangan penganggur
Bilangan penduduk dalam tenaga buruh x 100
Bilangan penduduk umur bawah 15 tahun dalam
tahun t + bilangan penduduk umur 65 tahun dan
lebih dalam tahun t = x 100
Number of persons aged 15-64 years in year t
(Number of persons aged below 15 years +
number of persons aged 65 years and over)
in year t = x 100
Number of persons in the labour force
Number of unemployed persons
= x 100
Bilangan penduduk umur bekerja (15–64 tahun)
Bilangan penduduk dalam tenaga buruh = x 100
Number of persons in the working age (15–64 years)
Number of persons in the labour force = x 100
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iv. Nisbah tanggungan umur muda
Young age dependency ratio
v. Nisbah tanggungan umur tua
Old age dependency ratio
vi. Kadar literasi
Literacy rate
Bilangan penduduk umur 15-64 tahun dalam
tahun t
Bilangan penduduk umur bawah 15 tahun dalam
tahun t
= x 100
Number of persons aged 15-64 years in year t
Number of persons aged below 15 years
in year t = x 100
Bilangan penduduk umur 15-64 tahun dalam
tahun t
Bilangan penduduk umur 65 tahun dan lebih
dalam tahun t = x 100
Number of persons aged 15-64 years in year t
Number of persons aged 65 years and over
in year t = x 100
Penduduk dalam kumpulan umur yang sama
Bilangan penduduk celik huruf dalam kumpulan
umur tertentu = x 100
Total population in the same age group
Number of persons literate in specific age group = x 100
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vii. Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat rendah
Gross enrolment rate at primary level
viii. Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat menengah
Gross enrolment rate at secondary level
ix. Kadar enrolmen kasar peringkat tertiari
Gross enrolment rate at tertiary level
Bilangan penduduk umur 18–22 tahun dalam
tahun t
Bilangan penduduk umur 12–16 tahun dalam
tahun t
Bilangan penduduk umur 6–11 tahun dalam tahun t
Bilangan enrolmen peringkat rendah = x 100
Total population in the age group 6–11 years old
in year t
Number of enrolment at primary level = x 100
Bilangan enrolmen peringkat menengah x 100
Total population in the age group 12–16 years old
in year t
Number of enrolment at secondary level = x 100
Bilangan enrolmen peringkat tertiari
Total population in the age group 18–22 years old
in year t
Number of enrolment at tertiary level = x 100
=
x 100 =
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x. Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat rendah
Gross intake rate at primary level
xi. Kadar pengambilan kasar peringkat menengah
Gross intake rate at secondary level
xii. Kadar kemasukan kasar peringkat tertiari
Gross intake rate at tertiary level
Bilangan penduduk umur 6 tahun dalam tahun t
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun pertama
Peringkat rendah (Tahun 1)
Population at the official primary school–entrance
age (6 years old) in year t
Number of enrolment in the first grade of primary
level (Year 1) = x 100
x 100 =
Bilangan penduduk umur 12 tahun dalam tahun t
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun pertama
peringkat menengah (Tingkatan 1)
Number of enrolment in the first grade of secondary
level (Form 1) =
x 100 =
Population at the official secondary school–entrance
age (12 years old) in year t
x 100
Bilangan penduduk umur 18 tahun dalam tahun t
Bilangan enrolmen pelajar tahun pertama
peringkat tertiari
Number of enrolment in the first grade of tertiary
level =
x 100 =
Population at the official tertiary college–entrance
age (18 years old) in year t
x 100
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xiii. Kadar peralihan rendah ke menengah rendah
Transition rate primary to lower secondary
xiv. Kadar peralihan menengah rendah ke menengah atas
Transition rate lower secondary to upper secondary
xv. Kadar peralihan menengah atas ke lepas menengah
Transition rate upper secondary to post secondary
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun akhir peringkat
rendah (Tahun 6) tahun sebelumnya
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun pertama peringkat
menengah (Tingkatan 1) tahun t
Number of enrolment in the first grade of lower
secondary school (Form 1) =
x 100 =
Number of enrolment in the final grade of primary
school in the previous year (Year 6)
x 100
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun akhir peringkat
menengah rendah (Tingkatan 3) tahun sebelumnya
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun pertama peringkat
menengah atas (Tingkatan 4) tahun t
Number of enrolment in the first grade of upper
secondary school (Form 4) in year t =
x 100 =
Number of enrolment in the final grade of lower
secondary in the previous year (Form 3)
x 100
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun akhir peringkat
menengah atas (Tingkatan 5) tahun sebelumnya
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun pertama lepasan
menengah tahun t
Number of enrolment in the first grade of post
secondary school in year t =
x 100 =
Number of enrolment in the final grade of upper
secondary in the previous year (Form 5)
x 100
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xvi. Kadar tamat pendidikan peringkat rendah
Completion rate primary level
xvii. Kadar tamat pendidikan peringkat menengah
Completion rate secondary level
xviii. Kadar pariti gender
Gender parity index
Bilangan enrolmen murid kohort sama semasa
tahun pertama peringkat rendah (Tahun 1)
pada tahun t–5
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun akhir peringkat
rendah (Tahun 6) pada tahun t
Number of enrolment in the last grade of primary
(Year 6) in year t =
x 100 =
Number of enrolment in the same cohort in the first
grade of primary education (Year 1) in year t–5
x 100
Bilangan enrolmen murid kohort sama semasa
tahun pertama peringkat menengah (Tingkatan 1)
pada tahun t–4
Bilangan enrolmen murid tahun akhir peringkat
menengah (Tingkatan 5) pada tahun t
Number of enrolment in the last grade of secondary
(Form 5) in year t =
x 100 =
Number of enrolment in the same cohort in the first
grade of secondary education (Form 1) in year t–4
x 100
Nisbah enrolmen kasar lelaki
Nisbah enrolmen kasar perempuan
Gross enrolment ratio for women =
x 100 =
Gross enrolment ratio for men
x 100
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xix. Kadar mortaliti kurang 5 tahun
Under-5 mortality rate
xx. Nisbah mortaliti ibu bersalin
Maternal mortality ratio
xxi. Peratus liputan ibu mengandung (lawatan pertama)
Percentage of antenatal care coverage (first visit)
Bilangan kelahiran hidup dalam tahun t
Bilangan kematian berumur kurang lima tahun
dalam tahun t
Number of deaths under five years in year t =
x 100 =
Number of live births in year t
x 100
Bilangan kelahiran hidup dalam tahun t
Bilangan kematian yang disebabkan oleh kesulitan
semasa hamil atau semasa melahirkan anak atau
kematian dalam tempoh 42 hari selepas bersalin
dalam tahun t
Number of deaths under five years in year t
x 100 =
Number of live births in year t
Number of deaths which are caused by
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the
puerperium, within the period of 42 days after
childbirth in year t x 100 =
Anggaran bilangan ibu mengandung
Bilangan kehadiran ibu mengandung
(lawatan pertama)
Number of deaths under five years in year t
x 100 =
Estimated number of pregnant mothers
Number of antenatal attendances (first visit)
x 100 =
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
131
xxii. Peratus liputan ibu mengandung yang diberi Tetanus Toxoid
Percentage of coverage for antenatal mothers for Tetanus Toxoid
xxiii. Peratus kelahiran yang disambut oleh kakitangan terlatih
Percentage of deliveries attended by personnel skills
xxiv. Kadar kesuburan umur tertentu
Age-specific fertility rate
Anggaran bilangan ibu mengandung
Bilangan kehadiran ibu mengandung yang
diberikan suntikan kedua Tetanus Toxoid
Number of deaths under five years in year t
x 100 =
Estimated number of pregnant mothers
Number of antenatal mother given second
Tetanus Toxoid x 100 =
Jumlah kelahiran
Bilangan kelahiran yang disambut oleh
kakitangan terlatih
Number of deaths under five years in year t
x 100 =
Total deliveries
Number of deliveries attended by
trained personnel x 100 =
Penduduk perempuan pertengahan tahun bagi
kumpulan umur tertentu dalam tahun t
Bilangan kelahiran hidup mengikut kumpulan umur ibu
tertentu dalam tahun t
Number of deaths under five years in year t
x 100 =
Mid-year women population of the specific age
group in year t
Number of live births by specific age group of
mother in year t x 100 =
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
132
1
6. Pembundaran
Hasil tambah mungkin berbeza
disebabkan pembundaran.
7. Nota dan Simbol
e Anggaran
p Permulaan
r Dikemaskini
n.a Tidak berkenaan
0.0 Kurang daripada setengah
unit terkecil yang ditunjukkan
Misalnya,kurang daripada
0.05 peratus
RM Ringgit Malaysia
W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
- Tiada/kosong/tiada kes
.. Tidak diperoleh
6. Rounding
The added total may differ due to
rounding.
7. Notes and Symbols
e Estimate
p Preliminary
r Revised
n.a Not applicable
0.0 Less than half the smallest
unit shown
For example, less than
0.05 per cent
RM Ringgit Malaysia
W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
- Nil/blank/no case
.. Not available
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Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets
of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development*
Sustainable Development Goal indicators should be disaggregated, where relevant,
by income, sex, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability and geographic
location, or other characteristics, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of
Official Statistics.1
Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development)
Indicators
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for
all people everywhere, currently measured
as people living on less than $1.25 a day
1.1.1 Proportion of population below the
international poverty line, by sex, age,
employment status and geographical
location (urban/rural)
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the
proportion of men, women and children of
all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions
according to national definitions
1.2.1 Proportion of population living
below the national poverty line, by sex
and age
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living in poverty in all
its dimensions according to national
definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social
protection systems and measures for all,
including floors, and by 2030 achieve
substantial coverage of the poor and the
vulnerable
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered
by social protection floors/systems, by
sex, distinguishing children, unemployed
persons, older persons, persons with
disabilities, pregnant women, newborns,
work-injury victims and the poor and the
vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and
women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic
resources, as well as access to basic
services, ownership and control over land
and other forms of property, inheritance,
natural resources, appropriate new
technology and financial services, including
microfinance
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in
households with access to basic services
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population
with secure tenure rights to land, with
legally recognized documentation and
who perceive their rights to land as
secure, by sex and by type of tenure
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor
and those in vulnerable situations and
reduce their exposure and vulnerability to
climate-related extreme events and other
1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons
and directly affected persons attributed
to disasters per 100,000 population
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economic, social and environmental shocks
and disasters
1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to
disasters in relation to global gross
domestic product (GDP)
1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt
and implement national disaster risk
reduction strategies in line with the
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015–2030
1.5.4 Proportion of local governments
that adopt and implement local disaster
risk reduction strategies in line with
national disaster risk reduction strategies
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of
resources from a variety of sources,
including through enhanced development
cooperation, in order to provide adequate
and predictable means for developing
countries, in particular least developed
countries, to implement programmes and
policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
1.a.1 Proportion of domestically
generated resources allocated by the
government directly to poverty
reduction programmes
1.a.2 Proportion of total government
spending on essential services
(education, health and social
protection)
1.a.3 Sum of total grants and non-debt-
creating inflows directly allocated to
poverty reduction programmes as a
proportion of GDP
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the
national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive
development strategies, to support
accelerated investment in poverty
eradication actions
1.b.1 Proportion of government
recurrent and capital spending to
sectors that disproportionately benefit
women, the poor and vulnerable
groups
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access
by all people, in particular the poor and
people in vulnerable situations, including
infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food
all year round
2.1.1Prevalence of undernourishment
2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe
food insecurity in the population, based
on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale
(FIES)
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2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,
including achieving, by 2025, the
internationally agreed targets on stunting
and wasting in children under 5 years of
age, and address the nutritional needs of
adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
women and older persons
2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for
age <-2 standard deviation from the
median of the World Health
Organization (WHO) Child Growth
Standards) among children under
5 years of age
2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight
for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation
from the median of the WHO Child
Growth Standards) among children
under 5 years of age, by type (wasting
and overweight)
2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural
productivity and incomes of small-scale
food producers, in particular women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers,
pastoralists and fishers, including through
secure and equal access to land, other
productive resources and inputs,
knowledge, financial services, markets and
opportunities for value addition and non-
farm employment
2.3.1 Volume of production per labour
unit by classes of
farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
2.3.2 Average income of small-scale
food producers, by sex and indigenous
status
2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food
production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, that help
maintain ecosystems, that strengthen
capacity for adaptation to climate change,
extreme weather, drought, flooding and
other disasters and that progressively
improve land and soil quality
2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area
under productive and sustainable
agriculture
2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of
seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild
species, including through soundly
managed and diversified seed and plant
banks at the national, regional and
international levels, and promote access to
and fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic
resources and associated traditional
knowledge, as internationally agreed
2.5.1 Number of plant and animal
genetic resources for food and
agriculture secured in either medium- or
long-term conservation facilities
2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds
classified as being at risk, not at risk or at
unknown level of risk of extinction
2.a Increase investment, including through
enhanced international cooperation, in
2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index
for government expenditures
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rural infrastructure, agricultural research and
extension services, technology
development and plant and livestock gene
banks in order to enhance agricultural
productive capacity in developing
countries, in particular least developed
countries
2.a.2 Total official flows (official
development assistance plus other
official flows) to the agriculture sector
2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions
and distortions in world agricultural markets,
including through the parallel elimination of
all forms of agricultural export subsidies and
all export measures with equivalent effect,
in accordance with the mandate of the
Doha Development Round
2.b.1 Agricultural export subsidies
2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper
functioning of food commodity markets and
their derivatives and facilitate timely access
to market information, including on food
reserves, in order to help limit extreme food
price volatility
2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal
mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live
births
3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by
skilled health personnel
3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of
newborns and children under 5 years of
age, with all countries aiming to reduce
neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12
per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to
at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
3.2.1 Under-5 mortality rate
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate
3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical
diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne
diseases and other communicable diseases
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per
1,000 uninfected population, by sex,
age and key populations
3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000
population
3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000
population
3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000
population
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3.3.5 Number of people requiring
interventions against neglected tropical
diseases
3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature
mortality from non-communicable diseases
through prevention and treatment and
promote mental health and well-being
3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to
cardiovascular disease, cancer,
diabetes or chronic respiratory disease
3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate
3.5 Strengthen the prevention and
treatment of substance abuse, including
narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of
alcohol
3.5.1 Coverage of treatment
interventions (pharmacological,
psychosocial and rehabilitation and
aftercare services) for substance use
disorders
3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined
according to the national context as
alcohol per capita consumption (aged
15 years and older) within a calendar
year in litres of pure alcohol
3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global
deaths and injuries from road traffic
accidents
3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic
injuries
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to
sexual and reproductive health-care
services, including for family planning,
information and education, and the
integration of reproductive health into
national strategies and programmes
3.7.1 Proportion of women of
reproductive age (aged 15–49 years)
who have their need for family planning
satisfied with modern methods
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10–14
years; aged 15–19 years) per 1,000
women in that age group
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage,
including financial risk protection, access to
quality essential health-care services and
access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and
vaccines for all
3.8.1 Coverage of essential health
services (defined as the average
coverage of essential services based on
tracer interventions that include
reproductive, maternal, newborn and
child health, infectious diseases, non-
communicable diseases and service
capacity and access, among the
general and the most disadvantaged
population)
3.8.2 Proportion of population with large
household expenditures on health as a
share of total household expenditure or
income
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3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number
of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water and soil pollution
and contamination
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to
household and ambient air pollution
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe
water, unsafe sanitation and lack of
hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH)
services)
3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to
unintentional poisoning
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the
World Health Organization Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control in all
countries, as appropriate
3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of
current tobacco use among persons
aged 15 years and older
3.b Support the research and development
of vaccines and medicines for the
communicable and non-communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing
countries, provide access to affordable
essential medicines and vaccines, in
accordance with the Doha Declaration on
the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,
which affirms the right of developing
countries to use to the full the provisions in
the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights regarding
flexibilities to protect public health, and, in
particular, provide access to medicines for
all
3.b.1 Proportion of the target population
covered by all vaccines included in
their national
Programme
3.b.2 Total net official development
assistance to medical research and
basic health sectors
3.b.3 Proportion of health facilities that
have a core set of relevant essential
medicines available and affordable on
a sustainable basis
3.c Substantially increase health financing
and the recruitment, development, training
and retention of the health workforce in
developing countries, especially in least
developed countries and small island
developing States
3.c.1 Health worker density and
distribution
3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries,
in particular developing countries, for early
warning, risk reduction and management of
national and global health risks
3.d.1 International Health Regulations
(IHR) capacity and health emergency
preparedness
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Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys
complete free, equitable and quality
primary and secondary education leading
to relevant and effective learning outcomes
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young
people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end
of primary; and (c) at the end of lower
secondary achieving at least a
minimum proficiency level in (i) reading
and (ii) mathematics, by sex
4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys
have access to quality early childhood
development, care and pre-primary
education so that they are ready for primary
education
4.2.1 Proportion of children under
5 years of age who are
developmentally on track in health,
learning and psychosocial well-being,
by sex
4.2.2 Participation rate in organized
learning (one year before the official
primary entry age), by sex
4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all
women and men to affordable and quality
technical, vocational and tertiary
education, including university
4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and
adults in formal and non-formal
education and training in the previous
12 months, by sex
4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the
number of youth and adults who have
relevant skills, including technical and
vocational skills, for employment, decent
jobs and entrepreneurship
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with
information and communications
technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in
education and ensure equal access to all
levels of education and vocational training
for the vulnerable, including persons with
disabilities, indigenous peoples and children
in vulnerable situations
4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male,
rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile
and others such as disability status,
indigenous peoples and conflict-
affected, as data become available)
for all education indicators on this list
that can be disaggregated
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a
substantial proportion of adults, both men
and women, achieve literacy and
numeracy
4.6.1 Proportion of population in a given
age group achieving at least a fixed
level of proficiency in functional (a)
literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex
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4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire
the knowledge and skills needed to
promote sustainable development,
including, among others, through education
for sustainable development and
sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender
equality, promotion of a culture of peace
and non-violence, global citizenship and
appreciation of cultural diversity and of
culture’s contribution to sustainable
development
4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global
citizenship education and (ii) education
for sustainable development, including
gender equality and human rights, are
mainstreamed at all levels in (a)
national education policies; (b)
curricula; (c) teacher education; and
(d) student assessment
4.a Build and upgrade education facilities
that are child, disability and gender sensitive
and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and
effective learning environments for all
4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access
to (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for
pedagogical purposes; (c) computers
for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted
infrastructure and materials for students
with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water;
(f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities;
and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as
per the WASH indicator definitions)
4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally
the number of scholarships available to
developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, small island
developing States and African countries, for
enrolment in higher education, including
vocational training and information and
communications technology, technical,
engineering and scientific programmes, in
developed countries and other developing
countries
4.b.1 Volume of official development
assistance flows for scholarships by
sector and type of study
4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply
of qualified teachers, including through
international cooperation for teacher
training in developing countries, especially
least developed countries and small island
developing States
4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-
primary; (b) primary; (c) lower
secondary; and (d) upper secondary
education who have received at least
the minimum organized teacher training
(e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service
or in-service required for teaching at the
relevant level in a given country
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all
women and girls everywhere
5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks
are in place to promote, enforce and
monitor equality and non-discrimination
on the basis of sex
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5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all
women and girls in the public and private
spheres, including trafficking and sexual and
other types of exploitation
5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered
women and girls aged 15 years and
older subjected to physical, sexual or
psychological violence by a current or
former intimate partner in the previous
12 months, by form of violence and by
age
5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls
aged 15 years and older subjected to
sexual violence by persons other than
an intimate partner in the previous
12 months, by age and place of
occurrence
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as
child, early and forced marriage and
female genital mutilation
5.3.1 Proportion of women aged
20–24 years who were married or in a
union before age 15 and before age 18
5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women
aged 15–49 years who have undergone
female genital mutilation/cutting,
by age
5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and
domestic work through the provision of
public services, infrastructure and social
protection policies and the promotion of
shared responsibility within the household
and the family as nationally appropriate
5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid
domestic and care work, by sex, age
and location
5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective
participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision-making in
political, economic and public life
5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women
in (a) national parliaments and (b) local
governments
5.5.2 Proportion of women in
managerial positions
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health and reproductive rights
as agreed in accordance with the
Programme of Action of the International
Conference on Population and
Development and the Beijing Platform for
Action and the outcome documents of their
review conferences
5.6.1 Proportion of women aged
15–49 years who make their own
informed decisions regarding sexual
relations, contraceptive use and
reproductive health care
5.6.2 Number of countries with laws and
regulations that guarantee full and
equal access to women and men aged
15 years and older to sexual and
reproductive health care, information
and education
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5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal
rights to economic resources, as well as
access to ownership and control over land
and other forms of property, financial
services, inheritance and natural resources,
in accordance with national laws
5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural
population with ownership or secure
rights over agricultural land, by sex; and
(b) share of women among owners or
rights-bearers of agricultural land, by
type of tenure
5.a.2 Proportion of countries where the
legal framework (including customary
law) guarantees women’s equal rights
to land ownership and/or control
5.b Enhance the use of enabling
technology, in particular information and
communications technology, to promote
the empowerment of women
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own
a mobile telephone, by sex
5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies
and enforceable legislation for the
promotion of gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls at all
levels
5.c.1 Proportion of countries with
systems to track and make public
allocations for gender equality and
women’s empowerment
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable
access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all
6.1.1 Proportion of population using
safely managed drinking water services
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate
and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations
6.2.1 Proportion of population using
safely managed sanitation services,
including a hand-washing facility with
soap and water
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping
and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated wastewater and
substantially increasing recycling and safe
reuse globally
6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely
treated
6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with
good ambient water quality
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use
efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of
freshwater to address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of people
suffering from water scarcity
6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency
over time
6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater
withdrawal as a proportion of available
freshwater resources
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6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water
resources management at all levels,
including through transboundary
cooperation as appropriate
6.5.1 Degree of integrated water
resources management implementation
(0–100)
6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin
area with an operational arrangement
for water cooperation
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-
related ecosystems, including mountains,
forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-
related ecosystems over time
6.a By 2030, expand international
cooperation and capacity-building support
to developing countries in water- and
sanitation-related activities and
programmes, including water harvesting,
desalination, water efficiency, wastewater
treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-
related official development assistance
that is part of a government-
coordinated spending plan
6.b Support and strengthen the
participation of local communities in
improving water and sanitation
management
6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative
units with established and operational
policies and procedures for
participation of local communities in
water and sanitation management
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to
affordable, reliable and modern energy
services
7.1.1 Proportion of population with
access to electricity
7.1.2 Proportion of population with
primary reliance on clean fuels and
technology
7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share
of renewable energy in the global energy
mix
7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the
total final energy consumption
7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of
improvement in energy efficiency
7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms
of primary energy and GDP
7.a By 2030, enhance international
cooperation to facilitate access to clean
energy research and technology, including
renewable energy, energy efficiency and
advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel
technology, and promote investment in
energy infrastructure and clean energy
technology
7.a.1 International financial flows to
developing countries in support of clean
energy research and development and
renewable energy production, including
in hybrid systems
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7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and
upgrade technology for supplying modern
and sustainable energy services for all in
developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, small island
developing States and landlocked
developing countries, in accordance with
their respective programmes of support
7.b.1 Investments in energy efficiency as
a proportion of GDP and the amount of
foreign direct investment in financial
transfer for infrastructure and
technology to sustainable development
services
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in
accordance with national circumstances
and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross
domestic product growth per annum in the
least developed countries
8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per
capita
8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic
productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading and innovation,
including through a focus on high-value
added and labour-intensive sectors
8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per
employed person
8.3 Promote development-oriented policies
that support productive activities, decent
job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity
and innovation, and encourage the
formalization and growth of micro-, small-
and medium-sized enterprises, including
through access to financial services
8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment
in non-agriculture employment, by sex
8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030,
global resource efficiency in consumption
and production and endeavour to
decouple economic growth from
environmental degradation, in accordance
with the 10-Year Framework of Programmes
on Sustainable Consumption and
Production, with developed countries taking
the lead
8.4.1 Material footprint, material
footprint per capita, and material
footprint per GDP
8.4.2 Domestic material consumption,
domestic material consumption per
capita, and domestic material
consumption per GDP
8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive
employment and decent work for all
women and men, including for young
people and persons with disabilities, and
equal pay for work of equal value
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female
and male employees, by occupation,
age and persons with disabilities
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age
and persons with disabilities
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8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the
proportion of youth not in employment,
education or training
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged
15–24 years) not in education,
employment or training
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures
to eradicate forced labour, end modern
slavery and human trafficking and secure
the prohibition and elimination of the worst
forms of child labour, including recruitment
and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end
child labour in all its forms
8.7.1 Proportion and number of children
aged 5–17 years engaged in child
labour, by sex and age
8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe
and secure working environments for all
workers, including migrant workers, in
particular women migrants, and those in
precarious employment
8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-
fatal occupational injuries, by sex and
migrant status
8.8.2 Level of national compliance with
labour rights (freedom of association
and collective bargaining) based on
International Labour Organization (ILO)
textual sources and national legislation,
by sex and migrant status
8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies
to promote sustainable tourism that creates
jobs and promotes local culture and
products
8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion
of total GDP and in growth rate
8.9.2 Proportion of jobs in sustainable
tourism industries out of total tourism jobs
8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic
financial institutions to encourage and
expand access to banking, insurance and
financial services for all
8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank
branches per 100,000 adults and (b)
number of automated teller machines
(ATMs) per 100,000 adults
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and
older) with an account at a bank or
other financial institution or with a
mobile-money-service provider
8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for
developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, including through the
Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-
related Technical Assistance to Least
Developed Countries
8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and
disbursements
8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a
global strategy for youth employment and
implement the Global Jobs Pact of the
International Labour Organization
8.b.1 Existence of a developed and
operationalized national strategy for
youth employment, as a distinct
strategy or as part of a national
employment strategy
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Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable
and resilient infrastructure, including
regional and transborder infrastructure, to
support economic development and
human well-being, with a focus on
affordable and equitable access for all
9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population
who live within 2 km of an all-season
road
9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by
mode of transport
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and, by 2030, significantly
raise industry’s share of employment and
gross domestic product, in line with national
circumstances, and double its share in least
developed countries
9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a
proportion of GDP and per capita
9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a
proportion of total employment
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale
industrial and other enterprises, in particular
in developing countries, to financial
services, including affordable credit, and
their integration into value chains and
markets
9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries
in total industry value added
9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries
with a loan or line of credit
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and
retrofit industries to make them sustainable,
with increased resource-use efficiency and
greater adoption of clean and
environmentally sound technologies and
industrial processes, with all countries taking
action in accordance with their respective
capabilities
9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value
added
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade
the technological capabilities of industrial
sectors in all countries, in particular
developing countries, including, by 2030,
encouraging innovation and substantially
increasing the number of research and
development workers per 1 million people
and public and private research and
development spending
9.5.1 Research and development
expenditure as a proportion of GDP
9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time
equivalent) per million inhabitants
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient
infrastructure development in developing
countries through enhanced financial,
technological and technical support to
African countries, least developed
countries, landlocked developing countries
and small island developing States
9.a.1 Total official international support
(official development assistance plus
other official flows) to infrastructure
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9.b Support domestic technology
development, research and innovation in
developing countries, including by ensuring
a conducive policy environment for, inter
alia, industrial diversification and value
addition to commodities
9.b.1 Proportion of medium and high-
tech industry value added in total value
added
9.c Significantly increase access to
information and communications
technology and strive to provide universal
and affordable access to the Internet in
least developed countries by 2020
9.c.1 Proportion of population covered
by a mobile network, by technology
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and
sustain income growth of the bottom
40 per cent of the population at a rate
higher than the national average
10.1.1 Growth rates of household
expenditure or income per capita
among the bottom 40 per cent of the
population and the total population
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the
social, economic and political inclusion of
all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race,
ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or
other status
10.2.1 Proportion of people living below
50 per cent of median income, by sex,
age and persons with disabilities
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce
inequalities of outcome, including by
eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and
practices and promoting appropriate
legislation, policies and action in this regard
10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting
having personally felt discriminated
against or harassed in the previous
12 months on the basis of a ground of
discrimination prohibited under
international human rights law
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage
and social protection policies, and
progressively achieve greater equality
10.4.1 Labour share of GDP, comprising
wages and social protection transfers
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring
of global financial markets and institutions
and strengthen the implementation of such
regulations
10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and
voice for developing countries in decision-
making in global international economic
and financial institutions in order to deliver
more effective, credible, accountable and
legitimate institutions
10.6.1 Proportion of members and
voting rights of developing countries in
international organizations
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10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and
responsible migration and mobility of
people, including through the
implementation of planned and
well-managed migration policies
10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by
employee as a proportion of yearly
income earned in country of destination
10.7.2 Number of countries that have
implemented well-managed migration
policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and
differential treatment for developing
countries, in particular least developed
countries, in accordance with World Trade
Organization agreements
10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to
imports from least developed countries
and developing countries with zero-tariff
10.b Encourage official development
assistance and financial flows, including
foreign direct investment, to States where
the need is greatest, in particular least
developed countries, African countries,
small island developing States and
landlocked developing countries, in
accordance with their national plans and
programmes
10.b.1 Total resource flows for
development, by recipient and donor
countries and type of flow (e.g. official
development assistance, foreign direct
investment and other flows)
10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent
the transaction costs of migrant remittances
and eliminate remittance corridors with
costs higher than 5 per cent
10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion
of the amount remitted
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to
adequate, safe and affordable housing and
basic services and upgrade slums
11.1.1 Proportion of urban population
living in slums, informal settlements or
inadequate housing
11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe,
affordable, accessible and sustainable
transport systems for all, improving road
safety, notably by expanding public
transport, with special attention to the
needs of those in vulnerable situations,
women, children, persons with disabilities
and older persons
11.2.1 Proportion of population that has
convenient access to public transport,
by sex, age and persons with disabilities
11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and
sustainable urbanization and capacity for
participatory, integrated and sustainable
human settlement planning and
management in all countries
11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to
population growth rate
11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct
participation structure of civil society in
urban planning and management that
operate regularly and democratically
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11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and
safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage
11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and
private) per capita spent on the
preservation, protection and
conservation of all cultural and natural
heritage, by type of heritage (cultural,
natural, mixed and World Heritage
Centre designation), level of
government (national, regional and
local/municipal), type of expenditure
(operating expenditure/investment) and
type of private funding (donations in
kind, private non-profit sector and
sponsorship)
11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the
number of deaths and the number of
people affected and substantially decrease
the direct economic losses relative to global
gross domestic product caused by disasters,
including water-related disasters, with a
focus on protecting the poor and people in
vulnerable situations
11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing
persons and directly affected persons
attributed to disasters per 100,000
population
11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to
global GDP, damage to critical
infrastructure and number of disruptions
to basic services, attributed to disasters
11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita
environmental impact of cities, including by
paying special attention to air quality and
municipal and other waste management
11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste
regularly collected and with adequate
final discharge out of total urban solid
waste generated, by cities
11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine
particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and
PM10) in cities (population weighted)
11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to
safe, inclusive and accessible, green and
public spaces, in particular for women and
children, older persons and persons with
disabilities
11.7.1 Average share of the built-up
area of cities that is open space for
public use for all, by sex, age and
persons with disabilities
11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of
physical or sexual harassment, by sex,
age, disability status and place of
occurrence, in the previous 12 months
11.a Support positive economic, social and
environmental links between urban,
peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening
national and regional development
planning
11.a.1 Proportion of population living in
cities that implement urban and
regional development plans integrating
population projections and resource
needs, by size of city
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11.b By 2020, substantially increase the
number of cities and human settlements
adopting and implementing integrated
policies and plans towards inclusion,
resource efficiency, mitigation and
adaptation to climate change, resilience to
disasters, and develop and implement, in
line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk
management at all levels
11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt
and implement national disaster risk
reduction strategies in line with the
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015–2030
11.b.2 Proportion of local governments
that adopt and implement local disaster
risk reduction strategies in line with
national disaster risk reduction strategies
11.c Support least developed countries,
including through financial and technical
assistance, in building sustainable and
resilient buildings utilizing local materials
11.c.1 Proportion of financial support to
the least developed countries that is
allocated to the construction and
retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and
resource-efficient buildings utilizing local
materials
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of
Programmes on Sustainable Consumption
and Production Patterns, all countries taking
action, with developed countries taking the
lead, taking into account the development
and capabilities of developing countries
12.1.1 Number of countries with
sustainable consumption and
production (SCP) national action plans
or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a
target into national policies
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable
management and efficient use of natural
resources
12.2.1 Material footprint, material
footprint per capita, and material
footprint per GDP
12.2.2 Domestic material consumption,
domestic material consumption per
capita, and domestic material
consumption per GDP
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food
waste at the retail and consumer levels and
reduce food losses along production and
supply chains, including post-harvest losses
12.3.1 Global food loss index
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally
sound management of chemicals and all
wastes throughout their life cycle, in
accordance with agreed international
frameworks, and significantly reduce their
release to air, water and soil in order to
minimize their adverse impacts on human
health and the environment
12.4.1 Number of parties to international
multilateral environmental agreements
on hazardous waste, and other
chemicals that meet their commitments
and obligations in transmitting
information as required by each
relevant agreement
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12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per
capita and proportion of hazardous
waste treated, by type of treatment
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste
generation through prevention, reduction,
recycling and reuse
12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of
material recycled
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large
and transnational companies, to adopt
sustainable practices and to integrate
sustainability information into their reporting
cycle
12.6.1 Number of companies publishing
sustainability reports
12.7 Promote public procurement practices
that are sustainable, in accordance with
national policies and priorities
12.7.1 Number of countries
implementing sustainable public
procurement policies and action plans
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people
everywhere have the relevant information
and awareness for sustainable
development and lifestyles in harmony with
nature
12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global
citizenship education and (ii) education
for sustainable development (including
climate change education) are
mainstreamed in (a) national education
policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher
education; and (d) student assessment
12.a Support developing countries to
strengthen their scientific and technological
capacity to move towards more sustainable
patterns of consumption and production
12.a.1 Amount of support to developing
countries on research and development
for sustainable consumption and
production and environmentally sound
technologies
12.b Develop and implement tools to
monitor sustainable development impacts
for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and
promotes local culture and products
12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism
strategies or policies and implemented
action plans with agreed monitoring
and evaluation tools
12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies
that encourage wasteful consumption by
removing market distortions, in accordance
with national circumstances, including by
restructuring taxation and phasing out those
harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect
their environmental impacts, taking fully into
account the specific needs and conditions
of developing countries and minimizing the
possible adverse impacts on their
development in a manner that protects the
poor and the affected communities
12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per
unit of GDP (production and
consumption) and as a proportion of
total national expenditure on fossil fuels
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Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts2
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive
capacity to climate-related hazards and
natural disasters in all countries
13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing
persons and directly affected persons
attributed to disasters per 100,000
population
13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt
and implement national disaster risk
reduction strategies in line with the
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015–2030
13.1.3 Proportion of local governments
that adopt and implement local disaster
risk reduction strategies in line with
national disaster risk reduction strategies
13.2 Integrate climate change measures
into national policies, strategies and
planning
13.2.1 Number of countries that have
communicated the establishment or
operationalization of an integrated
policy/strategy/plan which increases
their ability to adapt to the adverse
impacts of climate change, and foster
climate resilience and low greenhouse
gas emissions development in a manner
that does not threaten food production
(including a national adaptation plan,
nationally determined contribution,
national communication, biennial
update report or other)
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising
and human and institutional capacity on
climate change mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and early warning
13.3.1 Number of countries that have
integrated mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and early warning into
primary, secondary and tertiary
curricula
13.3.2 Number of countries that have
communicated the strengthening of
institutional, systemic and individual
capacity-building to implement
adaptation, mitigation and technology
transfer, and development actions
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13.a Implement the commitment
undertaken by developed-country parties
to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change to a goal
of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by
2020 from all sources to address the needs
of developing countries in the context of
meaningful mitigation actions and
transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund
through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.a.1 Mobilized amount of United
States dollars per year between 2020
and 2025 accountable towards the
$100 billion commitment
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising
capacity for effective climate change-
related planning and management in least
developed countries and small island
developing States, including focusing on
women, youth and local and marginalized
communities
13.b.1 Number of least developed
countries and small island developing
States that are receiving specialized
support, and amount of support,
including finance, technology and
capacity-building, for mechanisms for
raising capacities for effective climate
change-related planning and
management, including focusing on
women, youth and local and
marginalized communities
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly
reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in
particular from land-based activities,
including marine debris and nutrient
pollution
14.1.1 Index of coastal eutrophication
and floating plastic debris density
14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and
protect marine and coastal ecosystems to
avoid significant adverse impacts, including
by strengthening their resilience, and take
action for their restoration in order to
achieve healthy and productive oceans
14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive
economic zones managed using
ecosystem-based approaches
14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of
ocean acidification, including through
enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH)
measured at agreed suite of
representative sampling stations
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14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting
and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing and destructive fishing
practices and implement science-based
management plans, in order to restore fish
stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least
to levels that can produce maximum
sustainable yield as determined by their
biological characteristics
14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within
biologically sustainable levels
14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent
of coastal and marine areas, consistent with
national and international law and based
on the best available scientific information
14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in
relation to marine areas
14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of
fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate
subsidies that contribute to illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing and
refrain from introducing new such subsidies,
recognizing that appropriate and effective
special and differential treatment for
developing and least developed countries
should be an integral part of the World
Trade Organization fisheries subsidies
negotiation3
14.6.1 Progress by countries in the
degree of implementation of
international instruments aiming to
combat illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing
14.7 By 2030, increase the economic
benefits to small island developing States
and least developed countries from the
sustainable use of marine resources,
including through sustainable management
of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a
proportion of GDP in small island
developing States, least developed
countries and all countries
14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop
research capacity and transfer marine
technology, taking into account the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the
Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to
improve ocean health and to enhance the
contribution of marine biodiversity to the
development of developing countries, in
particular small island developing States
and least developed countries
14.a.1 Proportion of total research
budget allocated to research in the
field of marine technology
14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal
fishers to marine resources and markets
14.b.1 Progress by countries in the
degree of application of a
legal/regulatory/policy/institutional
framework which recognizes and
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protects access rights for small-scale
fisheries
14.c Enhance the conservation and
sustainable use of oceans and their
resources by implementing international law
as reflected in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, which
provides the legal framework for the
conservation and sustainable use of oceans
and their resources, as recalled in
paragraph 158 of “The future we want”
14.c.1 Number of countries making
progress in ratifying, accepting and
implementing through legal, policy and
institutional frameworks, ocean-related
instruments that implement international
law, as reflected in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, for
the conservation and sustainable use of
the oceans and their resources
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial
and inland freshwater ecosystems and their
services, in particular forests, wetlands,
mountains and dry lands, in line with
obligations under international agreements
15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of
total land area
15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for
terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity
that are covered by protected areas,
by ecosystem type
15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation
of sustainable management of all types of
forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded
forests and substantially increase
afforestation and reforestation globally
15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable
forest management
15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore
degraded land and soil, including land
affected by desertification, drought and
floods, and strive to achieve a land
degradation-neutral world
15.3.1 Proportion of land that is
degraded over total land area
15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of
mountain ecosystems, including their
biodiversity, in order to enhance their
capacity to provide benefits that are
essential for sustainable development
15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of
important sites for mountain biodiversity
15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index
15.5 Take urgent and significant action to
reduce the degradation of natural habitats,
halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020,
protect and prevent the extinction of
threatened species
15.5.1 Red List Index
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15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of
the benefits arising from the utilization of
genetic resources and promote appropriate
access to such resources, as internationally
agreed
15.6.1 Number of countries that have
adopted legislative, administrative and
policy frameworks to ensure fair and
equitable sharing of benefits
15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching
and trafficking of protected species of flora
and fauna and address both demand and
supply of illegal wildlife products
15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that
was poached or illicitly trafficked
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent
the introduction and significantly reduce the
impact of invasive alien species on land
and water ecosystems and control or
eradicate the priority species
15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting
relevant national legislation and
adequately resourcing the prevention
or control of invasive alien species
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and
biodiversity values into national and local
planning, development processes, poverty
reduction strategies and accounts
15.9.1 Progress towards national targets
established in accordance with Aichi
Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan
for Biodiversity 2011–2020
15.a Mobilize and significantly increase
financial resources from all sources to
conserve and sustainably use biodiversity
and ecosystems
15.a.1 Official development assistance
and public expenditure on conservation
and sustainable use of biodiversity and
ecosystems
15.b Mobilize significant resources from all
sources and at all levels to finance
sustainable forest management and
provide adequate incentives to developing
countries to advance such management,
including for conservation and reforestation
15.b.1 Official development assistance
and public expenditure on conservation
and sustainable use of biodiversity and
ecosystems
15.c Enhance global support for efforts to
combat poaching and trafficking of
protected species, including by increasing
the capacity of local communities to pursue
sustainable livelihood opportunities
15.c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that
was poached or illicitly trafficked
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of
violence and related death rates
everywhere
16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional
homicide per 100,000 population, by sex
and age
16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per
100,000 population, by sex, age and
cause
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16.1.3 Proportion of population
subjected to physical, psychological or
sexual violence in the previous
12 months
16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel
safe walking alone around the area
they live
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and
all forms of violence against and torture of
children
16.2.1 Proportion of children aged
1–17 years who experienced any
physical punishment and/or
psychological aggression by caregivers
in the past month
16.2.2 Number of victims of human
trafficking per 100,000 population, by
sex, age and form of exploitation
16.2.3 Proportion of young women and
men aged 18–29 years who
experienced sexual violence by age 18
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national
and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all
16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in
the previous 12 months who reported
their victimization to competent
authorities or other officially recognized
conflict resolution mechanisms
16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a
proportion of overall prison population
16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit
financial and arms flows, strengthen the
recovery and return of stolen assets and
combat all forms of organized crime
16.4.1 Total value of inward and
outward illicit financial flows (in current
United States dollars)
16.4.2 Proportion of seized, found or
surrendered arms whose illicit origin or
context has been traced or established
by a competent authority in line with
international instruments
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and
bribery in all their forms
16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at
least one contact with a public official
and who paid a bribe to a public
official, or were asked for a bribe by
those public officials, during the
previous 12 months
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16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had
at least one contact with a public
official and that paid a bribe to a public
official, or were asked for a bribe by
those public officials during the previous
12 months
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and
transparent institutions at all levels
16.6.1 Primary government expenditures
as a proportion of original approved
budget, by sector (or by budget codes
or similar)
16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied
with their last experience of public
services
16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive,
participatory and representative decision-
making at all levels
16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex,
age, persons with disabilities and
population groups) in public institutions
(national and local legislatures, public
service, and judiciary) compared to
national distributions
16.7.2 Proportion of population who
believe decision-making is inclusive and
responsive, by sex, age, disability and
population group
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the
participation of developing countries in the
institutions of global governance
16.8.1 Proportion of members and
voting rights of developing countries in
international organizations
16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all,
including birth registration
16.9.1 Proportion of children under
5 years of age whose births have been
registered with a civil authority, by age
16.10 Ensure public access to information
and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and
international agreements
16.10.1 Number of verified cases of
killing, kidnapping, enforced
disappearance, arbitrary detention and
torture of journalists, associated media
personnel, trade unionists and human
rights advocates in the previous
12 months
16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt
and implement constitutional, statutory
and/or policy guarantees for public
access to information
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16.a Strengthen relevant national
institutions, including through international
cooperation, for building capacity at all
levels, in particular in developing countries,
to prevent violence and combat terrorism
and crime
16.a.1 Existence of independent
national human rights institutions in
compliance with the Paris Principles
16.b Promote and enforce non-
discriminatory laws and policies for
sustainable development
16.b.1 Proportion of population
reporting having personally felt
discriminated against or harassed in the
previous 12 months on the basis of a
ground of discrimination prohibited
under international human rights law
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership
for Sustainable Development
Finance
17.1 Strengthen domestic resource
mobilization, including through international
support to developing countries, to improve
domestic capacity for tax and other
revenue collection
17.1.1 Total government revenue as a
proportion of GDP, by source
17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget
funded by domestic taxes
17.2 Developed countries to implement fully
their official development assistance
commitments, including the commitment by
many developed countries to achieve the
target of 0.7 per cent of gross national
income for official development assistance
(ODA/GNI) to developing countries and
0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least
developed countries; ODA providers are
encouraged to consider setting a target to
provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI
to least developed countries
17.2.1 Net official development
assistance, total and to least developed
countries, as a proportion of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD)
Development Assistance Committee
donors’ gross national income (GNI)
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources
for developing countries from multiple
sources
17.3.1 Foreign direct investment (FDI),
official development assistance and
South-South cooperation as a
proportion of total domestic budget
17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United
States dollars) as a proportion of total
GDP
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17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining
long-term debt sustainability through
coordinated policies aimed at fostering
debt financing, debt relief and debt
restructuring, as appropriate, and address
the external debt of highly indebted poor
countries to reduce debt distress
17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of
exports of goods and services
17.5 Adopt and implement investment
promotion regimes for least developed
countries
17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt
and implement investment promotion
regimes for least developed countries
Technology
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and
triangular regional and international
cooperation on and access to science,
technology and innovation and enhance
knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed
terms, including through improved
coordination among existing mechanisms,
in particular at the United Nations level, and
through a global technology facilitation
mechanism
17.6.1 Number of science and/or
technology cooperation agreements
and programmes between countries, by
type of cooperation
17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by
speed
17.7 Promote the development, transfer,
dissemination and diffusion of
environmentally sound technologies to
developing countries on favourable terms,
including on concessional and preferential
terms, as mutually agreed
17.7.1 Total amount of approved
funding for developing countries to
promote the development, transfer,
dissemination and diffusion of
environmentally sound technologies
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology
bank and science, technology and
innovation capacity-building mechanism for
least developed countries by 2017 and
enhance the use of enabling technology, in
particular information and communications
technology
17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the
Internet
Capacity-building
17.9 Enhance international support for
implementing effective and targeted
capacity-building in developing countries to
support national plans to implement all the
Sustainable Development Goals, including
through North-South, South-South and
triangular cooperation
17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and
technical assistance (including through
North-South, South-South and triangular
cooperation) committed to developing
countries
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Trade
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based,
open, non-discriminatory and equitable
multilateral trading system under the World
Trade Organization, including through the
conclusion of negotiations under its Doha
Development Agenda
17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-
average
17.11 Significantly increase the exports of
developing countries, in particular with a
view to doubling the least developed
countries’ share of global exports by 2020
17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least
developed countries’ share of global
exports
17.12 Realize timely implementation of
duty-free and quota-free market access on
a lasting basis for all least developed
countries, consistent with World Trade
Organization decisions, including by
ensuring that preferential rules of origin
applicable to imports from least developed
countries are transparent and simple, and
contribute to facilitating market access
17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by
developing countries, least developed
countries and small island developing
States
Systemic issues
Policy and institutional coherence
17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic
stability, including through policy
coordination and policy coherence
17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard
17.14 Enhance policy coherence for
sustainable development
17.14.1 Number of countries with
mechanisms in place to enhance policy
coherence of sustainable development
17.15 Respect each country’s policy space
and leadership to establish and implement
policies for poverty eradication and
sustainable development
17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned
results frameworks and planning tools by
providers of development cooperation
Multi-stakeholder partnerships
17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development, complemented
by multi-stakeholder partnerships that
mobilize and share knowledge, expertise,
technology and financial resources, to
support the achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals in all countries, in
particular developing countries
17.16.1 Number of countries reporting
progress in multi-stakeholder
development effectiveness monitoring
frameworks that support the
achievement of the sustainable
development goals
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17.17 Encourage and promote effective
public, public-private and civil society
partnerships, building on the experience
and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Data, monitoring and accountability
17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars
committed to public-private and civil
society partnerships
17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building
support to developing countries, including
for least developed countries and small
island developing States, to increase
significantly the availability of high-quality,
timely and reliable data disaggregated by
income, gender, age, race, ethnicity,
migratory status, disability, geographic
location and other characteristics relevant
in national contexts
17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable
development indicators produced at
the national level with full
disaggregation when relevant to the
target, in accordance with the
Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics
17.18.2 Number of countries that have
national statistical legislation that
complies with the Fundamental
Principles of Official Statistics
17.18.3 Number of countries with a
national statistical plan that is fully
funded and under implementation, by
source of funding
17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to
develop measurements of progress on
sustainable development that complement
gross domestic product, and support
statistical capacity-building in developing
countries
17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources
made available to strengthen statistical
capacity in developing countries
17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a)
have conducted at least one
population and housing census in the
last 10 years; and (b) have achieved
100 per cent birth registration and
80 per cent death registration
* As contained in the Annex of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6
July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
1 Resolution 68/261. † Indicator codes were developed by UNSD for data transfer, tracking and other
statistical purposes. 2 Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is
the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response
to climate change. 3 Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha
Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.