Dr. Fadzilah Amzahfadzilahamzah@usm.my

P. P. Ilmu Pendidikan, USM

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KPD 3016Pengajaran, Teknologi & Pentaksiran

Konsep Pendidikan

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Dilihat dari 2 perspektif yang berbeza iaitu;

1. Proses ? – - ‘ON HOW’ kita mendidik- Berlaku perubahan t/laku (boleh diukur)2. Produk?- Fokus pada hasilan pendidikanPerspektif ini akan menentukan

bagaimana kita ‘value’ the meaning of education.

Pendidikan dari perspektif..

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1.Sosiologi – (sosialisasi) pn sebagai satu proses sosial

2.Antopologi – (enculturation) pn sbg proses pembudayaan

3.Ekonomi – (investment ) pn sebagai satu pelaburan jangka pjg

sambungan

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4. Sains politik – (citizenship) pn sebagai satu proses kenegaraan

- memahami aspirasi negara5. Psikologi – (sains tingkah laku) – pendidikan sbg proses mengembangkan potensi, bakat, sahsiah individu.

Jenis-jenis Pendidikan

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1. Pendidikan Formal- Program terancang ; kurikulum,

bahan, keguruan2. Pendidikan non-formal- Kegiatan ko-k (sukan,berunifrm,

persatuan)3. Pendidikan informal- Melalui pengamatan, pemerhatian &

pengalaman dgn media massa & manusia

4. Pendidikan Sepanjang hayat( tiada batasan masa, tempat, umur,

sumber etc)

Pendidikan di Malayisa

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1. Sebelum Merdeka- Sistem pn. Vernakular - (dasar pecah perintah British)

2. Selepas Merdeka- Sistem pendidikan kebangsaan - Alat perpaduan & kamajuan negara

Pedagogi

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‘the art n science of teaching’ = seni pengajaran

Pedagogi bergantung kepada;(i) Aliran pemikiran (paradigma)(ii) Teori pembelajaran(iii) Pendekatan(iv) Kaedah (v) teknik

Aliran / paradigma Pembelajaran

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1. Aliran Behaviouris- pn. Melalui perubahan tingkah laku

- Konsep peneguhan + dan -

2. Kognitivis- ‘mind as a computer’- Drilling.

sambungan

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3. Konstruktivis- ‘construction of meaning’- Proses asimilasi & akomodasi

4. Konstruktivis Sosial- Kepentingan interaksi sosial

- Konsep ZPD

Model Pembelajaran

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-Model pembelajaran didokongi oleh rekabentuk pengajaran (ID)

- ID merujuk kepada proses sistematik dalam merancang sesuatu proses pengajaran

- Matlamatnya agar, Input = output

- Contoh; Model ADDIE, Model ASSURE

ADDIE MODEL

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ADDIE MODEL

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AnalysisProblem definition(Mengenalpasti masalah)

DesignDesign, structure, media types, technological issues

(Rekabentuk, struktur, jenis media, isu-isu teknologi)

DevelopmentBased on budget, develop the project(berasaskan bujet, membangunkan projek)

ADDIE MODEL

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ImplementationTesting phase (Fasa percubaan)

EvaluationUsers’ feedback on the project

(Maklumbalas pengguna terhadap projek)

ASSURE MODEL

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1. Analyze learners 2. State objectives 3. Select instructional

methods, media, and materials

4. Utilize media and materials 5. Require learner participation 6. Evaluate and revise

ASSURE MODEL

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By, Heinch, Molenda, Russell, Smaldino (1996))

The ASSURE model is helpful for designing courses using different kinds of media. This model assumes that instruction will not be delivered using lecture/text book only. It allows for the possibility of incorporating out-of-class resources and technology into the course materials. This model will be especially helpful for instructors designing online courses.

This model emphasizes:Teaching to students with different Learning Styles, and

1. Constructivist learning where students are required to interact with their environment and not passively receive information.

sambungan.. ASSURE MODEL

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1. Analyze learners General characterSpecific entry competenciesLearning Style

2. State objectives Learning outcomesConditions of performanceDegree of acceptable performance

sambungan.. ASSURE MODEL

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3. Select instructional methods, media, and materials

Select available materialsModify existing materialsDesign new materials

4. Utilize media and materials Preview the materialsPrepare the materials, environmentProvide the learning experience

sambungan.. ASSURE MODEL

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5. Require learner participation - In-class and follow-up activities so learner can process the information

6. Evaluate and revise - Evaluate & revise, Before, during and after instruction

- Assess learner, media methods

Alternatif Model ID

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Hanaffin & PeckDick & CareyRobert GlaseaRapid Prototyping Jerold KempGerlach & ElyBransonDiamondSmith & RaganGentryReiser & DickVan PattenLeishin, Pollock & Reigeluth

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You are not a bad teacher if a lesson does not work.  You are a bad teacher if

you don't reflect upon your lessons and…

work on revising elements of the lesson until your students

become successful learners.  

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Sekian

Terima kasih !