Post on 14-Dec-2015
ORGANISME TANAH
Bahan Kajian MK. Dasar Ilmu Tanah
smno.jurtnh.fpub2013
ORGANISME TANAH
Sumber: http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/i7MW5CT
MzsxTX0Awb6oYdg
ORGANISME TANAH
Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.rw.ttu.edu/2302_butler/chapter6.htm …… 26/10/2012
ORGANISME TANAH
Sumber: http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/i7MW5CTMzsxTX0Awb6oYdg
CACING TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.outgro.co.nz/outgro-farm-series/….. 26/10/2012
In a hectare of healthy soil, earthworm numbers can equate to
more than 3,000kg. The action of worms and their
castings increases infiltration, water and nutrient retention, aeration,
organic matter cycling, weed suppression and disease prevention. On average, worm castings contain 7 times more phosphorus, 10 times
more potassium, 5 times more nitrogen, 3 times more magnesium and 1.5 times more calcium than
surrounding soil. Castings also contain important
hormones, enzymes, vitamins and antibiotics, all important for plant
health and animal health.
ORGANISME DALAM TANAH
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil componentsTypical number or
length(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Plant roots • Plant residues (both roots and shoots) are the ultimate source of
almost all carbon (energy) for soil organisms
• There may be 1,000 times more soil microorganisms near plant roots than in soil further away
from roots
60 – 150 inches(annual crops)
1,500 – 3,000 inches(perennial grasses)
3,000(annual crops)
15,000(perennial grasses)
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Bacteria• Along with fungi, are the most
important group in organic matter decomposition
• Extracellular compounds help bind soil particles into
aggregates•Specialized groups are involved
in each portion of the nitrogen cycle
300 million – 50 billion
400 – 4,000
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Fungi• The most important group
involved in decomposing resistant compounds such as
lignin• Hyphae grow extensively
through soils, helping bind soil particles in aggregates
• Some specialized fungi grow symbiotically with plant roots, increasing nutrient and water uptake and decreasing disease
incidence
500,000 – 100 million 500 – 5,000
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Actinomycetes• Type of bacteria with growth form similar to fungi; functions similar
to both• Produce compounds
that give soil its distinctive aroma
100 million – 2 billion 400 – 4,000
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Protozoa• Help accelerate
decomposition when they graze on bacteria,
fungi and plant residues
100,000 – 50 million 5 – 100
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Arthropods• Help accelerate decomposition when they (mites, collembolan
and other insects) graze on bacteria, fungi and plant residues
• Collembola, shown in this photograph, are an important
arthropod in plant residue decomposition
100 – 1,000 1 – 10
BIOLOGI TANAH
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilbiology.htm….. 26/10/2012
Biotic soil components
Typical number or length
(in one handful of soil)
Typical biomass(pounds/acre)
Earthworms• Burrowing activity
mixes soils and creates macropores that increase
water infiltration and flow and help aerate soil• Soil passage through
guts increases aggregation and nutrient
cycling
0 – 2 10 – 40
MicroorganismsMost important function is the breakdown of organic
materials, a process by which the limited supply of CO2 available for photosynthesis is replenished (Alexander, 1977).
Five major groups of microorganisms in the soil are:1. Bacteria2. Actinomycetes3. Fungi4. Algae5. Protozoa
Bacteri Tanah : 108 to 1010 / g tanah.
Sumber: http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/i7MW5CTMzsxTX0Awb6oYdg
MikroorganismeHeterotroph: (chemoorganotrophic) require preformed organic nutrients to
serve as sources of energy and carbon1. Fungi
2. Protozoa3. Most Bacteria
Autotroph: (lithotrophic) obtain their energy from sunlight or by the oxidation of inorganic compounds and their carbon by the assimilation of CO2
Photoautotroph: energy derived from sunlight1. Algae (blue-green, cyanobacteria)
2. Higher Plants3. Some Bacteria
Chemoautotroph: energy for growth obtained by the oxidation of inorganic materials.
1. Few Bacterial species (agronomic importance)a. nitrobacter, nitrosomonas and thiobacillus
CO2O2
Detritus (Plant Debris)
FungiEarthworms
Bacteria
Soil Humus
energy
Peran Organisme Tanah
Mikro-Organisme Tanah
Sumber: http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/i7MW5CTMzsxTX0Awb6oYdg
CH2O
CO2
O2
H2O
NO3-CH2O
CO2 N2
Fe(OH)3CH2O
CO2 Fe2+
CH2O
CO2
SO42-
H2S
Energy Yields
Donor Acceptor
700
400
100
Eh (mV)* Condition
oxic
suboxic
anoxic
*pH 7
Jaring-jaring Makanan dalam Tanah
Sumber: http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/i7MW5CTMzsxTX0Awb6oYdg
Organisme tanah dan Tanaman
Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010117attrasoilmanual/010117attra.html …… 26/10/2012
Tanah mengandung beragam organisme
hidup yang berfungsi mendaur-
ulang unsur hara dari tanah ke tanaman dan sebaliknya.
INTERAKSI Fungi-Tanaman
Mycorrhizae(root fungus)
- extension of root system
- fungus enhances nutrient and water intake
- plants provide carbon source
Nearly 90% of native plants have mycorrhizae association
…. Diunduh 15/2/2012
Ekto-mycorhiza
- association at exterior of root- develop on evergreen trees and shrubs
Mycorrhiza
- Associations occur in root interior between cells- Develop on deciduous trees, annual and herbaceous plants
Endomycorrhizae