PJM3106 ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI

Introduction

The skeletal system includes connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

These tissues are combined with the various types of muscle tissue to form the Musculo-Skeletal System.

1) Bone itself has five functions, including: - Movement- Support- Calcium Storage- Production of Red Blood Cells- Protection

SISTEM TUBUH BADAN• I. INTEGUMENTARI• 2. RANGKA• 3. OTOT• 4. SARAF• 5. ENDOKRINA• 6. KARDIOVASKULAR• 7. LIMFATIK• 8. RESPIRATORI• 9. PENCERNAAN• 10. URINARI

2) Cartilage serves as the fetal template for bone formation, and covers the ends of bone, most especially at the joints, or points of articulation.

3) Tendons connect muscles to bone

4) Ligaments connect bone to bone

PENGENALAN TULANG 206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang dewasa

Jumlah berat sistem rangka seorang dewasa

merupakan 14 % daripada jumlah berat

badannya

Meliputi tulang tengkorak, tulang badan, tulang

anggota

Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral ( Kalsium &

Posforus )

Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 % Bahan Pejal

( Organan 2/3 , B. Organan 1/3 )

• Tengkorak : 8 kranium14 muka

• Vertebra: 7 leher12 thoraks 5 lumbar 9 koksil

• Rusuk: 7 rusuk sebenar 5 rusuk palsuJUMLAH:

Kandungan Tulang• Bahan Organik :

Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk glikoprotein glikosaminoglikin

• Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan kalsium fostat.

• Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang membentuk struktur badan manusia.

• Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap.

• Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka.

• Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif

• Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi.

• Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang

II. Bone Biology

1) Bone is composed of organic material (mostly collagen, a spongy protein), within an inorganic matrix called hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium and potassium).

2) Bone tissue consists of three specialized cell types, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

a. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, which line the surface of a bone’s structure.

b. Osteocytes are bone cells and are found within the bone’s structure. c. Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone trough a degradation process.

3) Process of Bone Formation

• At birth, most of the skeletal system is composed of cartilage, which over time is replaced by bone. By the early twenties, most bone growth is complete, although bone is remodeled throughout life.

• Through the process of remodeling, osteoclasts circulate throughout the bone and look for old or damaged osteocytes to break down, which are then replaced by osteoblasts which lay down new bone tissue.

• This breakdown and buildup occurs throughout the bone, but is most visible at the growth plates of the bone which form at the junction of the epiphysis (bone ends), and the diaphysis (bone shaft).

• This junction is called the epiphyseal plate, located towards the end of the bone shaft.

• Finally, some growth occurs in the periosteum, which is a thin sheaf of tissue that covers the outside of the bone surface. The periosteum also serves as an intake of nutrition and gasses.

III. Bone Anatomy

1) There are approximately 206 bones in the human body

2) They can be classified into four main classes

a. Long bones: main components of limbs, include the femur, humerus,

radius and ulna, tibia and fibula.

b. Short Bones: include metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet

c. Flat Bones: includes cranial bones, innominates and scapula, offer

protection and large muscle attachments

d. Irregular Bones: includes vertebra, carpals (hand) and tarsals (feet), many of

the cranial bones. These bones are generally complex in design and serve specialized purposes

3) The skeleton can also be divided into two parts, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

a. The axial skeleton - includes the skull or cranium, the vertebral column, and

the ribs.

b. The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvic and pectoral girdles, as well as the upper and lower limb bones.

i. The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle, and forms the shoulder

ii. The pelvic girdle includes innominate or hip bones.

iii. The upper limbs include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and hand phalanges.

iv. The lower limbs include the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and foot phalanges.

KLASIFIKASI TULANG• Tulang-tulang yg mbentuk rangka trdiri drp

pelbagai bntuk dan saiz.Tulang ini bleh diklasifikasikan brdasarkan bentuknya iaitu;

1.Tulang panjang2.Tulang leper3.Tulang tak sama bentuk4.Tulang pendek

Tulang Panjang

Tulang Pendek

Tulang Leper tulang Ribs, ileum, sternum, skapula dan kranium

Tulang Tak sama BentukVetebra dan sfenoid

atlas cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacrum

Pelvis

Femur Fibula

KakiTangan

humerusLutut

Scapula

UlnaRadius

Rawan

Pejal tetapi elastik.

Cth. : cuping telinga, hujung hidung, hujung

tulang

Peranan :- Rangka penyokong dalam peringkat

embrio- menyerap hentakan

Ligamen

Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih atau

kuning pucat

Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat

Ligamen menghubungkan tulang-tulang yang bersendi

Ia merupakan tisu yang menghubung satu tulang dengan

tulang yang lain

TENDON Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih

Ia adalah jalur tisu yang kuat

Tendon melekatkan otot pada tendon

Tendon bersifat tidak kenyal tetapi tidak boleh

melentur

Cth. : melekatkan bisep pada tulang radius

melekatkan otot tisep pada tulang ulna

Sistem Sendi

Sendi adalah tempat dua atau lebih tulang bertemu. Permukaan tulang yang bertemu dengan tulang lain dikenali sebagai permukaan artikular.

Pengelasan Sendi• Synarthrosis (sendi berserat tanpa

bergerak)

• Amphiarthrosis ( sendi separa bergerak)

• Diarthrosis ( sendi sinovial bergerak)

Jenis-jenis Sendi

• Sendi Bahu - Sendi Lesung• Sendi Siku – Sendi Engsel• Sendi Tapak Tangan & Jari – Sendi Pelana• Sendi Pergelangan Tangan – Sendi Bonggol• Sendi Antara Atlas – Sendi Paksi• Sendi Pergelangan kaki – Sendi Telangsar

Fungsi Sendi• Sinarthrosis – Dua tulang akan rapat tetapi

tiada pergerakan .contoh : tengkorak (skull)

• Diarthrosis – Pergerakan pelbagai arah contoh : sendi lutut, sendi

bahu

• Amphiarthrosis – Pergerakan yang sedikit contoh : vetebra (tulang belakang)

Gerakan Sendi• Sendi Bahu – Ekstensi , Fleksi , rotasi, hiperekstensi

• Sendi Siku – Ekstensi , Fleksi

• Sendi Pelana – Fleksi , Ekstensi

• Sendi Bonggo – Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi

• Sendi Paksi – Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi

• Sendi Telangsa – Dorsi Fleksi , Plantar Fleksi.

Contoh Pergerakan Sendi : (Pada Pergerakan Sendi Siku)

Pergerakan Fleksi Ekstensi

Jenis sendi Engsel Engsel

Satah pergerakan Frontal Frontal

Aksis Medial lateral Medial axis

axis(elbow joint) (elbow joint)