R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Perlaksanaan Piawaian Antarabangsa Dan Hak-hak
Tanah Orang Asal
Dr Ramy BulanAssociate Professor, Faculty of Law, and
Director, Centre For Malaysian Indigenous StudiesUniversity of Malaya
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Treaty, Agreements, Conventionsand Declarations
• Triti – instrumen yang megikat di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa – diantara negeri-negeri atau entiti lain- yang bertujuan untuk membentuk hak-hak dan tanggungjawab
• Perjanjian – lazimnya tidak begitu formal- digunakan dal instrumen teknikal atau pentadbiran- ditanganni oleh wakil pihka tertentu –tidak tertakluk kepada ratifikasi
• Konvensyen – triti-triti multilateral - dengan beberapa pihak – dibuka untuk penyertaan komuniti antarabangsa atau negeri-negeri – mengikat pihak-pihak yang menyertai
• Deklarasi - digunakan untuk instrumen antarabangsa – deklarasi tentang aspirasi-aspirasi – tidak selalunya mengikat
• ## Perlu menetukan tujuan pihak terlibat sama ada hendak membentuk obligasi yang mengikat
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Piawaian Antarabangsa- ada peruntukan untuk Orang Asal
• Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat- PBB • Konvensyen Antarabangsa tentang Hak-hak Sivil dan
Politik (ICCPR)• Konvensyen ILO 169• Deklarasi Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu Mengenai
Hak Orang Asal (UNDRIP)• Konvensyen Pelbagaian Biology• Konvensyen Mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk
Discriminasi Terhadap Wanita (CEDAW)• Deklarasi Hak Asasi Asean
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
ICCPR
• Pihak kerajaan seharusnya tidak mennghalang mana mana kaum minoriti daripada menikmati hak mengamal adat, agama atau bahasa – yang di nikmatai dalam kommuniti mereka
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Konvensyen ILO 169• Mengandungi perlindungan bagi keistimewaan hidup
Orang Asal dari segi budaya, adat, nilai hidup berhubung dengan tanah dan wilayah tradisi dan sumber alam mereka
• - Memberi keketapan bagi penyertan OA dalam keputusan yang memberi kesan atas hak-hak mereka
• Art 13 – Hubungan kolektif atas tanah• Art 14 - Melindungi hak pengunaan dan akses • Art 15 – Penglibatan OA dalam pembangunan sumber
alam dan tanah wilayah mereka• Art 16 – Persetujuan OA harus di dapati apa bila keadaan
memerlukan pemindahan
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UNDRIP dan Malaysia
• Undian dan sokongan oleh 149 negara (Australia, Canada, NZ and USA yang pada mula nya tidak setuju- telah pun menukar pendirian mereka )
• Malaysia telah menguundi dan menyokong Dua kali (a) Jun 2006 di peringkat Maljis Hak a dan (b) 13 September 2007 di Perhimpunan Agung PBB
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Latar belakang• Lebih daripada 20 tahun perundingan yang
begitu hangat • Hasil dari perunding dan persetujuan melalui
suatu proses yang unik–diantara kerajaan negeri-negeri, serta pakar-pakar dan Orang Asal seluruh dunia
• Mengiktirafkan hak-hak yang spesifik yang dan perlindungan sektor masyrakat yang lemah, mudah dan yang di tindas dan dipinggirkan **
• Definisi “indigenous peoples” - The battle of the “S”
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Indigenous Peoples• Martinez Cobo’s definition-
“Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They form at present the
non-dominant sectors of society…”Sejerah berterusan/ masyarakat sebelum jajahan/di wilayah sendiri/ lain daripada masyarakat am / tidak dominant
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Definisi World Bank“indicators” – termasuk:• Vulnerability - disadvantaged in the development
process• Hubungan rapat dengan wilyah adat dan sumber
alam di wilayah itu• Identiti di kenalpasti sendiri dan juga di akui
oleh orang lain sebagai masyarakat “distinct” • Bahasa asal• Insititusi tradisi sosial dan politik• subsistence-oriented production
• World Bank 1991.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Malaysia’s definition
• Federal Constitution Art 160, (6 and 7• Native (Interpretation) Ordinance 1953
(Sabah)• Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance • Aboriginal Peoples’ Act 1954
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
General Overview• Instrumen antarabangsa hak asasi manusia • Menetapkan piawaian minima untuk
menentu/ (guaranteeing) hak kolektif orang asal - hak ini sememangnya amalan OA
• Tidak memberi hak-hak yang baru – hanya mengulangi pemebrian hak-hak sedia ada ynag termaktub dalam konvensyen PBB
• Mengiktirafkan hak-hak semulajadi dan menjelaskan obligasi kerajaan untuk menghormati-hak-hak itu.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Prinsip-prinsip
Termasuk:• Hak asasi sejagat , Kesaksamaan , Hak
Jatidiri
• Institusi yang unik, sistem perundangan
Integriti Identiti individu dan komuniti
• Hak untuk wilayah kawasan tradisi
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Hak Orang Asal yang terutama• 1. Collective human rights in general
Hak Kolektif
• 2. The right to self-determination
Hak jati diri
• 3. Rights to Lands, Territories and• Resources (Hak tanah, wilayah dan sumber
alam)• [4] Free Prior and Informed Consent
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Collective Rights/ Hak Kolektif• Preambular provision• …Indigenous peoples possess collective rights
which are indispensable for their existence, well being and integral development as peoples.
(Hak kemasyarakatan – amat penting)
Article 1Indigenous peoples have the right to full enjoyment, as collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Self-determination
Jati diri
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Self-determination/ Jati diri
• James Anaya: Self determination is a “centrepiece” of the UNDRIP
• Article 3 affirms “Indigenous peoples have the right to self determination”
• OA bebas untuk menentukan perkembangan politik, ekonomi , sosial dan kebudyaan
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Makna jatidiri
• Sebagai manusia, secara individu dan berkumpulan- hak saksama untuk menentukan destini sendiri
• Berdasarkan precept of kebebasan, dan kesaksamaan– prinsip hak asasi manusia sejagat
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UNDRIP- rejim jati diri berbentuk “remedial”
• Deklarasi – (affirms historical and ongoing denial of the right to self determination for IPs)
• Mengiktirafkan bahawa dalam sejarah OA – hak mereka memang telah dinafikan
• Bukan memberi hak istemewa – tetapi pemberian hak yang sememang di nikmati oleh kaum lain
• Supaya OA boleh menengani (overcome) kelemahan yang sistemik –untuk mencapai kedudukan kesaksmaan
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Self determination
See Fourth preambular paragraph of UNDRIP - self determination -- grounded in a concern that“Indigenous peoples have suffered from historic injustices as a result of, inter alia, their colonisation and dispossession of their lands, territories and resources, thus preventing them from exercising, in particular, their rights to development in accordance with their own needs and interests”.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Dua Aspect Jatidari
Langkah istimewa
Autonamous governance /Pentadbiran Otonomi
-kuasa / otoriti atas isu-isu dalaman
Participatory engagement / Penglibatan dalam keputusan
*
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UNDRIP and self determination- instruments of conciliation
James Anaya
“ Self determination requires confronting and reversing the legacies of empire, discrimination, and cultural suffocation. It does not do so to condone vengefulness or spite for past evils, or to foster divisiveness but rather to build a social and political order based on relations of mutual understanding and respect. That is what the right of self determination of indigenous peoples and all other peoples is about.”
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
TANAH, WILAYAH DAN HAK SUMBER ORANG ASAL
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Tanah, Wilayah, dan Hak Sumber Alam
• Undang-undang antarabangsa mengiktirafkan hubungan diantara hak identiti OA kepada hak kepada tanah
• As a means to protect cultural identity, international law safeguards their traditional territories from competing activities that would prevent them or make it more difficult for them to continuously exercise their traditional livelihoods and other culture based activities
• Reflects art 27 ICCPR, and ILO Convention 169 Arts 13-15
• No balancing test.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Hak Tanah
• OA memegang hak budaya ndigenous people hold both cultural and property rights to territories they have traditionally occupied and used.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UNDRIP: Reflects IP Worldview
Article 25 (preambular paragraph)
“Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard.”
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UN DRIP - Core Land RightsHak yang terutama
Article 26
1) Indigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.
[ tanah kepunyaan, penghunian atau pengunaan secara tradisional ]
– Past tense suggests re former territory only but means more than repeat of Art 25 or would be redundant
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Art 26(2)
2). OA berhak mempunyai, mengguna, membangun dan menguasai tanah-tanah dan sumber yang dipunyai dari segi kepunyaan tradisional
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Core Land Rights Art 26 (3)
3). Kerajaan negeri-negeri harus memberi pengiktirafan dan perlindungan hak-hak kepada tanah, wilyah dan sumber.
Pengkitrafan harus di buat dengan penghormatan kepada adat resam, tradisi dan sistem tanah adat Orang Asal yang terlibat
- apply re both (1) & (2)
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Customary title under common law
Customary title under common law
• Based on possession and occupation
• Requires proof of occupation – burden is on the claimant
• Title may be extinguished by legislative or ministerial order
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Recognition of Propreitary Rights under Native Law and Customs: A Pre-existing Right
• Right based on occupation which needs to be proved
• (Madeli bin Salleh v Superintendent of Lands & Surveys [2005] FC - Pre-existing rights - not “created‘ by legislation
• Nor Nyawai v Borneo Pulp Plantation [2001] . Adat “ as practised by the habit of the people and not the dictates of written law”
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Article 28
• Sekiranya tanah di ambil alih – seharusnay diberi restitusi atau pampasan yang munasabah
• Tanah/sumber harus di ambil alih dengan FPIC
• [Note 28(1) … LTRs that were historically used but had subsequently been lost against its will. ]
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Status Undang-undang UNDRIP
• “An important policy tool”. /Alat polisi yang penting
• Adakah UNDRIP hanya suatu yang menentukan obligasi moral sahaja?
• Apakah sebuah kerjaan negeri boleh mengenepikan prinsip-pinsip sedangkan is hanya merupakan deklarasi sahaja?
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Applikasi di mahkamah tempatan• Haruskah mahkamah mengunakan prinsip2 ini?
• Appliaksi melalui the common law (Lihat s 3(1) Akta Undang –undang Sivil 1956;
• PP v Oie Hee Koi [1968] 1 MLJ 148, 152-3 (application of customary international law by Privy Council); Sockalingam Chettiar v Chan Moi [1947] MLJ 154
• Undang-undang dalam bidang ini masih lagi boelg diperkembangkan lagi (Bato Bagi v Kerajaan Negeri Sarawak [2011] 6 MLJ 297, [25] Zaki CJ, cf [180] Raus FCJ))
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Pemakaian melalui common law
• Mabo (No.2) v Queensland
• Adong bin Kuwau v Kerajaan Negeri Johor
• Sagong Tasi v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor
• Madeli bin Salleh v Superintendent of Lands (FC) 2005
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
Standard to be pursued based on mutual respect
• Note the preambular provision on UNDRIP as
a “standard of achievement to be pursued in a spirit of partnership and mutual respect.”
• Anaya: The Declaration as an instrument of conciliation may be used to build a social and political order based on relations of mutual understanding and respect.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
UNDRIP -undang-adat antarabangsa
• Adakah UNDRIP sudah mencapai tahap undang-undang adat antarabangsa dan harus di patuhi oleh semua kerajaan negeri ?
Concluding Remarks
• The UNDRIP makes a large contribution to the emerging customary international law on Indigenous land rights.
• Principles on Indigenous land rights already form customary international law.
• Customary international law is not static and
evolving.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
• Sekurang-kurangnya, Art 26 dan peruntukan lain mengenai hak tanah, wilayah dan sumber harus di gunakan sebagai peruntukan persuasive dalm konteks domestik kerana mencerminkan aspirasi 149 negeri-negeri (termasuk Malaysia) – tidak harus di nafikan/ ketepikan.
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
• Possible Reform of the Law?
R Bulan - National Land Conference, JOAS, KK, Sabah, 6-7 Nov 2013
• Thank you for your attention.
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