Base oil sadikun

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Oleh Rosalia JT

September 2007

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OUT LINE

¡ Pengertian Base Oil- mengapa base oil penting- komposisi base oil

¡ Sifat pelumas yang dipengaruhi base oil¡ Proses Penyulingan Untuk Mendapatkan

base oil ¡ API Base Oil Clasification¡ Base Oil Properties & Typical Inspection

Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006

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PENGERTIAN BASE OIL

¡ Merupakan bagian terbesar komposisi pelumassekitar 80-99% kandungan pelumas adalah base oil

o Mineral base oildari penyulingan crude oilyang memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam

o Sintetik base oildiperoleh dari reaksi kimialebih terkendali dalam komposisi dan distribusi

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Diesel Engines Oil Additives

Ref : Lansdown, et al

DISPERSANT 52%

DETERGENT 52%

ANTIWEAR AGENT 11%

FRICTION MODIFIER 4%ANTIOXIDANT 2%RUST INHIBITOR 1%POUR DESPRESSANT 1%

FOAM INHIBITOR 6%

11.5%

BASE OIL 81.9%-àkandungan terbesar dalam pelumas

VI IMPROVER 6.7%

Base Oil, Dalam Komposisi Pelumas

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¡ Komposisi Base Oilmineral base oilsintetik base oil

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¡ Saturatesl Paraffins

¡Straight Chainl Wax

¡Branched Chainl Naphthenes (Rings)

¡ Aromatics (Unsaturated)¡ Polars

l Sulphurl Nitrogenl Oxygen

Terdiri dari ribuan molekul yang berbedaTerdiriTerdiri daridari ribuanribuan molekulmolekul yang yang berbedaberbedaMINERAL BASE OIL


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Best lubemolecules

Saturates

Straight chain

branched

Waxy,high pour, very high VI, good oxidation

Medium pour, high VI, good oxidation

Naphthenes

Alkylcyclohexane

Alkylcyclopentane

Low pour, medium VI, poor oxidation

AromaticsPour and VI depend on chain lengths, very poor oxidation

HYDROCARBONtipe stuktur sifat


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Kelebihan dan Kekurangan

OxidationSolvencyAromatics

Oxidation, foamSome sulfur typesPolars

OxidationLow temperaturesNaphthenes

Low temperatureViscosity indexWax

Low temperatureoxidationParaffins

BadGoodKomponen

9Ref : J.Marino/ Lansdown

Paraffinic 45-60 20-30 15-25 1-10 0-5 0.5

Naphthentic 15-25 65-75 ~10 Trace 0-5 1

Aromatic ~ 5 60-75 20-25 0-0.5 0-20 -

Type of Oil % Paraffins

% Naphthanes

% Aromatic % Wax

% Asphalt

% Sulfur

Paraffin Branch Paraffin Naphtene Aromatic

KOMPOSISI BASE OIL , BERDASARKAN IKATAN KIMIA

memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam

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100 Neutral 0.860 0.065 101 20.39 4.11 -13 192

Spec.Grav.@16C

sulfur % by wt VI 40 C 100 C

Pour Point C

Kinematic Vis. cSt Flash Point C

200 Neutral 0.872 0.096 99 40.74 6.23 -20 226

350 Neutral 0.877 0.126 97 65.59 8.39 -18 252

650 Neutral 0.882 0.155 96 117.90 12.43 -18 272

150 Bright Stock 0.895 0.263 95 438.00 29.46 -18 302

NAphthenic Base Stocks Paraffinic Base Stocks

Lower Operating temp.Low VI

Low pour pointViscosity pour point

Low flash point solvencyMore scarce

Higher Operating temp.Higher VI

Higher pour pointWax pour point

Higher flash point solvency

Sifat Mineral Base Oil

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diperoleh dari reaksi kimia, untuk mendapatkansuatu sifat yang sudah pasti

Stuktur molekul dan distribusi molekul terkendali

Component dengan berat molekul rendah diditingkatkan, polymerized, melalui reaksi kimia, untuk membentuk berat molekul yang lebihtinggi

Ref : JCF

Synthetic Base Oil

Kelebihan1. High Flash point ; lower pour point2. Wider thermal operating range3. Fire resistance4. Improve lubricity5. Oxidation stability6. Higher VI7. Improved shear stability8. Lower friction9. Natural detergency

10. Extended oil drains ( 2 - 4x )

Kekurangan

Ref : JCF

1. High cost2. Hazardous disposal3. Toxicity4. Seal Compatibility5. Contaminant sensitivity

Synthetic Base Oil

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Alkylated Aromatic 29.37 5.10 9047 119 -54 224 -40 to 177

VI40 C 100 CPour

Point oCViscosity cSt

Flash oC-40 CTemp

Range oC

PAO - 1 18.12 3.95 2371 126 -79 221 -65 to 232PAO - 1 43.07 6.00 8176 143 -68 243 -65 to 232Basic Acid Ester 19.58 ---- 3450 --- -51 232 -54 to 204Polyol Ester 15.00 3.50 2360 --- -51 232 -59 to 280Polyglycol 50.00 ---- ---- 150 -55 177 ----

Type

Common use include severe duty applications and where specialized properties are required

Contoh dan Sifat Sintetik Base Oil

• Reaksi Pembuatan PAO – Synthetic of ethylene gas molecules into a uniformly structured

(polymerized) material, similar to a pure parafin• Kelebihan

– Wax free, low pour points(-40 F to - 90 F), shear stable VII generally above 140, viscosity grade from 2 - 1000 cSt, good thermal stability, good oxidation stability with proper additive system, good mineral oil compactibility, good hydrolytic stability.

• Kekurangan– Poor additives solubility (must be blended with 5-20% diester of polyol ester),

possible seal shrinkage, 4 to 8 times more expensive than mineral oils .• Kegunaan

– Crank case engine oils, gear, steam turbines, compressors, reactor coolant pumps, combustion turbines, electrical generators,coal pulverizer gear oils, ANSI process pumps.

Poly - Alpha - Olefins (PAO’s)

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BASE STOCK REFINING

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Refinery Overview

Crude oil

Refinery process

Petroleum product

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REFINING IN A NUTSHELLREFINING IN A NUTSHELL

¡ Goall REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Moleculesl INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules

¡ How Do They Do That?l Separation

¡ Remove the BAD moleculesl Throw them away?l Use them for something else!

l Conversion¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules

l Synthesis¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones

¡ Goall REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Moleculesl INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules

¡ How Do They Do That?l Separation

¡ Remove the BAD moleculesl Throw them away?l Use them for something else!

l Conversion¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules

l Synthesis¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones

Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction

HydrocrackingHydrocracking

¡ Startl Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules

¡ Startl Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules

SyntheticsSynthetics


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SOLVENT EXTRACTION REFINERYSOLVENT EXTRACTION REFINERY

NaphthaNaphthaNaphtha WaxWaxWax

S100NS100NS100NS150NS150NS150N

S600NS600NS600N

BrightstockBrightBrightstockstock

MogasKeroseneDiesel fuel

MogasMogasKeroseneKeroseneDiesel fuelDiesel fuel

GasGasGas

Atmospheric

residuumAtm

osphericAtm

osphericresiduumresiduum

GasGasGasVGOVGOVGO

LubeoildistillateLubeLubeoiloildistillatedistillate

VacuumresiduumVacuumVacuum

residuumresiduum

ExtractExtractExtract

Raffinate

Raffinate

Raffinate

CrudeCrudeCrude

SOLVEN

TD

EWAXIN

G

HYD

RO

FINISIN

G

SOLVEN

TEXTR

ACTIO

N

VACU

UM

TOW

ER

ATM

OSPH

ERIC

TOW

ER

DEASPHALTING

AsphaltAsphaltAsphalt


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SOLVENT EXTRACTION

¡ Pemisahan berdasarkan solubility“Good” molekul memiliki sifat “less polar”yaitu rantai lurus atau bercabang, paraffinsnaphthenes

¡ “bad” molekul, more polaryaitu aromatic

¡ Menggunakan polar solvent, sehingga“bad” molekul, terikut dalam polar solvent, dan good molekul tetap di dalamoil

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Atmosphericand vacuumdistillation

AtmosphericAtmosphericand vacuumand vacuumdistillationdistillation

HydrocrackerHydrocrackerHydrocracker

Hydro-isomerization

HydroHydro--isomerizationisomerization

CatalyticIso-Dewaxing

CatalyticCatalyticIsoIso--DewaxingDewaxing

Atmosphericdistillation

AtmosphericAtmosphericdistillationdistillation

VacuumdistillationVacuumVacuum

distillationdistillation

Crudeoil

CrudeCrudeoiloil ATF

baseATFATFbasebase

Lowviscblendstock

LowLowviscviscblendblendstockstock

Highviscblendstock

HighHighviscviscblendblendstockstock

HYDROCRACKING REFINERYHYDROCRACKING REFINERY


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HYDOCRACKING

¡ Adalah proses dari “bad” molekulmenjadi “good” molekulcracking: breaking aparthydro : penambahan hydrogenHydrocracking : pemecahan ikatandan penambahan oksigen

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EXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKINGEXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKING

+12 H2+12 H2

Starting Mixture(33% Saturates)Starting Mixture(33% Saturates)

100% Saturates(100% Yield)


HydrocrackingHydrocracking

Solvent Extraction

Solvent Extraction



Extract(33 %)Extract(33 %)

Synthetic ProcessSynthetic ProcessPAOPAO


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¡ API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION

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API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION GROUPS

Lain2

PAO

Other

V

IV

Wax isomerization>90% < 0.03%>120III

Hydro processing>90% < 0.03%80-120II

Solvent processing

<90% > 0.03%80-120I

Typical Manufacturing

Saturates SulfurVIGroup

Group I, HVI 95

GROUP III, YUBASE 7

Note: The word Note: The word ““SyntheticSynthetic”” is not part of the API is not part of the API ClassificationClassification

““SyntheticSynthetic”” is a marketing term, not a is a marketing term, not a technical termtechnical term““Group IIIGroup III”” can legally be labeled can legally be labeled ““syntheticsynthetic””

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BASE STOCK PROPERTIESandTYPICAL INSPECTIONS

BASE STOCK PROPERTIESandTYPICAL INSPECTIONS

What to ask when somebody tries to sell you base stock

What to ask when somebody tries to sell you base stock

or….or….


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¡ Viscosityl Defines base stock grade

l Affects viscometrics of finished blend

l Controlled by distillation

¡ Viscosity Indexl Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature

l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity forWinter (“W”) grade engine oils

l Affects amount of VM required

l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking

¡ Pour Pointl Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV

l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity

¡ Viscosityl Defines base stock grade

l Affects viscometrics of finished blend

l Controlled by distillation

¡ Viscosity Indexl Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature

l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity forWinter (“W”) grade engine oils

l Affects amount of VM required

l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking

¡ Pour Pointl Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV

l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity

KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006

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¡ Volatility

l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules

l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) orby NOACK

l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits

l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)

¡ Flash Point

l Temperature at which vapors can ignite

l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions

l Related to volatility

¡ Volatility

l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules

l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) orby NOACK

l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits

l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)

¡ Flash Point

l Temperature at which vapors can ignite

l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions

l Related to volatility


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¡ Saturates

l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics

l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility

l Can depend on crude source

l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment

¡ Sulfur content

l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content

l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment

l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment

¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen

l Relates to pro-oxidant species

¡ Can be important for industrial oils

¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products


¡ Saturates

l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics

l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility

l Can depend on crude source

l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment

¡ Sulfur content

l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content

l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment


¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen

l Relates to pro-oxidant species

¡ Can be important for industrial oils

¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products



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¡ Terimakasih

Base oil sadikun

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