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Index 277

277

INDEX

Aabangan, 14, 231Abbasid caliph, 103Abbasid empire, 157Abbasids, rise of, 12Abd al-Ra’ufal-Singkili, 235Abd al-Rahman, 91Abdullah Badawi, 205Abdurrahman Wahid, case study, 241–

42Abhidharma-pitaka, 60Abu Bekr, first caliph, 77Abu Hanafa, 196Abu Kamil, 147Abu Wanggas, tomb of, 202Aceh, 12Adat, 14Afghanistan, 53Age of the Buddha, 56alien merchants, 106An Lushan, 81An Lushan rebellion, 85–86An Lushan’s uprising, 74An Shigao, 61Ancestral Shrine of Ding clan, 123ancestral tablets, 124ancestral worship, 123, 125ancient Asian mosques, architectural

style, 198–204Andaya, Barbara Watson, 178animism, 140

Annals of Acheen, 150Annam, 175Anyang, 24

tombs, 25Arab Muslim soldiers, 82Arab Muslim traders, 82Arab origin theory, 140–42Arab traders, 157

monopoly of spice trade, 158Silk Route, 2

Arabs, monopoly of China trade, 13Arabs, nomadic life, 76Arnold, Thomas W., 78, 81Aryans, 55

entry into India, 56worship, 56

Austronesian languages, 132authochthonous theory, 141Ayutthaya, 176

BBabad Tanah Jawi, 13, 148, 197Babad Tanah Lasem, 197Ban Chao, 53Ban Gu, 9Banpo, 20Banton, Michael, 6–7Beijing University, 1Bengali-origin theory, 145Berkhofer, Robert, 7bianguan, 107

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278

278 Index

Bo Yi, 22Board of Censors, 98Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, 67Bodhisattvas, 59Bong Swi Hoo, 224, 227–29, 239, 243Bong Tak Keng, 224–25Book of Changes, 121Brahma, 57Brahmanism, 57Brahmans, 56Bridge of Sacred Wind and Rain, 199Bronze Age, 133Bronze-Iron Age, Malay Archipelago,

133Buddhababdra, 62Buddhism

Chinaexpansion in China, 63foundation years, 63–65fully Sinicized religion, 68growth phase, 65–67impact of, 10integral part of Chinese Culture, 71spread to China, 57–63

Sinicization, 10, 55–75spread to China, 55–75Theravada, 58Turning of the Wheel of Law, 58

Buddhist culture, introduction inChina, 2

Buddhist Office, 101Buddhist schools, 70–71Buddhist Works

translated into Chinese, 60Bukhara, 89Byzantine Empire, 82–83

CCatholic missionaries, 112Central Asia, Islamization of, 81Central Plain, 20Ceramic Route, 2, 11, 13, 51, 62, 83,

156, 188

ceramic trade, 158Chama (Tea-Horse) Route, 50, 59Champa, 146, 150

administrative centre, 175Arab Muslim traders, 174international entrepot trading

centre, 173South, 147

Chan School, 69–70Chang Yuchun, 170Chang-an, 52, 61, 82Chau Ju-Kua, 160, 173cheenavala, 203Chen Zuyi, 162, 183, 216

execution of, 192pirate-style operation, 189

Chendai, 123–24ancestral shrine of Ding clan, 123–

25Cheng Ho, 12, 154–205

administration of Chinese Muslimand Overseas Chinesecommunities, 195

communications with Chinesetraders in Palembang, 191

Confucian ideas, Islamized, 117–23contribution to spread of Islam, 10crew members, holy tombs of, 222death, 197diplomatic missions, 3effect on cultural contact, 197–204expeditions, 51impact of missions, 172–75impact of visits, 5interaction with Overseas Chinese

and Chinese Muslims, 204Islamization of Southeast Asia, 155–

205legacy on cultural contact, 197–98link between missions and

Islamization, 5overdependence on, 218


279

Index 279

peace-keeping functions, 162propogation of Islam, 188–93reverrance by Hanafite Muslim

Chinese, 219rise of Malacca Sultanate, 175–77role in Malacca’s conversion to

Islam, 179sixth voyage, 207statue of, 130tombs of crew members, 222treatment of Chinese groups, 211

Cheng Ho cult, 219–23Cheng Ho shrine, 220Cheng Hoon Teng, 221Cheng Hoon Theng Temple, Malacca,

194Chengziya, 20Chin, 45China

entrepot trade, 85sinicization of Islam, 96–128spread of Islam to, 80–87unification under Sui and Tang

dynasties, 68China Association of American

Studies, 1Chinese Buddhism, resemblance with

Sufism, 235Chinese civilization, origins, 19–22Chinese fishing nets, 203Chinese immigrants, 181–88Chinese Muslims

insular Southeast Asia, after ChengHo, 240–43

Java, 196migration to Indonesia, 182Yuan dynasty, 146

Chinese settlements, Indonesia, 181–88

Chinese societyimpact of Ming maritime

withdrawal, 209–12Java, 206–08

Chinese traders, Palembang, in, 190–91

Chishti, 234Chitu, 138Christianity

conversion into, 113inroads into Asia, 2

Chuang Tzu, Zhuangzhou, by, 38Chunqiu, 54Chunqiu Fanlu, 47civil service examination, 99clash of civilization, Huntington, 1Cloud Terrace Pass, 199Coedes, George, 134, 140colonialism, definition, 166Commissioners for Foreign Trade, 86,

149, 162, 183, 188concept of cultural diffusion, 9Confucian bureaucracy, 103Confucian Education Department,

101Confucian Muslim scholars, 122, 124Confucian Muslims, 113–15Confucian scholars, trends against, 63Confucianism, 3, 30–38, 46, 83

filial piety, 34good government, 36good human nature, 35Junzi, 33Li, 31principles, 31–32righteousness, 36social order, 32Tian, 37

Confucianized Islamic revivalmovement, 125

Confucius, 10, 30Ban Gu, as quoted by, 9

Congling, 54cultural contact, patterns of, 2cultural exchange, 162culture, definition, 8


280

280 Index

DDa Si, 80Da Yuehzhi, 52Daizong (Emperor), 82Dalai Lama, 71Damais, Louis-Charles, 146Dao De Jing, 38–39

description of ideal state andsociety, 40

Daoism, 10, 38–41, 83Daoist Office, 101Daoyi Zhilue, 187Dark Ages, Europe, 77Dashi, 103–05Datang Xiyu Quifa Gaosenchuan, 63datong, 23datong era, 23Daxia, 50Dayueshi, 53de Graaf, H.J., 193de Jong, 144definitions

colonialism, 166culture, 8

Demak, 148Deng Xiaoping, 54Department of Qadi, 93Dezong, 103Dharmakala, 65Dharmakaya Buddha, 71Dharmaranya, 61Dharmasastra, 135Di, 24Ding clan, ancestral shrine, 123–25Ding Shuode, 124divide-and-rule policy, 90Dong Zhongshu, 10, 29, 46–49Dongson culture, 133Drewes, 140dukun, 132Dunhuang, 61, 68Dutch East India Company, 52

EEast-West polarization

pattern of cultural contact, 2Eastern Zhou, 27Emei, 72Emperor Goazu, 45Emperor Wudi, 46Erlitou, 23Esoteric School, 71Ethics and Cardinal Human

Relationships, 121ethnoliguistic criteria, 103eunuchs, 63Euphrates River basin, 3Eurocentric theories

underestimation of indigenouscultures, 5

Europecultural contact, 2Dark Ages, 77feudalism, 78

examination system, 89

FFa Xian, 61–62, 160Faguo, 66faith, conflict over, 216–19Fajia, 42Falin, Apology for Buddhist Truth, 66fanfang, 11fanfang ethnic enclaves, 243fanhuo, 208Fatimi, S.Q., 4, 143, 152Fei Xin, 171, 179, 181Fen valley, 23Feng Hasan, 215Feng Sheng, 170feng shui, 30Feuchtwang, 220filial piety, 123Fish-scale Register, 98Five Constant Regulations, 121Five Elements, 49


281

Index 281

Five Human Relationships, 113Five Pillars, 121Foccardi, Gabriele, 169Forbidden City, 199foreign language, ban on, 108Four Books, 54Fu Youde, 170Funan, 136Funan empire, 174Fung Yulan, 64Fuxi, 21

GGan Eng Chu, 224, 228Gan Eng Wan, 224Gan Si Cang, 239Ganges Basin, 3, 55Ganges Plain, 62Gansu, 49Gao Tao, 22Gaozhong (Emperor), 62, 81Gautama Buddha, 57Gautama Siddhartha, 57Geertz, Clifford, 6, 231Genghis Khan, 87geopolitics

after Ming maritime withdrawal,208–09

Middle East and Asia, 158–60post-Cheng Ho era, 206

Ghaid divine service, 219Ghost Festival, 73Giddens, Anthony, 6Girindrawardhana dynasty, 209Give Elements, theory, 29Gladney, Dru G., 128Goddess of Mercy, 221Goddess of the Sea, 67golden age of Islamic history, 105Golden Khersone, 135Gong Sunlong, 42Gong Zhen, 171, 181Great Demak Mosque, 198

Great Mosque of Demak, 237Great Ultimate principle, 84Great Wall, 50Gresik, Chinese settlement in, 181Grooeneveldt, 145

identification of Shih-pi and IkeMese, 185

guan chang, 162Guandi, 220Guanyin, 67, 220Guo Chongli, 172Guo Xin, 215Guo Zhixin, 169–70

HHa Zhi, 172Hadith, 229Hai Rui, 114Haji Bong Tak Keng, 195–96Haji Gan Eng Chu, 195, 215, 218Haji Ma Hong Fu, 196Haji Tan Eng Hoat, 223Hamzah Fansuri, 235Han Chinese, 11Han Chinese literati, 118Han dynasty, 9, 10, 28, 45, 65Han empire, 5Han Feizi, 43–44Han surnames

adoption of, 108Han Wudi (Emperor), 40Hanafite Chinese Muslims, 13

benefits from Cheng Ho’s missions,212

localization in Java, 223–30Sunda Kelapa, 200

Hanafite Muslim Chinese, 212–14Hanafite Muslim Chinese

communities, 243Hanafite Muslims, Chinese Muslims

in Java, 196Hang Li Po, 203Harappa Culture, 55


282

282 Index

Harsya Bachtiar, 231Hasan, 172Hasyim Asyari, founder of Nahdlatul

Ulama, 242Hayam Wuruk (King), 182Heiyi Dashi, 103Hemudu, 20hexagrams, principles, 29Hikayat Hang Tuah, 151Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, 151Hinayana, transmigration, 58Hindu cultural influence, 168Hinduism, 57

culture of aristocracy, 140historians, Marxist Chinese, 22–23Historical Notes on Indonesia and

Malaya, 145Hollander, J.J. de, 141holy tombs, 221Hong Bao, 171Hongwu, 97–100, 107, 118, 161,

183ban on marriages within own ethnic

group, 109Hoogli River, 62Hormuz, 171Horowitz, Donald, 7household registration, 91Hu Dengzhou, 111Hu Weiyong, 98Huai valley, 24Huajue Mosque, 119Huandi (Emperor), 63Huang Di, 21–22, 45Huang Di tribe, 22Huay Sheng Mosque, 200Huayan School, 70Hui communities, Yuan China, 87–91Hui ethnic group, emergence of, 102–

10Hui Hui, 125Hui Hui army, 89Hui Huis, 11, 104

Hui Muslim merchants, 181Hui Muslims, 11–12, 102

Yunnan, 212Hui Neng, 70Hui Ru, 113Hui settlements, 90Hui Shih, 42Hui Tong Guan, 162Hui Yuan, 67Humanism, dominant theme in

Chinese thought, 53Hundred Schools, 27–45Hundred Schools Movement, 10, 53Huntington, Samuel, 1, 14Hurgronje, C. Snouck, 4, 142–43hushang, 93, 106hydraulic engineering techonology, 94

IIbn Battuta, 105Ika Mese, 184–85immigrant Chinese, 214–16Imperial Hall, 200India, ancient mosques in, 201Indian civilization

origin of, 55–57Indian culture, 3Indian-origin theory, Islamization of

Southeast Asia, 142–46Indian-styled kingdoms, 134Indianization, Southeast Asia, 5, 134Indonesia

Chinese settlements, 181–88overseas Chinese society, 181pre-colonial, 5

Indus Valley civilization, 55Inner Asian Steppes, 49, 51, 54Institute of Muslim Astronomy, 94insular Southeast Asia, 2

Indianized state, 137intermarriages, 148prehistory, 132

intermarriages, Sino-Javanese, 243


283

Index 283

Iron Age, 8Iskandar Shah, 152

adoption of title of Sultan, 180Islam

advent in China, 76–95dialogue with Chinese traditional

culture, 115–17effect of Cheng Ho’s missions, 188–

93Indian-origin, as, 4localization in Southeast Asia, 206–

45localization process of, 13Sinicization, 96–128spread from Malacca to Southeast

Asia, 180spread to Xinjiang, 185

Islamic Abbasid empire, 157Islamic Central Asian, 89Islamic culture

introduction in China, 2Islamic Foundation, United Kingdom,

79Islamic fundamentalists, 118Islamic political system, 78Islamic propagation

mechanism of, 12Islamic revival movement, 112, 128Islamic state, 78–79Islamic texts

translation into Chinese, 12Islamic values, confucianized, 117Islamization, 3Israeli, Raphael, 103, 119

JJade Gateway Pass, 199Jainism, 57Java

impact of Ming maritimewithdrawal, 209–12

introduction to Sinicized Islam, 243

localization of Hanafite MuslimChinese, 223–30

spread of Islam, 174tribute missions to Ming court, 214

Javanese Islam, 14, 230–36integration with Sino-Islam, 206

Javanization, 3Javanized Islamization movement, 181Jaya Simhavarman (King), 148Jesuit missionaries, 112, 126Jia Tang Shu, 82jiaofang, 93Jin Bun, 219, 225, 229, 237, 243Jin Tianzhu, 116Jingjue Mosque, 197Jiuhua, 72Junus Jahja, 241Junzi, Confucianism, 33

KKaiyuan Records of Mahayana

Buddhism, 60Kaiyuan temple, 72Kang Tai, 51, 136Kau Hsing, 184–85Kejawen, 14, 232–36keramat (holy tombs), 221Kertanagara (King), 184Keyzer, S. (Prof ), 141Khan, Genghis, 87–88, 149Khan, Kublai, 88

invasion of Java, 184Khan, Monke, 91Khanate, Chaghatay, 88Khotan, 65Khurshid Ahmad, 79Kin San, 225, 229, 243King Lang Darma, 71King of Asoka, 64King Songstan Gampo, 71King Zheng, 44Kluckhohn, Clyde, 6Ku, 54


284

284 Index

Kublai Khan, 88, 90Kulapati, 138Kumarajiva, 61Kunlun mountains, 52Kwan Hwie Liong, 203

LLady Fatimah, 153Lady Ma, 169Lamaism, 71Lan Xu, 117Lan Yu, 170Land of Gold, 135land ownership system, 104Lang Darma (King), 71Langkasuka-Kedah, 138Lantian Man, 20Lao Tzu, 28Laozi, 38–40Laozi doctrine, 45leadership succession system

Shanrang, 22–23Li Shenzhi, 1Li Shizhen, 163Li Si, 44, 46Li tribes, 22Li Xing, 172Li Zhi, 114, 127Liang Daoming, 183Liang Shu, 138Liang Yin, 215Lidai Bao, 197Lidai Bao An, 197Liji (The Book of Rites), 23, 54Lingshan Holy Islamic Tombs, 124,

222Liu Bang, 45Liu Rong Shrine, 199Liu Zhi, 107, 109, 116, 118

Xia people, 25Zhou rulers, 26

Lombard, Denys, 218, 241Longshan, 20

Longshan Neolithic culture, 23Lunar New Year, 126Lunyu, 30Luoyang, 82Luu Ky Tong, 147

MMa Bin, 172Ma Boling, 115Ma Dexin, 116Ma Hong Fu, 224Ma Huan, 162, 168, 171, 178, 181Ma Jaui, 222Ma Junshi, 115Ma Lianyuan, 117Ma Minglong, 115Ma Yongliang, 215Ma Zhu, 116, 118madrasah

Hui Muslims, 12madrasah-developed Chinese language,

112madrasah education system, 109, 111Magadha, 62Mahahbarata, 232Mahavira, 57Mahayana, 58Mahayana Buddhism, 59Maing Shilu, 197Majapahit, 136, 139, 150, 153, 159,

174, 181Chinese settlement in, 181fall of, 193Hindu or shamanist funeral rituals,

184Majapahit kingdom, 12Majapahit rulers

Chinese transliteration of names,194

Malaccaabsence of Overseas Chinese

Bureau, 229Cheng Hoon Theng Temple, 194


285

Index 285

conversation to Islam, 177–79entrepot trade activities, 177tribute missions to China, 207

Malacca Sultanate, 175–77Malay Annals, 143, 213–14, 217,

219, 221Jin Bun, 229

Malay Annals of Semarang andCirebon, 193

Malay Archipelago, 76Bronze-Iron Age, 133

Malay Archipelago Bureau Chief, 218Malay-Indonesia Archipelago, 3Malay-Indonesian Sufi scholars, 235Malaysian Chinese Muslim

Association, 241Malik as-Saleh, 151Malik az-Zahir, 143Manshor Shah (Sultan), 203Mao Zedong, communist communes,

54Marco Polo, 105, 143maritime trade, hazards, 160marriage law, 109Marrison, G.E., 143Marxist Chinese historians, 22Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho, 203Mazu, 67Mazu (Goddess of the Sea, 22), 204Mecca, 76

centre for finance, 77Medina, 77Megat Iskandar Shah, 176, 178Mencius, 10, 22, 35Meng Chi, 184Mesopotamia’s Tigris River, 3Mi Wanji, 116Miao tribes, 22Mid-Autumn Festival, 126Middle East, geopolitics, 158–60

language policy, 109Sinicization policy, 96–102

migrant Muslims, 102

Ming Lu, 99Ming China, role in Islamization, 3Ming Dynasty, 2, 10

Chinese Muslims, 146foreign policy, 161founding, 96–97lack of consistent Overseas China

policy, 210Ming government, anti-private trade

policy, 183Mingdi (Emperor), 53, 59, 63Mingjia, 42Ming Shi, 197Ming Shilu, 197Mo Ying, 170Mogao Caves, 68Mohd Jamil Mukmin, 178Mohism, 41–42

universal love, 41Moluccas spice trade, 157Mongol soldiers, Java, 187Mongols, 49, 149

invasion, 159invasion of China, 13

Monke Khan, 91monkhood, Buddhist concept of, 70monotheistic religions, 127Moquette, J.P., 151mosques

Asian, 198–201Chang-an, 85China, in, 199

Mount Wuyi, 199Mozi, 22, 41Muhammad of Ghor, 149Mulian, 73Muslim Confucians, 113–15Muslim Demak kingdom, 219Muslim settlements, 87Muslim trading network, 153Muzaffar Shah (Sultan), 207, 229Muzong (Emperor), 208mysticism, sufi, see Sufism


286

286 Index

NNagaratretagama, 182nan ren, 90Nan Wen Tan, 215Naqshbandi, 234Neo-Confucian teachings, 112Neo-Confucianism, 84Neolithic Age, worshipped during, 25Neolithic cultures, 20Niemann, G.K., 141Nine Saints, 148Nirvana, 62Njai Gede Pinatih, 193, 236, 239–40non-Muslim Chinese settlements, 214North China Plain, 19Northern dynasties, 66Northern Silk Route, 53Northern Wei, 66Nur al-Din al-Raniri, 235Nurleila binti Cong, 221Nusantara, maritime states of, 3Nyai Pinateh, see Njai Gede Pinatih

OOffice of Foreign Trade, 83Office of the Commissioner of Foreign

Trade, 83, 86offshore private trade, 208

illegality, 213Ogodei era, 89Ogodei Khan, 91Opaque Pagoda of the Buddhist Da

Baoan Temple, 197oracle bone divination, decline, 28oracle bones, 25–26, 53organizational chart, 226Ottoman Turks, 230outer barbarians, 167Overseas Chinese, migration to

Indonesia, 182Overseas Chinese Bureau, 195, 214–

15, 217

Overseas Chinese society, Indonesia,181

Ppagoda-shaped minarets, 200Palembang, 159

Cantonese migrants, 183Chinese traders’ communication

with Cheng Ho, 190–91Pan Hui Li, 166Pan Pan, 136Panchen Lama, 71Pangu, 21Parameswara, 176, 178–79Partai Tionghua Islam Indonesia, 241Pasai, 12Peking Man, 20Pembina Imam Tauhid Islam, 241Perlak, 12, 143, 151Persatuan Islam Tionghua Indonesia,

241Persian Muslim traders, 82Persian traders,

Silk Route, 2Phan-rang, South Champa, 147Pijnappel, J., 4, 142pilgrimage to Mecca, 106Pingzhou Ketan, 182piracy, 159Pires, Tome, 145, 152Poontoakong, 221pre-14th century, cultural landscape,

131–40Prijotomo, Josef, 198Princess Wencheng, 71priyayis, 231Prophet Muhammad, 76

four saints to South China, 222life of, 77

Pu Manu, 172Pu Rihe, 172Pu Shougeng, 86, 91, 147, 149, 188Pure Land School of Buddhism, 67, 71


287

Index 287

pusa, 72Putri Champa, 148Putri Cina, 174Putuo, 72

QQadim, 197Qadiri, 234Qi, 22Qian Mu, 22Qin dynasty, 10, 19, 24, 44–45Qing diplomatic missions, 188Qinghai, 52Qingjing Mosque, 197qingtan movement, 65Qinshi Huang, 44–46, 50Qiongzhou Fuzhi, 174Quaritch Wales, 133Qur’an, 77

RRaden Fatah, 202, 222Raden Makhdum Ibrahim, 239Raden Paku, 193

see also Sunan GiriRaden Patah, 238–39Raden Qosim, 239Raden Umar Said, 239Raden Vijaya, 186Rajasa dynasty, end of, 209Ramadan, 80Ramayana, 232Ravaisse, Paul, 147Record of the Western Realms, 62Red Sea, 76–77Red Turban rebellion, 97–98reform movement, 244religion, theories on spread of, 4religious alignment, 216–19religious literature, 142religious movements, 16th and 17th

centuries, 110–13Renzhong, 93, 207

Rg Veda, 56Ricci, Matteo, 112–13Rifa’i, 234Rong, 24

invasion by, 27Ru Hui, 113Ryukyu, 217

Ssainthood, road to, 236–40Sakyamuni, 57Sakyas, 57Salmon, Claudine, 218, 241Sam Cai Kong, 221Sam Po Bo Temple, 195Sam Po Kong, 203Sam Po Kong temples, 217, 220–21Samarkand, 89Samudra, 143–45Sangang, social order, 32Sanlun, 61Sanlun School, 70santri, 231Sassanid Persia, 82Sati funeral rites, 138Satuk Boghra, 102Sayid Ajall Shamsuddin, 91–92, 94,

114, 171Sean Liong, 228Sejarah Melayu, 151Seljurk Turks, 159Semarang, shipyard in, 219Semarang chronicle, 13Semu, 104Semu Muslims, 91Semu people, adoption of Han

Chinese names, 185Semu ren, 89–90, 95Serat Kanda, 148Sha Ban, 172Shaanxi-Sichuan, 92Shadhili, 234


288

288 Index

Shahbandar, Chinese Muslim officials,215

Shamanism, 131–34shamanist funeral rituals, 168shamans, 53Shams al-Din al-Sumatrani, 235Shang, Di, 25Shang dynasty, 24, 49Shang Yang, 43Shangdi (Supreme God), 25Shanrang leadership succession system,

22–23shanrang succession system, 22Shaykh al-Islam, 235She Yunshan, 115Shen Dao, 43Shen Nong, 21Shi Daniang, 193Shi Jinqing, 183, 192

death of, 192Shih-pi, 184–85Shijing, 54Shu, 123Shujing, 26, 54Shun, 23Si Da-jie, 236Si Jinqing, 215

use of Ryukyu, 217Siam, 150, 159Sichuan, 50Shi’ite school of jurisprudence, 141Silk Route, 2, 11–12, 51, 82, 156

Northern, 53Sinicization, 3

Buddhism, of, 10impact on Hui Muslims, 11

sinicization policy, 125sinicization policy, Ming dynasty, 98Sinicized Buddhism, 73, 89Sinicized Islam, introduction into Java,

243Sino-Annamese War, 174Sino-Javanese Muslim, 13–14

Siva, 57Six Classics, 30, 46Slametmuljana, 13, 198, 200social alignment, 216–19Song dynasty, 11, 83, 103–04

Chinese traders in Java, 182Song Shi, 147, 174Songhua Dam, 92South Champa, 147South India, Islam in, 145Southeast Asia

ancient mosques in, 201Arab-origin theory, 140–42emergence of early Islamic states,

146–53Indian-origin theory, 142–46Indianization, 134–40Islamization of, 131–54localization of Islam, 206–45trading pattern after Ming maritime

withdrawal, 208–09Spice Route, 11–12, 156, 159spice trade, 148, 158

domination by Arab traders, 204Sri Maharaja Muhammad Shah, 178Srivijaya, 62, 136, 139, 148, 150,

153, 159state trading, 183

effect of, 187studies

cultural contactChina and India, 4China and Middle East, 4India and Southeast Asia, 4Middle East and Southeast Asia, 4

suanggi, 133succession system

Shanrang, 22–23Sufism, 14, 118, 232–36

features, 234Javanese Islam, 233

Suhakarasirnha, 71Sultan Mansor Shah, 203


289

Index 289

Sultan Muzaffar Shah, 207, 229Suma Oriental, 145Sumatra, impact of Ming maritime

withdrawal, 209–12Sun Chuo, 69Sun Kean, 16Sun Quan, 51Sunan Ampel, 238Sunan Bonang, 238Sunan Dradjat, 238Sunan Giri, 236, 238–39Sunan Gunung Jati, 238–39Sunan Kalijaga, 238Sunan Kota, 239Sunan Kudus, 238Sunan Muria, 238Sunda Kelapa, Hanafite Chinese

Muslims, 200Sunda Straits, 209Sunni School of Islam, 111Supreme Ultimate, 121Surabaya, Chinese settlement in, 181Suryadinata, Leo, 231Sutra-pitaka, 60Sutras, 59Swan Liong, 225Syed Naguib Al-Attas, 141, 178syncretism, 68–70

TTaiji, 120Taiwu, 66Taiwudi (Emperor), 74Tam Sam Cai, 221Tan Eng Hoat, 230Tan Kim Han, 242Tang Chinese, 181Tang court, intra-political rivalry, 81Tang dynasty, 10, 60, 103–04Tang government, open foreign trade

policy, 83Tang Yijie (Prof ), 1Tantric Buddhism, 71

Tariqas, 234Tea-Horse Ancient Trade Route, 50Tebu Ireng Mosque, 198Temujin, 87, 149The Cheng Ho Navigational Map, 163The History of the Yuan Dynasty, 144The Malay Annals of Semarang and

Cirebon, 13, 200The Ming Legal Code, 99–100The Moon Tablet, 200Theravada Buddhism, 58three-tiered roof style, 198–201Three Bonds in Human Relations,

113Three Guiding Principles, 121Three Kingdom period, 51Three Treatises, 61Tian, 26Tian Shengong, 104Tianfang, 106Tiantai School, 70Tianzhu shiyi, 112tongshu, 30Toynbee, Arnold, 5trade routes, linking East to West, 156transmigration, 58Tree of Wisdom, 58Tregonning, K.G., 177Trengganu Stone, 152Tripitaka, 59–60True One, 120True One theory, 119True Way School, 84Tuban

Chinese settlement in, 181main port in Java, 196

Tumasik, 176

UUighur (Xinjiang), 185Umar Shams al-Din, 91Umayyad caliphate, 83Umayyads, rise of, 12


290

290 Index

United Kingdom, Islamic Foundation,79

universal kingship, 97University of Leiden, 142Upanishads, 56Usthman (Caliph), 80

VVeth, P.J., 141Vinaya-pitaka, 60, 62Vishnu, 57von Richtofen, 51

WWahid Hasyim, 242Wali, 132Wali Bonang, 203Walisongo, 14, 148, 236–40

identities of, 13verification of identities, 193

Wang Cong, 172Wang Daiyu, 115, 118–19, 122Wang Dayuan, 160, 187Wang Guitong, 172Wang Jinghong, 171, 220Wang Yucheng, 173Wanli, 124Warring States, 10, 24Warring States Period, 27–44, 53

Confucianism, 30–38Fajia, 42Mingjia, 42School of Yijing, 28

Weber, Max, 6Wei-Jin dynasties, 69Wei Shu, 65well-field system, 27, 44Wells’ leadership model, 8Wells’ models of cultural contact, 7,

173Wells, Peter S., 7

models for mechanism of culturalcontact, 8

Wencheng (Princess), 71Wenzhong, 85Western culture, inroads into Asia, 2Western Regions, 49Wu Bin, 172Wu Zunqi, 115Wudi (Emperor), 52, 74Wuji, 120Wujudiyyah, 235Wusun, 53Wutai, 72Wuzong, 74

XXi Xia, 89Xia, 23Xia culture, 23Xia dynasty, era of xiaokang, 24Xia Wennan, 172Xiang Yu, 45Xianyang, 92Xianying Gong, 220Xiao, filial piety, 34xiaokang, 24xiaoren, 34Xing ben shan

good human nature, 35Xinjiang, 54, 102

establishment of Islam, 185Xiongnu kingdom, 49–50Xiyouji, 62Xiyu, cultural contact with, 49Xuan Zang, 61–62Xuanwu (Emperor), 73Xuanzong (Emperor), 81, 207Xunzi, 35, 37

evil human nature, 38

YYan Congjian, 146


291

Index 291

Yan Di, 22Yang Tingbi, 144Yang Zhen, 172Yangshao culture, 20Yangtze River, 19–20Yao, 23Yellow Emperor, 21–22Yellow Registers, 98Yellow River, 19Yellow River, flooding, 97Yellow River basin, 3Yemen, 76Yi tribes, 22Yijing, 54, 61–63Yin Qing, 172, 176Yin Yang, 46, 49Yingzhong, 215Yongle, 51, 98, 161Yu, 22–23Yuan dynasty, 10–11, 88, 90, 104–06

ban of foreign dress, 106ban on foreign languages, 108ban on foreign surnames, 107financial crisis, 96religious freedom, 93Yue, 54

Yuan government, 149household certificates, 105

Yuan Shi, 144, 154, 186Yuegang, 208Yugang cave, 73Yunnan, 114

ZZhan Si, 114Zhang Lian, 214Zhang Qian, 50, 53, 59, 172

travel to Xiyu, 51Zhang Xie, 218Zhang Yuan, 172Zhang Zhong, 115Zhangzhou, 181Zhengjiao Zhenquan, 118Zhi Dun, 66Zhisheng, 60Zhiyi, 70Zhong, 123Zhongyuan, 19Zhou Dunyi, 84, 120Zhou Dynasty, 24, 26Zhou Yan, 29Zhou Yi, 28Zhoukoudian, 20Zhu Di, 161, 170–71Zhu Shixing, 65Zhu Xi, 84Zhu Ying, 51, 136Zhu Yu, 160, 182Zhu Yuanzhang, 97–99, 106, 169Zhuangzi, view on nature, 40Zhuanxu, 54zhulin qixian, 65Zhutang, 86Zi Chang Ge, 203Zichan, 34


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