1. Pendahuluan - Copy

7/24/2019 1. Pendahuluan - Copy

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BIOTEKNOLOGIBIOTEKNOLOGI

PERTANIANPERTANIAN

By Darmawan SaptadiBy Darmawan Saptadi


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PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN

BiotechnologyBiotechnology::

Use of microorganisms such as bacteria orbiological substances such as enzymes,

to perform industrial or manufacturingprocesses.

Use of living systems and organisms todevelop or make useful products

Any technological application that usesbiological systems, living organisms, orderivatives thereof, to make or modifyproducts or processes for specic use


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MATERIMATERI

1.1. !"#A$U%UA"!"#A$U%UA"&.&. 'U%(U) *A)+"A" (A"A-A"'U%(U) *A)+"A" (A"A-A" )+"+, !)A%A(A" #A" %A/0)A(0)+U-)+"+, !)A%A(A" #A" %A/0)A(0)+U- -!#+A-!#+A

/!)/AA+ (!'"+' !)/A"A'A" +" 2+()0/!)/AA+ (!'"+' !)/A"A'A" +" 2+()03'U%(U) U4U', 'U%(U) -!)+(!-, 'U%(U)3'U%(U) U4U', 'U%(U) -!)+(!-, 'U%(U)!-/)+0, 'U%(U) 'A%U5!-/)+0, 'U%(U) 'A%U5

6.6. )!'0-/+"A" #"A)!'0-/+"A" #"A #AA) (!'"0%0+ A"A%+A #A" !2A%UA+

!"!(+' #AA) 4) #AA) ()A"70)-A+ /+0 !(+'A -A 3-A)'!) A+(!# !%!4(+0"5


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8hat Are the /enets of/iotechnology9

-edicine

$uman

2eterinary /iopharming

!nvironment

Agriculture

7ood products

+ndustry and manufacturing


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MicrobiologyMicrobiology

BiochemistryBiochemistryMolecular BiologyMolecular Biology

Cell BiologyCell BiologyMolecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics Engineering ProcessesEngineering Processes

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Health DiagnosesHealth Diagnoses

Pharmaceutical IndustryPharmaceutical Industry

Food and Animal Feed IndustryFood and Animal Feed Industry

Chemical IndustryChemical Industry

Environment and EnergyEnvironment and Energy

Fermentation IndustryFermentation Industry

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

EtcEtc


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-engapa perlu bioteknologi

opulasi bertambah

-eningkatnya 0(

/erkurangnya lahanpertanian

-alnutrisi 'einginan untuk

mengungkap rahasia alam

#iperlukan:

lebih banyak tanaman

tanaman berkualitas

tanaman sehat

pelestarian tanaman

obat berbasis alami

-endisain tanaman unggul baru

yang bedaya hasil tinggi -engupgrade genetik dengan

komposisi genetik baru dari sumbergenetik yang dapat diterima

-emberika nilai tambah pada

tanaman yang sudah ada

WeMut


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/iotechnology in /.4.

!"" B#$ (he 4hinese use moldycurds as an antibiotic to treat boils

&!" B#$ (he reeks practice croprotation to increase soil fertility

'"" B#: 4hinese use po;deredchrysanthemum as an insecticide


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re

',"&$1sttime the term ?biology@ is used


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re


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re


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/iotechnology +n (he 7irst art0f (he &=th4entury

'("&$(he term immunology rst used

'(")$(he term genetics is used

'('!$ /acterial viruses, called phages, arediscovered

'('($(he ;ord biotechnology is rst used

'(&+$ -uller discovers that B


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/iotechnology +n (he 7irst art0f (he &=th4entury

'(-&$(he electron microscope is usedand characterizes viruses that infectbacteria, called bacteriaphages

1(--$#"A is sho;n to be the buildingblock of the gene

'(-($auling proves that sickle cellanemia is a molecular disease caused bya mutation


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/iotechnology in the1CD=s and 1CE=s

'(!*$8atson and 4rick understand thestructure of #"A

'(!-$4ell


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/iotechnology in the 1CG=s

'(+&$(he #"A composition of humans issho;n to be CCH similar to that of chimpsand gorillas

'(++$enetically


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/iotechnology in the 1CI=s

'(,"$(he U.. upreme 4ourt approves thepatenting of genetically


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/iotechnology in the 1CI=s

1CI6: (he rst articial chromosome is made

1CI6: (he rst genetic markers for specicinherited diseases are found

1CIK: (he #"A ngerprinting techniFue is

developed. 1CIK: (he rst geneticallyon 2aldez oil spill


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/iotechnology in the 1CC=s

'(("$(he rst federally


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/iotechnology in the 1CC=s

'((,$cientists clone three generationsof mice fromof mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells

'((,$!mbryonic stem cells are used to

regenerate tissue and create disordersthat mimic diseases

'((,$(he /iotechnology +nstitute isfounded by /+0 as an independent,

national, D=13c5365 education organization '((($(he genetic code of the human

chromosome is deciphered


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/iotechnology &=== and/eyond

&"""$ A rough draft of the human genome iscompleted

&"""$igs are the ne>t animal cloned by researchersto help produce organs for human transplant

&""'$(he seFuence of the human genome ispublished in Science and Nature

&""&$ cientists complete the seFuence of thepathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice tofeed E= million people annually

&""*$ #olly, the cloned sheep from 1CCG, iseuthanized


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SE.ARAH PENGGUNAANINSULIN

< ',)( L/n0er1an di234er i5et 36L/n0er1an in pan2rea

7 '(&"8 Bantin0 9 23w3r:er dete2tinu5in in pan2reati2 e;tra2t 36 anima5

7 '(&& rtre23m?inant dru05i2ened 63r 1uman ue


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TEKNOLOGI REKOMBINANDNA

BERKEMBANG PESAT SETELAH

DITEMUKANNYA STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA

OLEH WATSON DAN CRICK (1953)

DI BIDANG PERTANIAN YANG DAPAT

DIJADIKAN CONTOH PERKEMBANGAN

TEKNOLOGI INI ADALAH PROSES

PEMBUATAN TANAMAN TRANSGENIK

REKAYASA GENETIKAREKAYASA GENETIKA


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Wh! I" #$%! !&""' '$!'*+Wh! I" #$%! !&""' '$!'*+

(eknik bagaimana mengisolasi bagiancised piece of diMerentiatedtissue or organ 3!>plant5 NdediMerentiation N callus 3heterogenous5NrediMerentiation 3;hole plant5 O cellular

totipotency.


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(anaman adalah organisme multiseluleryang kompleks dengan organ


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$+(0) +n '("& Ha?er5andtproposed that single

plant cells could be cultured'(*"@ $'(*"@ $8hite ;orked on (.4. discovery of plant

gro;th regulatorsimportance of vitamins ;as determined for

shoot and root culturing+ndole


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$+(0))"@ 9 +"@)"@ 9 +"@ :

1CE& : -urashige and koog publishedrecipe for - -edium-urashige cloned plants in vitro, promoted

development of commercial plant (.4. labs1CEE : raised haploid plants from pollen

grains1CG& : used protoplast fusion to hybridize &

species of tobacco into one plant.+"@ 9,"@+"@ 9,"@

develop techniFues to introduce foreign#"A into plant cells. beginning of geneticengineering


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%A"( (+U! 4U%(U)!%A"( (+U! 4U%(U)!

the culture of plant seeds, organs, tissues, cells, or

protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions.

Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product

cells have the same genotype (unless affected by

mutation during culture

8h d d (i


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8hy do ;e do (issue4ulture9

(o regenerate plants from single cells orplant tissues

(o cultivate under sterile conditions (o produce large Fuantities of identical

plants (o cultivate ;ithout the impact of

environmental conditions (o save species from e>tinction

(o isolate disease from plants (o produce plants ;ith enhanced stressor pest resistance

(o create ne; plant varieties

(o make money


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2irtually any part of a plant can be used 3meristems, shootand root tips, leaf tissue, anthers, embryos, Qo;ers, etc.5A single e>plant can be multiplied into several thousandplants in less than a year < this allo;s fast commercial

propagation of ne; cultivars(aking an e>plant does not usually destroy the motherplant, so rare and endangered plants can be cloned safelylant Rtissue banks can be frozen, then regeneratedthrough tissue culture

ADANTAGES


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0nce established, a plant tissue culture line cangive a continuous supply of young plantsthroughout the year +n plants prone to virus diseases, virus free e>plants

3ne; meristem tissue is usually virus free5 can becultivated to provide virus free plantslant cultures in approved media are easier to

e>port than are soilplants are chosen from superiorplants, then cloned

(issue culture clones are Rtrue to type as compared;ith seedlings, ;hich sho; greater variability


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(+U! 4U%(U)! A%+4A(+0"(+U! 4U%(U)! A%+4A(+0"

Mi2r3pr3pa0ati3n

Germp5am preer4ati3n

S3ma253na5 4ariati3n

Em?ry3 2u5ture

Hap53id 9 di1ap53id pr3du2ti3n

In vitro1y?ridiati3n C pr3t3p5at

6ui3nP5ant 0eneti2 en0ineerin0


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