CHAPTER 7- prt

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CHAPTER 7INNOVATION &

CHALLENGES INMALAYSIAN

AGRICULTUREKhairul Asyraf Bin IshakC03004523



7.1 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY

• Technological innovations in agriculture have been introduceby :-

• Government

-MARDI, MPOB, MCB, MRB, FRIM.• Private

-Golden Hope, Sime Darby, Guthrie, IOI, United Plantation Bhd.,Kuala Lumpur Kepong Bhd., Boustead Plantations Bhd., Felda.• Technological innovations in agriculture in Malaysia are :-

-Oil Palm, Rubber, Cocoa, Paddy, Livestock, Fisheries, Fruits,Flowers & Vegetables, Bioagents, Precision Agriculture.



OIL PALM

• The oil palm seed arrived in Malaysian in 1871• First commercial planting was done in 1911 at Tenammaran

estate, K.Selangor• In 1997 Malaysia’s export accounted for 52% of world

production and 64% of world oil export• Major world producer• Divestment into neighbouring tropical region(Indonesia, New

Guinea, South Pacific Islands, West Africa & Latin America)• Research has succeeded in improving the yield of oil palm to

35 tonnes fresh fruit brunches per hec. Per year; using Tanerahybrid bred.



• The new hybrids from research by Applied AgricultureResource Sdn. Bhd. Has developed :-

- a) Dumpy. Yamgambi. AVROS semi-dwarf oil palm hybrid

varieties which facilitate harvesting with improved high yieldpotential & extends the economic life of the crop.- b) Potential high yield clones from tissue culture.- Near future hybrid will produce more than 50% oleo-fatty

acids.• Oil palm is a multipurpose agriculture:-

- As food constituent, oleochemicals, or biofuel.- The trunk is suitable for; biocomposite material, pulp & the

waste from extraction of palm oil can be used as an organicfertilizer.

• A sustainable zero-waste industry.



RUBBER

• Malaysia is the third largest rubber producer.• In 70s it introduced a high grade rubber named Standard

Malaysian Rubber (SMR) in the form of hevea crumb which isinternationally recognized as high quality raw material.

• MRB has developed high yield & disease resistant cloneproducing & also introduced new innovation :-

- In rubber tapping called puncture tapping or microtappingwhich can result in an increased production of latex.

- New latex-timber clone (LTC) of RRIM200 series have beenintroduced for timber industry (Malaysian oak).

- Vitamin E also been extracted from latex.



COCOA• The production of cocoa has declined due to:-- Reduction in planted area, low market price, adverse weather

conditions, labour shortage & high production cost due to pest& disease.

•

In 2002 a biotechnology division of the MCB was established.- Aim to implement research & development in cocoa

biotechnology; provide service to entire cocoa industry bydeveloping new technology.

• Cocoa biotechnology research includes:-

- Agrobiotechnology to improve productivity & production.- Biotechnology enhance- quality of cocoa products.- Industrial & pharmaceutical biotechnology to obtain new

products.



PADDY

• Malaysia currently achieves only 70% self- sufficiency in rice.• Major production centre:-

-MADA, KADA & Sempandan- Tanjung Karang• The government aims to raise the yield with the use of new

technology. That will strive to archive 90% self- sufficiency leve(SSL) in the near future.

• Consolidation of small holding to group farming & estatsationwere intensified to promote commercialization & greater

private sector involvement.• The use of a specially formulated chemical fertilizer was

successful in doubling paddy yield & better quality rice.



• Product that UPM Developed :- - Vita-grow ®

- =is a foliar fertilizer that contain complete & balance plantnutrients.

- Zappa ®

- = enhance rapid germination & tillering.



LIVESTOCK

• The integration of live stock rearing in oil palm n rubberplantation represented a milestone in the increase inproduction of beef n mutton.

• Integration is an effective way of reducing management cost

by allowing the live stock to eat away the weed and the dunguse as fertilizer.

• Malaysia developed many new breed such as:-- Brakmas (cattle), Malin (sheep) & Boer (goat).•

Poultry industry is very advanced that able to produce broilerand eggs to nation’s demand & also for export market.

• UPM designed vaccines for fowl pox & newcastle disease thatare now market internationally.



FISHERIES

• Fisheries industry, particularly deep sea fishing & aquaculturehave receive government incentive.

• Subset of aquaculture include aquafarming :-

- Rising fresh water & brackish fish, lobster, prawn in ponds.- Mariculture (aquaculture in the ocean).- Algaculture (production of algae & seaweed)- And growing of cultured pearls.• The government is encouraging locals to adopt aquaculture.

Research has been done on use of probiotics in improvecultivation & a rapid detection to spot virus.



FRUITS, FLOWERS &VEGETABLES

• Research has been conducted to improve commercialproduction of banana, pineapple, papaya, starfruit, durian,guava, watermelon, jackfruit, rambutan, citrus, dukulangsat/dokong, cempedak, ciku & mangosteen.

• Flowers such as orchid. Tissue culture is now used for mass-production of seed.

• Vegetable also record growth of 7.4% annually.• Mushrooms arealso considered as vegetable is a growing

industry in Malaysia and many research has been made onmushroom in order to increase the production & alsobiotechnology.



BIOAGENT

• Innovation using biological organism that can be found in formof biofertilizers such as Rhizobium & biocontrol agent.

• UPM has formulated naturally occurring antagonistic fungieffective against fungal desease of vagetables.



PRECISION AGRICULTURE

• This is a new innovation in agriculture. Also known as sitespecific management. Approach has initially attract theinterest of the plantation sector. Utilises ICT & electronic toolsto determine localities that require specific amount of

fertilizer, pesticide, etc.• Can save management cost & increase the yield• Also been practise partly in oil palm & paddy growing areas.



7.2 FUTURE CHALLENGES INAGRICULTURE

• LABOUR

- Dire shortage of labour.- Agriculture there is great dependence of foreign labour with

some estate employing 100% foreigners particularly fromIndonesia & Philiphines.

- Malaysian youth are less interest in agriculture they preferringto work more in city.

- Government still adopt a liberal policy on the recruitment of

foreign worker.



• PRICE- Increase in the price of fertilizer, seeds, tools & equipment has

affected the cost of agriculture production.

- Market price also elastic & problematic when there is asudden drop in commodity price.

• CROP CHOICE- Big conglomerates are not interest in food corps or other small

corps.• AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY- The benefits from prospecting & developing the potential &

application of new & frontier technologies are yet to berealized.

• Among these are:-a) The use of plant cell & tissue culture techniques.b) The use of plant cell cultures to enhance the development

of new & innovative product.c) The application of embryo manipulation technology.



d) The incorporation of robotics & artificial intelligent.e) The application of advance processing & packaging system.

• RESOURCE

- The main challenge are land/soil & water.- Intensification of agriculture will result in excessive

agrochemicals which contribute to soil degradation.- Example; soil shrinkage due over drainage in peat soil, & soil

erosion after heavy rain.- Water resource management is also important. Low rate of

rain can affect the agriculture but if too much it can causeflood that also can destroy crop.

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