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7/17/2019 TEORI PERMINTAAN
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TEORI PERMINTAAN
Apakah yang menentukan permintaan individu?1. Harga, hukum Permintaan (law of demand ): hubungan
antara harga dan umlah yang diminta negatif denganasumsi hal!hal lain tetap (cateris paribus)
". Pendapatana. barang normalb. barang inferior
#. Harga barang lain yang berkaitana. barang $ub$titu$ib. %arang komplementer
&. 'elera. k$pekta$i, perkiraan mengenai ma$a mendatang
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'kedul permintaan (demand $*hedule ): 'uatu$kedul yang menunukkan berbagi umlah barang
yang diminta pada berbagai tingkat harga
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Catherine’s Demand Schedule
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+urva Permintaan : kurva memperlihatkan
bagaimana hubungan antara harga dan umlah yang
diminta.
+urva permintaan memiliki kemiringan negatif
(cateris paribus= pendapatan, harga barang
lain, selera, faktr lain tidak berubah )
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Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and DemandCurve
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
1. A decrease
in rice ...
2. ... increases !uantit"
# c#nes demanded.
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%agaimana ika a$um$i ateri$ Paribu$ dilanggar?-aka hukum permintaan menadi tidak berlaku
Permintaan Pa$ar (market demand)-erupakan penumlahan dari $emua permintaan
individu di pa$ar. Perubahan umlah yang diminta
! perubahan di $epanang kurva permintaan! /i$ebabkan karena adanya perubahan harga
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
0
D
Price of Ice-CreamCones
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A ta% that raises therice # ice&creamc#nes results in a
m#'ement al#n( thedemand cur'e.
A
B
8
1.00
$2.00
4
Chan(es in )uantit" Demanded
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Perge$eran +urva Permintaan
perge$eran $eluruh kurva permintaan ,di$ebabkan:
0 Perubahan pendapatan0 Perubahan $elera
0 Perubahan harga barang lain
0 k$pekta$i
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*i(ure 3 Shits in the Demand Cur'e
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
+ncreasein demand
Decreasein demand
Demand cur'e,D3
Demandcur'e, D1
Demandcur'e, D2
0
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 8 ! 10 1211
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Quantity ofIce-Cream
Cones0
Increasein "eman"
An increasein inc#me...
D1
D2
C#nsumer +nc#me
-#rmal ##d
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 8 ! 10 1211
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones0
#ecrease
in "eman"
An increase
in inc#me...
D1
D2
C#nsumer +nc#me
+neri#r ##d
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!ariabel "ang
mempengaruhi
kuantitas "ang diminta
Perubahan dalam
#ariable ini akan$$%
Harga
Pendapatan
Harga barang lain
'elera
k$pekta$i
umlah pembeli (penduduk)
%erge$er $epanang kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
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TEORI PENA&ARAN
Apakah yang menentukan kuantita$ penawaran?
1. Harga, hukum penawaran (law of $upply ):
hubungan antara harga dan kuantita$ yangditawarkan adalah po$itif, dengan a$um$ifaktor lainnya tetap
'% (arga Input, $emakin murah harga input, makapenawaran akan $emakin be$ar
)% Teknlgi,
*% Ekspektasi, harapan terhadap keadaan yangakan datang
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'kedul penawaran ($upply $*hedule ): $uatu $kedul yang menunukkan berbagai umlah yang
ditawarkan pada berbagai tingkat harga
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
/en’s Sul" Schedule
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*i(ure 5 /en’s Sul" Schedule and Sul" Cur'e
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
0.50
1. Anincrease
in rice ...
2. ... increases !uantit" # c#nes sulied.
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+urva Penawaran: memperlihatkan bagaimanaperubahan kuantita$ barang yang ditawarkan, ikaharga berubah. +urva penawaran mempunyai
kemiringan po$itif (a$um$i: harga input,teknologi, lain!lain tetap )
%agaimana ika a$um$i faktor lain tetapdilanggar? -aka hukum penawaran menadi tidakberlaku
Perubahan umlah yang ditawarkanperubahan di$epanang kurva penawarandi$ebabkan karena perubahan harga barang
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
1 5
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones0
S
1.00A
C$3.00
A rise in the rice# ice cream
c#nes results in am#'ement al#n(the sul" cur'e.
Chan(e in )uantit" Sulied
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Perge$eran kurva penawaran: perge$eran $eluruhkurva penawaran
*i(ure 7 Shi$ts in the Sul" Cur'e
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
0
+ncrease
in sul"
Decrease
in sul"
Sul" cur'e,S 3
cur'e,
Sul"
S 1Sul"
cur'e, S 2
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ariabel yang
mempengaruhi
penawaran
Perubahan dalam
variabel ini akan2
Harga
Harga input
3eknologi
k$pekta$iumlah penual
%erge$er $epanang kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva
-engge$er $eluruh kurva-engge$er $eluruh kurva
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E+I-I.RIM /+E0EIM.AN1ANPA0AR
'uatu keadaaan dimana permintaan dan penawarandalam keadaan $eimbang. Pada harga ekuilibrium,
umlah barang yang ingin dan dapat dibeli $ama
dengan umlah yang ingin dan dapat diual. 0urplus teradi ika harga diata$ harga
ekuilibrium (penawaran 4 permintaan)
+ekurangan /shrtage ) teradi pada $aat hargadibawah harga ekulibrium
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
At $2.00, the !uantit" demandedis e!ual t# the !uantit" sulied
S A-D DA-D:
"eman# c%e#u&e u''&y c%e#u&e
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*i(ure 8 he !uili;rium # Sul" and Demand
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
13
!uili;rium
!uantit"
!uili;rium rice !uili;rium
Sul"
Demand
$2.00
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*i(ure 9 ar<ets -#t in !uili;rium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0
Sul"
Demand
$a% &'cess Supp(y
)uantit"
demanded)uantit"
sulied
Surlus
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
4
$2.50
10
2.00
7
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*i(ure 9 ar<ets -#t in !uili;rium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
Sul"
Demand
$)% &'cess #eman"
)uantit"
sulied)uantit"
demanded
1.50
10
$2.00
74
Sh#rta(e
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*i(ure 10 #= an +ncrease in Demand Aects the!uili;rium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Sul"
+nitial
e!uili;rium
D
D
3. . . . and a hi(her
!uantit" s#ld.
2. . . . resultin(
in a hi(her
rice . . .
1. #t =eather increasesthe demand #r ice cream . . .
2.00
7
-e= e!uili;rium$2.50
10
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*i(ure 11 #= a Decrease in Sul" Aects the!uili;rium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/homson !earning
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Demand
-e=
e!uili;rium
+nitial e!uili;rium
S 1
S 2
2. . . . resultin(in a hi(her rice # icecream . . .
1. An increase in therice # su(ar reducesthe sul" # ice cream. . .
3. . . . and a l#=er !uantit" s#ld.
2.00
7
$2.50
4
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a;le 4 >hat aens t# rice and )uantit" >hen Sul"#r Demand Shits?
Copyright©2004 South-Western