Kuliah 1 Mineralogi Pendahuluan
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Transcript of Kuliah 1 Mineralogi Pendahuluan
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Lecture 1 (9/6/2006)
Introduction to Mineralogy
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Mineralogy/Mineral Science
The study of the chemistry,
atomic structure, physicalproperties, and genesis of
minerals
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Subfields of Mineralogy
Descriptive Mineralogydocumenting physicaland optical properties
Crystal Chemistryrelationship of chemicalcomposition to atomic structure
Crystallographyrelationship of crystalsymmetry and form to atomic structure
Mineral Genesisinterpreting the geologic
setting in which a mineral forms from itsphysical, chemical, and structural attributes andits associated minerals
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Fundamental Position of Mineralogy
to all other Earth Science Disciplines Petrologythe study of the origin of rocks is largely
determined by evaluating the structure, texture,and chemistry of the minerals they contain.
Geochemistrystudy of the chemistry of earth materialswhich reflects the collective chemistry of theminerals they contain
Structural Geology and TectonicsDeformation of rocksis controlled by the orientation and crystal structureof its constituent minerals
Environmental Geology/Hydrogeologythe study of howthe biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphereinteracts with rock and minerals (the lithosphere).
Economic Geologystudy of the origin and beneficiationof mineral deposits
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Definition
A mineralis a naturally occurring
solid with a highly ordered atomicarrangement and a definite (butnot fixed) chemical composition.
It is usually formed by inorganicprocesses
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History of Mineralogy Mineral arts dates back to early human
civilization
Mineral science begins withRenaissance/ Age of Reason (Agricola,1556; Steno 1669)
1700s measurements of crystalgeometry and symmetry
Early 1800s precise measurements ofcrystal symmetry heralds the field ofcrystallography; analytical chemistryleads to chemical classification ofminerals
Late 1800s creation of polarizingmicroscope opens field of petrographyand the study of optical properties ofminerals
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History of Mineralogy (cont.)
Early 1900s - X-ray diffraction measurements allows forprecise measurement of internal symmetry and structureof minerals
1960development of the electron microprobe allowsfor accurate in situ analysis of mineral chemistry 1970development of transmission electron microscope
allow for visualization of atomic structure and symmetry 1980ion microprobe allow for study of isotopic
composition of minerals
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Economic
Importance of
Minerals
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Classification & Naming of Minerals
classified by major anionic components (oxides,silicates, sulfides, halides, ...)
new mineralsmust be accepted by theCNMNMNIMA after careful description of atomicstructure and chemical composition
namesfew rules (appearance, major chemical
attribute, location of discovery, discoverer...) some local notablespigeonite, grunerite,
hibbingite
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Next Lecture
Crystal Chemistry I
Composition of the Earth
Structure of Atoms
Elements and the Periodic Table
Ions, Cations, Anions and Valence States Read p. 38-56