BAB 5.doc

BAB 5

DWIKERAKYATAN BAGI RAKYAT SINGAPURA SEMASA PEMBENTUKAN MALAYSIA

Idea pembentukan Malaysia dikemukakan Perdana Menteri

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Tunku Abdul Rahman pada 27 Mei

1961 kepada Persatuan Wartawan-wartawan Asing Asia

Tenggara di Singapura apabila beliau menyatakan terdapat

keperluan untuk satu kerjasama politik dan ekonomi antara

Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dan

Singapura.1

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu telah menjadi negara Komanwel

yang merdeka pada 1957 dengan undang-undang kerakyatan

sendiri mengikut Perlembagaan 1957. Sementara itu, Borneo

Utara dan Sarawak masih merupakan koloni British dan

kerakyatan di wilayah itu ditentukan oleh Akta Kewarganegaraan

British 1948 (BNA). Singapura pula mencapai kerajaan bersendiri

dalaman pada 1959 dan mempunyai undang-undang kerakyatan di

bawah Ordinan Kerakyatan 1957. Di bawah kerajaan sendiri

dalaman, rakyat Singapura masih merupakan warganegara

British. Dengan pembentukan Malaysia, rakyat Singapura dan

Rakyat United Kingdom dan Tanah Jajahan (CUKC) di Sarawak

dan Borneo Utara diberikan status kerakyatan dan

kewarganegaraan Malaysia.

Isu dwikerakyatan timbul semula dengan penubuhan

Malaysia. Perlembagaan Malaysia memperuntukkan perkara

dwikerakyatan: kerakyatan Persekutuan Malaysia berbeza dengan

kerakyatan negeri terutamanya

Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: political unification in the Malaysia

region. 1945-65, (Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya, 1976) ms. 12&.

Singapura. 2 Rakyat Singapura memiliki dwikerakyatan kerana

mereka dibenarkan mengekalkan status kerakyatan Singapura di

samping menerima kerakyatan Malaysia. Untuk menggelakkan

kekeliruan dengan rakyat Malaysia yang lain, istilah "rakyat

yang merupakan rakyat Singapura" digunakan. Semua rakyat

Malaysia yang lain dikenali sebagai "rakyat yang bukan rakyat

Singapura".3

S. Jayakumar dan F. A. Trindade berpendapat sebab

wujudnya dikotomi kerakyatan sedemikian kerana "there was

some hesitancy in providing that Singapore citizens should

acquire citizenship of the proposed new Federation, the fear

probably being that this could result in a political disadvantage

to Malaya." Oleh itu, perlembagaan Malaysia berusaha

menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan memperkenalkan dua nama

kerakyatan tersebut. Dengan mengasaskan dikotomi ini, adalah

mudah untuk Perlembagaan mengecualikan rakyat Singapura

dalam sesetengah perkara yang diberikan ekslusif kepada rakyat

Malaysia yang lain dan sebaliknya.4

Michael Hill dan Lian Kwen Fee melihat pengwujudan dua

bentuk kerakyatan itu bertujuan untuk mengawal pengaruh

politik penduduk di Singapura dan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

terhadap wilayah yang satu lagi.5 Sungguhpun Singapura telah

bergabung dengan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

2 Huang Ying Jung, Double Citizenship in Malaysia, (Singapore: Nanyang University, 1970)

ms. 1.3 S. Jayakumar dan F.A. Trindade, "Citizenship in Malaysia", The Malayan Law Journal, Vol.

30, (Mei 1964) ms. xlviii.4 Ibid., ms. xlviii.5 Michael Hill dan Lian Kwen Fee, The Politics of Nation

Building and Citizenship in Singapore, (London: Routledge,

1995) ms. 58

dalam Malaysia, persoalan kewarganegaraan belum

diselesaikan kerana terdapat dua jenis kerakyatan dalam satu

negara bangsa. Perbezaan antara rakyat Malaysia (Singapura)

dengan rakyat Malaysia yang lain menunjukkan

tiada persetujuan dalam hal kewarganegaraan umum."The distinction between a Malaysian citizen who is also a Singapore citizen and one who is not showed that there was no agreement on what a common nationality meant, and reflected a deep division between the Malays and the non-Malays - in particular the Chinese. It reflected a wide gulf of opinion between the two protagonists,...on what constituted a Malaysian nationality".6

Semasa Singapura berada dalam Malaysia, bukan sahaja

terdapat dua jenis kerakyatan tetapi juga dua jenis

kewarganegaraan, iaitu (1) kewarganegaraan Malaysia yang

bukan rakyat Singapura dan (2) kewarganegaraan Malaysia

yang juga rakyat Singapura. Perbezaan ini timbul kerana

Singapura mempunyai undang-undang kewarganegaraan

sendiri.7 Isu kerakyatan di Borneo Utara dan Sarawak lebih

mudah ditangani kerana mereka masih belum

memperkenalkan kerakyatan tempatan.

1. Asas Kemasukan Singapura ke dalam Malaysia:

Kewarganegaraan Malaysia tanpa Kerakyatan untuk Rakyat

Singapura

Pada Julai 1961, percubaan dilakukan oleh pemimpin

Borneo dan delegasi dari Singapura dan Persekutuan ke

Persatuan Berparlimen Komanwel di Singapura untuk

membincangkan idea Malaysia. Rundingan itu bersetuju

6 Michael Hill dan Lian Kwen Fee, The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. ms. 58-59.

7 Tun Mohd. Salleh Abas, Kewarganegaraan dan Hak Asasi, (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1990) ms 15.

232

menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Perundingan Perpaduan Malaysia (MSCC).8

Sedang perbincangan dalam Jawatankuasa Perundingan

Perpaduan Malaysia masih dijalankan, perbincangan lain

berlaku antara kerajaan Persekutuan dengan Singapura untuk

menyatukan kedua-dua wilayah. Pada Ogos 1961, kedua-dua

Perdana Menteri, Tunku Abdul Rahman dan Lee Kuan Yew

mencapai persetujuan untuk penyatuan.9 Dalam memorandum

untuk penyatuan antara Persekutuan dan Singapura 1961, 10

dipersetujui rakyat Singapura akan mengekalkan kerakyatan

mereka dan secara automatiknya menjadi warganegara

Malaysia. Peruntukan ini bererti rakyat Singapura hanya

diberikan kewarganegaraan Malaysia dan bukan kerakyatan

Malaysia.

Bentuk kerakyatan sedemikian berkait dengan jenis

penyatuan. Pada 16 Oktober 1961, Tunku telah meminta dan

berjaya mendapatkan persetujuan Majlis Perundangan

Persekutuan untuk membentuk Persekutuan Malaysia dengan

Negeri-negeri Borneo menyertainya sebagai ahli (member),

tetapi Singapura menyertainya sebagai "rakan kongsi" (partner).

Sebagai ahli

Jawatankuasa itu yang terdiri dari delegasi Persekutuan, Singapura dan tiga negeri Borneo untuk meneruskan perbincangan tentang rancangan Malaysia. Dipengerusikan oleh Donald Stephen, Jawatankuasa itu mengadakan empat mesyuarat antara Ogos 1961 dan Februari 1962. James P. Ongkilli, Nation-Building in Malaysia 1946-1974, (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985) ms. 163-164.B. Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963: A Study of Federal Problems in a Plural Society, (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969) ms. 137."All Singapore citizens will keep their citizenship and automatically become nationals of the larger Federation. Citizens of the present Federation will similarly become nationals of the larger Federation. Nationals of the larger Federation whether Singapore citizens or Federation citizens, will as nationals have equal rights, carry the same passport, enjoy the same protection and be subject to equal duties and responsibilities under the Constitution of the larger Federation. Singapore citizens will continue to enjoy their State rights and privileges within Singapore.

Singapore citizens will vote in Singapore For their representatives to the new Federation Parliament and the citizens of the present Federation of Malaya will vote in the present Federation for their representatives to the same new

federation Parliament." CO 947/2 Memorandum Setting Out Heads of Agreement For a Merger between The Federation of Malaya and Singapore, cmd 33 of 1961.

233

istimewa, Singapura dibenarkan mengekalkan autonomi tempatan sebagai

pertukaran untuk kerakyatan Malaysia.11

"The distinction between Borneo 'membership' and Singapore 'partnership' was that the Borneo States would be treated as equal members but Singapore as a special member with both special privilege and special handicap ...The Singapore 'privilege' was the concession of a high degress of local autonomy: the 'handicap' the denial of equal citizenship rights."'2

Masalah utama dalam "partnership" antara Persekutuan dan

Singapura ialah rakyat Singapura tidak diberikan taraf

kerakyatan Malaysia. Walaupun kedua-dua kerajaan bersetuju

rakyat Singapura akan secara automatik mendapat

kewarganegaraan Malaysia, persetujuan itu tidak menyelesaikan

persoalan sama ada mereka juga akan mendapat hak kerakyatan

penuh.13 Singapura akan menyertai Malaysia sebagai "rakan

kongsi" kerana penyatuan penuh bagi Singapura adalah tidak

mungkin. Perkara ini telah dijelaskan oleh

Tunku dalam Parlimen Persekutuan,

"Absolute merger, for instance, would cause some degree of uneasiness in the minds of the people of both territories. ...Those who were not born in Singapore would also be unhappy at the different qualification for citizenship which are applicable to the people of the Federation. ...they would want to retain control over most of their domestic affairs."'4

Sementara itu, wilayah Borneo akan menyertai Malaysia

sebagai ahli. Wilayah Borneo tidak menimbulkan kerencaman

yang sama dalam perlaksanaan rancangan Malaysia seperti

Singapura. Persoalan adalah lebih mudah kerana Borneo Utara

dan Sarawak masih merupakan koloni British dan

Willard A. Hanna, The Formation of Malaysia: New Factor in World Politics, (New York; American Universities Field Staff, Inc, 1964) ms. 16-17.

12 Ibid.13 Ibid, ms. 19-20

Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 16 Oktober 1961, ucapan Tunku, ms 1597.

234

perkembangan perlembagaannya adalah sangat lambat15

Pada November 1961, kerajaan Parti Tindakan Rakyat

(PAP) 16 menerbitkan memorandum yang telah dipersetujui

dengan kerajaan Persekutuan sebagai Kertas Putih

Singapura.17 Kerajaan PAP mengemukakan persetujuan dalam

Kertas Putih kepada Majlis Perundangan Singapura -bahawa

624,000 rakyat Singapura tidak akan hilang hak kerakyatan

negeri yang dinikmati di Singapura. Mereka akan diberikan

kewarganegaraan tambahan Malaysia.18

Persoalan Kerakyatan: Halangan Dtama Penyatuan

Barisan Sosialis,19 parti pembangkang utama, menentang

penyatuan cara PAP kerana memberikan kerakyatan kelas

kedua kepada penduduk Singapura serta menyerahkan hak

demokratik dan sivik rakyat sebagai pertukaran kepada

autonomi dalam pendidikan dan perburuhan. Barisan Sosialis

mahu penyatuan penuh dengan Singapura menjadi negeri ke-12

Persekutuan. Singapura mesti memasuki Persekutuan sebagai

satu negeri seperti Melaka dan Pulau Pinang

15 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 16 Oktober 1961, ucapan Turku, ms 1604.

16 PAP telah memenangi pilihanraya 1959 dan kemudiannya membentuk kerajaan baru di bawah Perdana Menteri Lee Kuan Yew. Yeo Kirn Wah dan Albert Lau, "From Colonialism to Independence, 1945-1965" dalam Ernest C.T. Chew dan Edwin Lee, (XI History of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991) ms. 138.

17 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms.139.18 Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan

Yew, (Singapore: Times Editions Pte Ltd, 1998) ms. 406.19 Golongan sayap kiri dalam PAP keluar daripada parti itu

untuk membentuk parti baru Barisan Sosialis selepas rancangan Malaysia diumumkan oleh Tunku. Barisan Sosialis bimbang penyatuan akan menyebabkan Singapura berada di bawah kawalan kerajaan pusat yang anti-komunis. Barisan Sosialis didaftarkan pada Ogos 1961 dengan Dr. Lee Siew Choh sebagai pengerusi. Michael Hill dan Lian Kwen Fee, The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore, ms. 55-56.

235

dengan rakyat Singapura secara automatiknya menjadi rakyat Persekutuan.20

Barisan Sosialis mengkritik Lee Kuan Yew sebagai tidak

memperjuangkan hak kerakyatan Malaysia untuk rakyat

Singapura. 21 Barisan Sosialis menganggap "...over 600,000

citizens will be sold away by the PAP. In this case, the history

of Singapore will tell our offspring that the leaders of the PAP

are the sellers of our citizenship.""

Barisan Sosialis mencadangkan penyatuan penuh dan PAP

hanya mahukan penyatuan tiga suku. Di bawah penyatuan

penuh, kerajaan Singapura seperti kerajaan negeri Johor sebagai

contoh, mempunyai kuasa terhad dan diberikan 21 kerusi dalam

Parlimen Persekutuan. Rakyat berhak mengundi dan bertanding

untuk Parlimen Persekutuan dan Parlimen Negeri. Di bawah

penyatuan PAP, kerajaan negeri Singapura akan mempunyai

kuasa lebih daripada kerajaan negeri Johor tetapi diberikan 15

kerusi di parlimen pusat. Terdapat dua jenis kerakyatan di mana

rakyat Persekutuan mengundi di Persekutuan dan rakyat

Singapura mengundi di Singapura.23

Lee Kuan Yew mengakui kesukaran utama beliau bukan

dengan masalah bilangan kerusi di Parlimen tetapi dengan

masalah kerakyatan. Keraguan bahawa "warganegara Malaysia"

tidaklah sama dengan "rakyat Malaysia" menyebabkan

kekecohan dan memberikan peluang kepada Barisan Sosialis

Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 138.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 20 November 1961 ucapan Dr Lee SlewChoh, ms. 329.SJafe of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 1 Disember 1961 ucapan Teh Kim Lena,ms. 1075.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 27 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Ong EngGuan, ms.736-737.

236

untuk menentang penyatuan,24

Dalam sidang akhbar pada 15 Oktober 1961, Lee Kuan

Yew telah menjelaskan bahawa di bawah penyatuan penuh,

hanya rakyat kelahiran Singapura akan secara automatik

menjadi rakyat Persekutuan, dan 327,000 daripada mereka

(yang di lahirkan di China, India dan Persekutuan) perlu

berdepan dengan kelayakan tempoh bermastautin dan ujian

bahasa sebelum boleh menjadi rakyat Persekutuan. Tetapi di

bawah persetujuan dengan Tunku, semua rakyat Singapura

akan menjadi warganegara Persekutuan. Ini adalah syarat

terbaik yang Lee Kuan Yew boleh peroleh daripada Tunku.25

Selain parti-parti pembangkang, Dewan Perniagaan Cina

Singapura (SCCC) turut menyuarakan kebimbangan mereka

terhadap kerakyatan dalam Kertas Putih. SCCC telah

memperjuangkan dengan susah payah untuk satu kerakyatan

Singapura dan bimbang ia akan dipengaruhi oleh penyat.

Dalam perjumpaan yang diadakan oleh SCCC pada 13 Januari

1962, yang dihadiri lebih 1000 delegasi daripada 400 persatuan

di Singapura, Lee Kuan Yew menyatakan bahawa penyatuan

penuh yang dicadangkan Barisan Sosialis tidak dapat diterima

kerana 330,000 rakyat Singapura akan hilang hak kerakyatan.

Beliau memberi jaminan bahawa hak semua warganegara

Malaysia (sama ada rakyat Singapura atau rakyat Persekutuan)

adalah sama kecuali rakyat Singapura hanya mengundi di

Singapura dan rakyat Persekutuan hanya

24 Lee Kuan Yew The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew., ms. 407-408.25 Ibid.

237

mengundi di Persekutuan.26 '

Untuk tujuan tempatan, seseorang yang ingin menukar

kerakyatan Singapuranya kepada kerakyatan Malaysia atau

sebaliknya, boleh berbuat demikian. Tetapi untuk tujuan

antarabangsa, penukaran itu adalah tidak perlu, kerana rakyat

Singapura akan secara automatik menjadi warganegara

Persekutuan. Sama ada dia menukar kerakyatan Singapura kepada

kerakyatan Persekutuan Malaysia atau sebaliknya, dia masih

merupakan warganegara Malaysia.27 Lee Kuan Yew mengatakan

istilah warganegara dan rakyat adalah sama.28

Tunku hanya bersetuju membenarkan rakyat Singapura

menjadi warganegara Persekutuan Malaysia dan enggan

menerima mereka sebagai rakyat Malaysia. Delegasi dalam

perhimpunan itu mempersoalkan jika tidak ada perbezaan antara

kedua-dua istilah itu, mengapakah Tunku tidak bersetuju untuk

menggunakan istilah rakyat berbanding warganegara? Lee Kuan

Yew

memberikan jawapan berikut,

"Nationality was usually used in international law and citizenship in internal or municipal law. ...The words national and citizen were similar except for the purposes of voting. The Tengku would accept Singapore citizens only as nationals of the new Federation because he did not want the voting rights of the present Federal citizens to be upset."39

Persoalan kerakyatan ini adalah masalah utama

penyatuan antara Singapura dan Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu. Persekutuan tidak bersedia

26 Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew., ms. 414-415.27 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates. 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew,

rv*f -\ A "idms. 1439.

Straits Times, 14 Januari 196229 Ibid.,

member! kerakyatan Malaysia secara automatik kepada rakyat

Singapura dan tidak mengiktiraf kerakyatan Singapura sebagai

kelayakan untuk kerakyatan Malaysia.30

Kerasionalan Singapura Diberikan Kerakyatan Berasingan

Kerajaan PAP menafikan mereka "menjual hak kerakyatan"

rakyat Singapura. Apa yang mereka lakukan ialah cuba mencari

penyelesaian anomali yang diakibatkan oleh undang-undang

kerakyatan yang berbeza.31 Tunku menyatakan Perlembagaan

Persekutuan 1957 tidak akan, walaupun boleh, memberikan

kerakyatan Malaysia secara automatik kepada rakyat Singapura

kerana syarat pemberian kerakyatan di Singapura adalah

longgar.32

Terdapat sebilangan besar orang India sebagai rakyat

Komanwel dibenarkan mendapat kerakyatan Singapura selepas

bermastautin hanya dua tahun.33 Lee Kuan Yew menyatakan

bahawa kerajaan Singapura akan meminda undang-undang

kerakyatannya dalam masa terdekat supaya selaras dengan

undang-undang kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Jika

tidak, seseorang boleh menjadi warganegara Malaysia dengan

lebih mudah melalui Singapura berbanding dengan melalui

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.34

30 Straits Times, 7 Julai 1962.31 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6

Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 1413.32 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 20

November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 327.33 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6

Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms.1434.34 Ibid., ms. 1395

Cadangan Barisan Sosialis supaya' semua rakyat

Singapura sepatutnya secara automatik menjadi rakyat

Malaysia berasaskan pengalaman Pulau Pinang, tidak dapat

diterima oleh Persekutuan. Menurut Tunku, kes Pulau

Pinang dan Melaka tidak relevan kepada status Singapura

dalam penyatuan."I would like to emphasise (sic) thai it cannot be assumed that the analogy of Penang or Malacca is necessarily relevant to the status of Singapore in a merger with the Federation. Article 22 of the Federation Constitution makes provision for a merger of new states on terms which do not necessarily have to follow Penang and Malacca which were already members of the Federation when the 1957 Constitution came into force."35

Selain itu, Tunku menjelaskan bahawa di bawah undang-

undang kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1957 yang lebih

ketat, rakyat Singapura yang layak untuk kerakyatan Malaysia

dan hak mengundi adalah lebih kecil. Oleh itu, Singapura hanya

boleh ditawarkan dua belas kerusi Parlimen - syarat di mana

Singapura tidak bersedia untuk menerimanya. Di bawah

perjanjian

Kertas Putih, Singapura diberikan lima belas kerusi Parlimen.

"If the stricter citizenship laws of the other States were applied to Singapore, Singapore would be entitled to not more than twelve seats, since less persons would be eligible for citizenship and consequently for franchise, quite apart from the question of weightage for rural areas."36

Bilangan perwakilan Singapura ke Parlimen Persekutuan

Malaysia tidak patut dikira berdasarkan jumlah rakyat Singapura

sedia ada kerana sebahagian besar mereka akan hilang hak

mengundi jika undang-undang kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu 1957 digunakan. Dalam konteks ini, Tunku

memaklumkan Lee Kuan Yew bahawa "I reiterate that the

argument that all

35 Surat Tunku kepada Lee Kuan Yew bertarikh 13 November 1961 dalam State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 24 November 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 691. Ibid.

240

Singapore citi/ens al Ihc time of merger should automatically

become Federation citizens cannot find acceptance under our

constitution." Setelah mengambil kira aspek-aspek tersebut,

Tunku bersetuju supaya semua rakyat Singapura boleh

mengekalkan hak kerakyatan Singapura dan menjadi

warganegara Malaysia.

Kerajaan Singapura juga tidak dapat menerima penyatuan

penuh mengikut asas Pulau Pinang. Hal ini kerana jika undang-

undang kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu yang berkuat

kuasa di Pulau Pinang digunakan di Singapura, hanya 284,000

rakyat yang dilahirkan di Singapura daripada semua 624,000

rakyat Singapura akan secara automatik layak diberi kerakyatan

Malaysia. Tetapi 340,000 rakyat yang selebihnya perlu

memohon untuk kerakyatan di bawah undang-undang

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu yang memerlukan kelayakan

bermastautin dan pengetahuan Bahasa Melayu. Daripada

bilangan tersebut, dua pertiga atau 230,000 orang akan gagal

mendapatkan kerakyatan Malaysia dan akan hilang kerakyatan

sedia ada mereka. Perkara ini adalah punca masalah dalam

penyatuan penuh.38

Selain itu, cadangan supaya rakyat Singapura perlu secara

automatik menjadi rakyat Malaysia dan dengan itu

menambahkan perwakilan Singapura tidak akan

dipertimbangkan oleh kerajaan Persekutuan. Memandangkan

penyatuan penuh tidak realistik, Tunku telah bersetuju semua

rakyat Singapura mengekalkan hak kerakyatan mereka dan

menjadi warganegara Malaysia,

37 Surat Tunku kepada Lee Kuan Yew bertarikh 13 November 1961 dalam State of Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates, 24 November 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 691-692

Surat Lee KuanYew kepada Tunku bertarikh 11 November 1961 dalam State of Singapore Legislative Assembly Debates, 24 November 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 690.

dengan syarat kewarganegaraan Malaysia itu tidak dijadikan

sebab untuk menambahkan bilangan perwakilan Singapura

dalam Parlimen Malaysia.39

Bukan semua rakyat Singapura layak menjadi rakyat

Malaysia di bawah undang-undang kerakyatan Persekutuan.

Oleh itu, perlu terdapat dua bentuk kerakyatan, satu mengundi di

Singapura dan satu mengundi di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dan

kedua-dua mengundi untuk Parlimen pusat di negeri

masing-masing.40 Lee Kuan Yew menyatakan sebab wujudnya

perbezaaan hak mengundi ialah kerana Tunku ingin

mengecualikan rakyat Singapura daripada mengundi di negeri

lain di Malaysia.41

230,000 daripada 340,000 rakyat Singapura yang tidak dilahirkan

di

Singapura tidak layak mengundi di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.

Kerajaan

Persekutuan tidak mahu mereka pergi ke Johor dan mulai

mengundi dan

menambahkan perwakilan mereka di situ kerana mereka tidak

mempunyai

kelayakan. Walaupun Singapura melayakkan mereka menjadi

rakyat Singapura,

Persekutuan tidak akan memberikan perwakilan tambahan kepada

Singapura.42

Selain hak dalam pilihanraya, Lee Kuan Yew menjamin hak

semua

warganegara Malaysia adalah sama.43 Dari segi hak kerakyatan,

beliau

menjelaskan "satu-satunya perbezaan antara rakyat Singapura

dengan rakyat

Persekutuan adalah rakyat Singapura akan terus menikmati hak dan kelebihan

Surat Lee KuanYew kepada Tunku bertarikh 11 November 1961 dalam State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 24 November 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 690. State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 27 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Ong Eng Guan, ms.735. ^ Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 415.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 1411.

12 Ibid.

242

negeri seperti pendidikan, buruh dan kebajikan awam." Rakyat

Singapura bukan sahaja dapat mengekalkan hak kerakyatan

Singapura, malah akan mendapat hak baru sebagai

warganegara Malaysia. Antaranya, hak membawa pasport dan

menikmati hak berperlembagaan yang sama.44

Krtitikan terhadap Asas Kerakyatan dalam Kertas Putih

Singapura

Hak kerakyatan yang berbeza untuk rakyat Singapura telah

menyebabkan Barisan Sosialis mengkritik seluruh rancangan

penyatuan PAP. Mereka mempersoalkan pendekatan PAP

terhadap penyatuan apabila rakyat Singapura tidak dapat

berkongsi kehidupan politik yang sama dengan rakyat

Persekutuan Malaysia yang lain.45 Kerakyatan berasingan bagi

rakyat Singapura adalah bertentangan dengan konsep

penyatuan untuk kedua-dua negara. Penyatuan itu tidak

bermakna tanpa satu kerakyatan umum.46

Barisan Sosialis menuntut hak kerakyatan penuh untuk

semua rakyat Singapura berdasarkan hujah bahawa tuntutan

tersebut adalah mungkin di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan

Tanah Melayu 1957. Artikel 22 Perlembagaan itu,

memperuntukkan kuasa penuh kepada kerajaan Persekutuan

untuk menentukan kelayakan kerakyatan bagi penduduk negeri

State of Singapore. Legislative Assembly Debates, 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew,ms. 1406. 45 Sfate of Singapore, Legislative Assembly

Debates, 21 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee SiewChoh, ms. 361. <6 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly

Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Bani, ms.1004.

243

' baru yang menyertai Malaysia."

Oleh itu, kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu berkuasa

penuh untuk menentukan sama ada rakyat Singapura boleh

menjadi rakyat Malaysia atau tidak. Adalah tidak benar untuk

PAP mengatakan adalah mustahil bagi rakyat Singapura

menjadi rakyat Malaysia di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan.

Rakyat Singapura boleh menjadi rakyat Malaysia jika kerajaan

Persekutuan bersetuju dan persetujuan itu bergantung kepada

kesungguhan kerajaan PAP untuk memperjuangkannya dalam

perbincangan dengan kerajaan Persekutuan.48

Barisan Sosialis mempersoalkan jika istilah "warganegara

Malaysia" sama maksudnya dengan "rakyat Malaysia",

mengapa PAP menentang cadangan Barisan Sosialis untuk

kerakyatan Malaysia.49 Jika rakyat Singapura akan diberikan

hak sama rata dengan rakyat Malaysia yang lain, mengapakah

PAP tidak memberikan mereka kerakyatan Malaysia dan

sebaliknya mencipta tiga kelas kerakyatan, iaitu (1)

Warganegara Malaysia; (2) Rakyat Malaysia dan (3) Rakyat

Singapura?50

Daripada membentuk satu kerakyatan umum, Kertas Putih

telah mewujudkan dua jenis kerakyatan. Kerakyatan cadangan

PAP dikritik pihak

Mengikut Artikel 22, "If any territory is admitted to the Federation in pursuance of Article 2, Parliament may be by law determine what persons are to be citizens by reason of their connection with that territory and the date or dates from which such persons are to be citizens." State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 20 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 319-320. "8 Ibid., ms. 332-333.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 5 Disember 1961, ucapan Chan SunWing, ms.1319.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Bani, ms.1005-1006.

244

pembangkang kerana tidak menggalakkan kesetiaan tidak

berbelah bahagi kepada Malaysia.51 Pihak pembangkang

menyatakan kerajaan PAP tidak cuba menyatukan rakyat

kedua-dua wilayah dalam satu kerakyatan umum.

Sebaliknya, PAP cuba memisahkan rakyat Singapura

daripada rakyat Malaysia yang lain.52 Para pengkritik itu

berpendapat hanya melalui satu kerakyatan

umum, satu bangsa "Malayan" dapatdibentuk dan disatukan."Nationalism cannot be built on two types of citizenship. The concept of a Federal national would not bind the people of the two territories together, just as the concept of a Commonwealth citizen does not bind the people of, say, Malaya and, for instance, Australia together. ...Where is the basis to build a single united Malayan nation on a foundation that is divided? I say it is only in a common citizenship..."53

Walaupun Lee Kuan Yew menyatakan istilah rakyat dan

warganegara adalah sama, Barisan Sosialis melihat kerakyatan

dan kewarganegaraan sebagai dua konsep yang berbeza,

"Kerakyatan merujuk kepada hak individu di dalam negara dan

kewarganegaraan merupakan haknya di luar negara." Barisan

Sosialis tidak bersetuju dengan hujah Lee Kuan Yew bahawa

rakyat Singapura akan menikmati lebih hak dan kelebihan

kewarganegaraan dengan menjadi warganegara Persekutuan.

Hak mendapatkan pasport Persekutuan dilihat sebagai satu-

satunya kelebihan tambahan.54

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 27 November 1961 ucapan Mr Ona EnaGuan, ms. 737-738.y

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 5 Disember 1961, ucapan Lin You EngfflS.1 JO i.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 27 Novemebr 1961 ucapan Mr. Ona EnaGuan, ms.739. -MMState of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 21 November 1961, ucapan Dr Lee SlewChoh, ms. 357.

Berdasarkan definisi di atas, konsep warganegara Malaysia

adalah tidak bererti dan tidak mempunyai kepentingan dalam

Malaysia kerana kerakyatan adalah lebih penting berkaitan hak

dalam negeri.55 Kenyataan bahawa rakyat Singapura dan rakyat

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu akan berkongsi kewarganegaraan

umum adalah tidak relevan kerana "tanpa status kerakyatan

Persekutuan, seseorang akan dianggap dan dilayan sebagai

orang asing di Persekutuan Malaysia".55

Sungguhpun merupakan warganegara Malaysia, selepas

membentuk satu kerakyatan umum rakyat Singapura hanya

memperoleh kerakyatan negeri dan bukan kerakyatan negara

Malaysia seperti yang dimiliki rakyat sebelas negeri di

Semenanjung. Memandangkan status warganegara tidak penting

apabila mereka berada di dalam negara, pihak pembangkang

menyimpulkan rakyat Singapura hanya mempunyai hak sama

rata di luar negara dan tidak diberikan hak sama rata di dalam

negara. Mereka mempersoalkan, "What is the use of being equal

just outside one's country and not being equal inside one's

country?"57

Barisan Sosialis tidak berganjak dari pendiriannya supaya

semua 624,000 rakyat Singapura mesti secara automatik menjadi

rakyat Malaysia selepas membentuk satu kerakyatan umum

kerana terdapat banyak hak yang hanya dinikmati oleh rakyat

dan dinafikan kepada bukan rakyat.58 Di Singapura

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 21 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 360-361.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr.Bani, ms. 994-995. 57 lbid.,ms. 1005.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 20 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 328.

246

misalnya, status kerakyatan penting kerana hanya rakyat yang

boleh mengundi, memohon untuk jawatan kerajaan,

memasuki sekolah rendah dan menengah, memohon biasiswa,

diberikan tanah untuk penempatan semula, mendaftar untuk

pekerjaan, mendapat pasport, dan tidak boleh dibuang

negeri.59

Oleh sebab hak kerakyatan hanya diberikan kepada

"rakyat", terdapat kebimbangan bahawa rakyat Singapura yang

tidak mempunyai kerakyatan Malaysia akan

didiskriminasikan. Timbul persoalan sama ada rakyat

Singapura bebas bersuara dan bergerak, menjalankan

perniagaan, menubuhkan kesatuan sekerja dan parti politik dan

menyertai perkhidmatan awam di luar Singapura.60

Tambahan pula, istilah "warganegara" tidak wujud dalam

Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1957. 61 Yang ada

dalam perlembagaan Persekutuan, ialah istilah "rakyat" yang

bebas bercakap, bergerak , berhimpun dan menubuh persatuan.

David Marshall, bekas Ketua Menteri Singapura menganggap

rakyat Singapura sebagai orang asing dalam Persekutuan

Malaysia dari segi kedudukannya dalam undang-undang.62

Beliau berpendapat rakyat Singapura yang menjadi

warganegara Malaysia tidak akan mempunyai semua hak

berperlembagaan di Malaysia.63

Marshall menyatakan kesediaannya menyokong kerakyatan

Kertas Putih

59 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates. 20 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Slew Choh, ms. 328-329,

60 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Bani, ms. 1009-1010.

61 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 23 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Marshall, ms. 581.

62 Ibid, ms. 578-579.63 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6

Disember 1961, ucapan Mr. Marshall, ms. 396.

247

jika beliau diberi jaminan bahawa perkataan "warganegara

Persekutuan" akan

menggantikan "rakyat Persekutuan" dalam Perlembagaan

Persekutuan.64 Lee

Kuan Yew telah pun memberikan jaminan tersebut. B5

Lee Kuan Yew

menyatakan adalah salah untuk mengandaikan warganegara

Persekutuan

Malaysia adalah tidak bererti kerana istilah ini tidak

terdapat dalam

Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Sebaik sahaja

persetujuan Kertas

Putih dicapai, persetujuan itu akan dimaktubkan ke dalam

Perlembagaan baru.66

Menurut cadangan PAP, rakyat Singapura diberikan

kerakyatan yang

berasingan daripada rakyat Semenanjung. Rakyat Singapura

tidak dibenarkan

mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti politik di Semenanjung

kerana mereka tidak

mempunyai hak kerakyatan Malaysia walaupun mereka adalah

warganegara

Malaysia. Rakyat sebelas negeri di Semenanjung akan

berkongsi hak

kerakyatan umum yang terpisah daripada hak kerakyatan

Singapura. Rakyat-•*' Johor contohnya boleh

mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti politik di

negeri-negeri lain di Semenanjung tetapi ini tidak boleh

dilakukan oleh rakyat Singapura.67

Tidak semestinya semua rakyat Singapura akan bertanding

dalam pilihanraya, tetapi tentunya rakyat Singapura seramai

624,000 orang itu ingin menikmati hak politik yang sama seperti

rakyat sebelas negeri di

Stale of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Mr. Marshall, ms. 1377-1378.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 1395.

66 Ibid., ms. 1438-1439.67

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961 ucapan Mr. Bani, ms. 994-995.

248

Semenanjung.68, Hanya apabila rakyat kedua-dua wilayah

menikrnati hak kerakyatan yang sama, baharulah mereka

boleh dianggap menikmati hak politik

sama rata.69

Barisan Sosialis melihat Tunku bersedia membuka pintu

kerakyatan Malaysia kepada rakyat wilayah Borneo tetapi

beliau tidak bersedia membukanya kepada rakyat Singapura.

Wilayah Borneo menurut Tunku akan menjadi negeri

Persekutuan Malaysia sementara Singapura hanya memasuki

Malaysia sebagai "rakan kongsi".70 Penduduk di Borneo

(yang memenuhi syarat tertentu) akan menjadi rakyat

Malaysia secara kuat kuasa undang-undang. Perbezaan antara

wilayah Borneo dengan Singapura ini memberikan peluang

kepada pembangkang untuk menentang rancangan kerajaan

PAP.71

Barisan Sosialis tidak bersetuju rakyat Singapura tidak

boleh menjadi rakyat Malaysia kerana Tunku bersedia

memberi hak kerakyatan kepada semua rakyat wilayah

Borneo.72 Menurut Barisan Sosialis, jika Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu ikhlas untuk menyatukan rakyat kedua-dua wilayah,

ia mesti menerima rakyat Singapura sebagai rakyat Malaysia

seperti mana ia bersedia menerima rakyat wilayah Borneo.73

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates,, 28 November 1961, ucapan Mr OngChangSam, ms. 873.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 28 November 1961, ucapan Mr TanCheng Tong, ms. 886-888.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 21 November 1961, ucapan Dr Lee SlewChoh, ms. 364.Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 187.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 20

70

72

November 1961, ucapan Dr Lee SlewChoh, ms. 333.

73 Ibid, ms. 336.

249

David Marshall tidak bersetuju bahawa dalam penyatuan

penuh, undang-undang kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

yang ketat akan menyebabkan 350,000 rakyat Singapura bukan

kelahiran tempatan akan hilang hak kerakyatan mereka.

Menurutnya, rakyat Raja di Negeri-negeri Melayu semuanya

menjadi rakyat Persekutuan. Maka adalah tidak benar bahawa

dalam penyatuan penuh, terdapat peruntukan dalam

perlembagaan yang membenarkan rakyat Singapura dilucutkan

kerakyatan mereka.74

Perlembagaan Persekutuan 1957 bukan sahaja membenarkan

semua

rakyat Raja mengekalkan kerakyatan negeri tetapi menjadikan

setiap rakyat

Raja sebagai rakyat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Rakyat

Singapura akan

menjadi rakyat Persekutuan Malaysia kerana mereka berada

dalam kedudukan

yang sama dengan rakyat Raja.75 David Marshall tidak bersetuju

bahawa

Singapura terlalu mudah memberi kerakyatan kepada

orang asing.

Menurutnya, syarat mudah tempoh bermastautin dua tahun hanya

diberikan

kepada rakyat Persekutuan dan rakyat British

sahaja.76

Kerajaan PAP mengatakan adalah tidak munasabah untuk

menuntut kerakyatan automatik Malaysia untuk rakyat Singapura

kerana kebanyakan mereka bukan kelahiran tempatan dan

bermastautin kurang daripada sepuluh tahun seperti yang

dikehendaki oleh undang-undang Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.

Pembangkang sebaliknya menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan

rakyat

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 23 November 1961 ucapan Mr Marshallms. 573-574. '

75 Ibid., ms. 576-577.76 Ibid., ms. 580.

Singapura bukan kelahiran tempatan telah memperole'h

kerakyatan setelah memenuhi tempoh mastautin lapan tahun

menurut Ordinan Kerakyatan Singapura 1957. Pada 1963,

tempoh mastautin mereka telah melebihi sepuluh tahun.

Golongan yang tidak mempunyai kelayakan mastautin

sepuluh tahun adalah kecil: mereka dilahirkan di Persekutuan

atau di United Kingdom dan koloni. Oleh itu, adalah tidak

adil menafikan hak kerakyatan Malaysia kepada ramai rakyat

Singapura yang layak menerimanya.77

Pembangkang berhujah bahawa di bawah rancangan

penyatuan PAP, tiada seorangpun rakyat Singapura yang akan

mendapat kerakyatan Malaysia secara automatik. Apa yang

mereka miliki selepas penyatuan ialah kerakyatan Singapura

yang telah sedia mereka miliki. Sebaliknya di bawah

penyatuan penuh yang dicadangkan Barisan Sosialis,

sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada rakyat Singapura

kelahiran tempatan akan mendapat kerakyatan Malaysia secara

automatik walaupun sebahagian rakyat bukan kelahiran

tempatan tidak layak untuk kerakyatan Malaysia.78

Punca U tarn a Kritikan:

Kegagalan Mencapai Definisi Kerakyatan dan Kewarganegaraan

Kegagalan mencapai persetujuan tentang takrif

"kerakyatan" dan "kewarganegaraan" menyebabkan cadangan

PAP dikritik. Parti pembangkang mengatakan "kerakyatan"

dan "kewarganegaraan" adalah tidak sama sementara

77 State of Singapore. Legislative Assembly Debates. 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Bani, ms 991-992.

78 Ibid, ms.999.

251

pAp mendakwa kedua-duanya adalah sama. Lee Kuan Yew

mengatakan, dalam Bahasa Inggeris, istilah yang lebih biasa

digunakan ialah "national" dan bukan "citizen". Kekeliruan

timbul apabila kedua-dua istilah itu diinterpretasi dalam

Bahasa Cina, "...when it is translated into Chinese, the

original, more commonly used term for 'citizen' is translated

Rung Min, meaning public, people, citizen. And the word

'nationality', Kuo Min, meaning country, people."79

Menurut Barisan Sosialis, PAP cuba mengelirukan rakyat

supaya percaya bahawa tiada perbezaan sebenar antara rakyat

Malaysia dengan warganegara Malaysia.80 PAP cuba

mengelirukan rakyat dengan fakta bahawa kedua-dua konsep,

iaitu hak di dalam negara dan hak di luar negara boleh

digunakan untuk merujuk kepada perkara yang sama.

Penggunaan longgar istilah "warganegara" dan "rakyat" oleh

PAP menyebabkan kekeliruan.81

Tunku dengan jelas menyatakan beliau tidak akan

menerima perlukaran secara automatik rakyat Singapura

kepada rakyat Malaysia. Tetapi, Lee Kuan Yew telah berulang-

kali memaklumkan rakyat bahawa kerakyatan sama dengan

kewarganegaraan.82

Peguam Negara Singapura, Ahmad bin Ibrahim,

mengeluarkan kenyataan dalam akhbar "Sunday Times",

bertarikh 26 November 1961, tentang takrif perundangan bagi

istilah "warganegara". Menurutnya,

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6 Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 1443.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr Bani ms 1000. 81 Ibid., ms. 1003-1 nrw

ibid., ms. 1003-1004.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 5 Disember 1961, ucapan Chan Sun

Wing, ms. 1322-1323.Wing, ms. 1322-1323.

252

"The term 'citizen' was usually used in reference to a person's domestic or internal rights within a country, and 'national' was usually used in reference to a man's international standing and status." "

Tetapi kerajaan Singapura mengeluarkan kenyataan

penjelasan dalam akhbar itu, bahawa pandangan Peguam

Negara bererti istilah rakyat dan warganegara adalah sama.

Sebenarnya kenyataan kerajaan itu bercangggah dengan

penjelasan Peguam Negara.M Lee mengintepretasi kenyataan

Peguam Negara sebagai,

"It simply means that the terms 'citizen' and 'national' have the same meaning. ...I would like to add that we could easily call all present Singapore citizens, together with the present Federation citizens, citizens of the new Federation instead of nationals of the new Federation without any change in the meaning or the content. Calling a man a citizen or a national cannot add to or subtract from the rights of citizens or nationals of the new Federation by whichever term they are called."85

Peguam Negara telah membezakan kerakyatan dan

kewarganegaraan. Tetapi pejabat Perdana Menteri

mengeluarkan kenyataan bahawa sama ada seseorang

dipanggil rakyat atau warganegara Malaysia, ia tidak

mempengaruhi hak mereka. Kenyataan itu telah

menambahkan lagi kekeliruan rakyat dalam hal itu. Pihak

pembangkang berpendapat persoalan kerakyatan dan

kewarganegaraan telah tidak dijelaskan dengan baik oleh

Perdana Menteri Singapura kepada rakyat Singapura.

Penjelasan Lee Kuan Yew tidak menghilangkan kekeliruan

rakyat Singapura tentang perkara itu. 86

83 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Bani, ms.

1002. " Ibid.85 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 6

Disember 1961, ucapan Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 1440.86 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 5 Disember 1961, ucapan Wong Soon

Fong, ms. 1289-1290.

Perdana Menteri Singapura mengumumkan bahawa

kerakyatan Singapura adalah sama dengan kerakyatan Johor.

Rakyat Johor boleh menjadi warganegara Malaysia seperti

rakyat Singapura boleh menjadi warganegara Malaysia.

Kenyataan beliau adalah benardari sudutpandangan undang-

undang antarabangsa di mana kedua-dua rakyat Singapura dan

rakyat Johor mempunyai kewarganegaraan yang sama. Tetapi

dari sudut pandangan undang-undang Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu, kerakyatan Singapura sebenarnya tidak sama dengan

kerakyatan Johor.87

2. Perdebatan Persoalan Kerakyatan di Borneo dan Kesannya

terhadap Kerakyatan Singapura

British menyokong pembentukan Malaysia apabila kerajaan

Sarawak dan Borneo Utara menerbitkan Kertas Putih masing-

masing pada Januari 1962 menggesa penduduknya menyokong

rancangan Malaysia. Suruhanjaya Cobblod telah ditubuhkan

untuk mengumpul pendapat penduduk Sarawak dan Borneo

Utara terhadap pembentukan Malaysia dan membuat perakuan

berdasarkan pendapat tersebut.88

Semasa menyediakan laporannya, Suruhanjaya Cobbold

perlu mempertimbangkan (1) sama ada perlu mewujudkan satu

kerakyatan tempatan untuk Borneo Utara dan Sarawak sebelum

menyertai Malaysia; (2) sama ada87 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat

Official Report, Vol. Ill, ucapan Lim Kean Slew, 16 Oktober 1961, ms. 1627.Suruhanjaya Cobbold terdiri daripada Lord Cobbold sebagai pengerusi, Sir Anthony Abell , Sir David Watherson, Datuk Wong Row Nee, dan Muhammad Ghazali Shafie. Suruhanjaya menjalankan tugasnya dari Februari 19 hingga 17 April 1962. Ongkilli, Nation-Building in Malaysia 1946-1974, ms. 165.

254

penduduk di situ boleh mengekalkan status CUKC dan (3)

mengambil kira kebimbangan orang Cina bahawa mereka

akan didiskriminasikan.

Dalam memorandum bersama Persekutuan dan Singapura,

dipersetujui bahawa kerakyatan Singapura akan dikekalkan dan

kerakyatan itu membawa bersamanya kewarganegaraan

Malaysia. Memandangkan Singapura diberikan kerakyatan

yang berbeza, Suruhanjaya Cobbold mempertimbangkan

sama ada perlu membentuk kerakyatan berasingan untuk

wilayah Borneo yang membawa bersamanya kewarganegaraan

Malaysia.89 Selaras dengan prinsip Akta Kewarganegaraan

British 1948 yang membentuk satu kerakyatan tunggal untuk

United Kingdom dan koloni, tidak terdapat kerakyatan

tempatan yang berasingan di Borneo Utara dan Sarawak

sebelum pembentukan Malaysia.90

Pada 13 Disember 1961, Majlis Perundangan Borneo

Utara

mencadangkan supaya kerajaan memberi pertimbangan

kepada masalah

kerakyatan di situ. Menurut Gabenor Borneo Utara, Sir

William Goode,

tuntutan untuk satu kerakyatan Borneo Utara adalah

disebabkan oleh

kebimbangan ada komuniti tidak diterima sebagai rakyat dalam

pengertian yang

sebenar. Terdapat juga kebimbangan bahawa kerajaan

Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu akan mendiskriminasi terhadap orang bukan Melayu

atau Muslim dalam

pemerolehan kerakyatan.91 Di Sarawak juga ada golongan yang

melihat

penubuhan kerakyatan tempatan sebagai pelindung terutama bagi

komuniti

Federation of Malaya, Report of the Commission of Enquiry North Borneo and Sarawak (Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1962) ms. 57.

90 CO 947/2 Proposed Federation of Malaysia: Commission of Inquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak Citizenship, perenggan 3.

91 /bid., perenggan 4.

255

imigran Cina.92 , f

Sir William Goode menyatakan kerisauan tempatan hanya

dapat diatasi jika British menjamin bahawa isu kerakyatan

akan diselesaikan sebelum Britain menyerahkan kedaulatan

Borneo Utara kepada kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.93

Idea di sebalik kerakyatan tempatan di Borneo Utara ialah

kerakyatan itu akan memberikan penduduknya satu status yang

akan menjamin kedudukan mereka selepas menyertai

Malaysia.94 Kerajaan British tidak membantah jika kerakyatan

tempatan diperkenalkan di Borneo sebagai langkah persediaan

untuk menyertai Malaysia.95

Memandangkan Singapura dibenarkan mengekalkan

kerakyatan negeri, Pejabat Tanah Jajahan menanya sama ada

Suruhanjaya Cobbold ingin mencadangkan suatu status

tempatan untuk penduduk Borneo. Status kerakyatan yang akan

dicadangkan oleh Suruhanjaya Cobbold penting dalam

mempengaruhi keputusan referendum Singapura. 96 Lee Kuan

Yew menawarkan pilihan sama ada penyatuan seperti dalam

Kertas Putih atau penyatuan seperti yang dicadangkan untuk

Borneo. Agar referendum ini berjaya, adalah penting wilayah

Borneo tidak ditawarkan syarat kerakyatan yang lebih baik

daripada yang ditawarkan di Singapura.97

92 CO 947/2 Proposed Federation of Malaysia: Commission of Inquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak Citizenship, perenggan 5.

93 Ibid., perenggan 6.M Ibid., perenggan 8.95 Ibid., perenggan 10." Rujuk ms. 262.97 Mengikut penyatuan Kertas Putih, akan terdapat dua kelas

rakyat: rakyat Persekutuan dan rakyat Singapura. Kedua-dua menikmati status sebagai warganegara Malaysia dan dilayan berbeza oleh undang-undang tempatan dalam hal hak mengundi. CO 947/5 Letter from Legal Division, Colonial Office to Chairman, Lord Cobbold, 11 Mei 1962.

256

Dalam cadangan kerakyatan yang diserahkan kepada

Suruhanjaya Cobbold, kerajaan Sarawak menyarankan CUKC

di Sarawak boleh mengekalkan kerakyatan mereka selepas

mendapat kewarganegaraan Malaysia. Jika mereka dibenarkan

mengekalkan kerakyatan sedia ada, penduduk Sarawak akan

kurang cenderung untuk menentang gagasan Malaysia.

Tambahan pula, apabila Persekutuan Tanah Melayu merdeka,

penduduk CUKC di Tanah Melayu dibenarkan mengekalkan

kerakyatan itu bersama kerakyatan Persekutuan.98

Jika penduduk dua wilayah Borneo dibenarkan mengekalkan

kerakyatan CUKC setelah menjadi warganegara Malaysia, ini

tidak akan mempengaruhi hak kerajaan Malaysia untuk

melindungi mereka apabila berada di negara ketiga. Hal ini

kerana di bawah prinsip "master nationality", negara ketiga akan

mengiktiraf kewarganegaraan Malaysia sebagai "master

nationality".9I) Mengikut prinsip tersebut, sesebuah negara tidak

boleh memberikan perlindungan diplomatik kepada

warganegaranya di negara lain jika individu itu turut memiliki

kewarganegaraan negara tersebut. Jika dwiwarganegara itu

berada di negara yang ketiga, negara itu akan menganggap dia

sebagai memiliki kewarganegaraan negara yang mana dia

menetap.100

Sebaliknya, Pejabat Tanah Jajahan berpendapat mereka yang

dilahirkan di Borneo Utara dan Sarawak selepas Hari Malaysia

tidak akan memperoleh

'* CO 947/5 Memoranda on Greater Malaysia -Nationality in transitional period, memorandum No.2 prepared for the Chairman by the Legal Division, Colonial Office, 10 Mlei 1962, perenggan 3.

99 Ibid.100 Ibid.

257

kerakyatan CUKC melalui kelahiran kerana mereka akan

mendapat kewarganegaraan Malaysia melalui kelahiran. Bagi

CUKC yang sedia ada, Pejabat Tanah Jajahan menjangka

undang-undang kewarganegaraan Malaysia akan memberi

kewarganegaraan Malaysia kepada mereka yang mempunyai

hubungan rapat dengan dua negeri itu. Oleh itu, seseorang yang

mendapatkan kerakyatan baru negara merdeka tidak lagi menjadi

CUKC.101

Kerakyatan adalah isu paling penting bagi komuniti Cina di

Sarawak dan

Borneo Utara sehingga mempengaruhi sikap mereka terhadap

cadangan

Malaysia.102 Orang Cina di Sarawak bimbang dengan rancangan

Malaysia,

mereka akan menjadi "rakyat kelas kedua" yang berstatus lebih

rendah daripada

bumiputera walaupun mereka dan keturunan mereka dilahirkan di

Sarawak.

Mereka mahu undang-undang kerakyatan bagi masa depan tidak

membuat

sebarang perubahan terhadap keadaan sedia ada yang mengiktiraf

semua

orang yang lahir di Sarawak sebagai CUKC dan semua yang

bermastautin di

Sarawak selama lima tahun boleh memohon kerakyatan secara

naturalisasi.103

Di Borneo Utara, seperti di Sarawak, sebab utama penentangan

terhadap

Malaysia di kalangan orang Cina berpunca daripada ketakutan

didisknminasikan

dan direndahkan status kepada "rakyat kelas kedua". 104

Mereka tidak

memahami sepenuhnya keadaan di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu;

lalu berasa

bimbang akan berlakunya diskriminasi terhadap mereka dalam

mendapatkan101 CO 947/5 Memoranda on Greater Malaysia -Nationality in

transitional period, memorandum No.2 prepared for the Chairman by the Legal Division, Colonial Office, 10 Mei 1962, perenggan 2- 3.

102 Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, ms. 56.103 Ibid,, ms. 23.104 Ibid., ms. 35.

kerakyatan Persekutuan. Permintaan dibuat oler* kumpulan-

kumpulan orang Cina supaya syarat pemerolehan

kerakyatan di Borneo Utara tidak diubah bagi mereka yang

telah pun berada di koloni itu semasa pembentukan

Malaysia.105 Suruhanjaya Cobbold percaya ketakutan orang

Cina adalah disebabkan salah faham tentang kedudukan

kerakyatan di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.106

Asas Kemasukan Borneo Utara dan Sarawak ke

dalam Malaysia: Pemberian Kewarganegaraan Malaysia

bersama Kerakyatan

Jawatankuasa Perundingan Perpaduan Malaysia (MSCC)

telah mencatatkan segala persetujuan yang dicapai dalam

masa enam bulan dalam satu memorandum kepada

Suruhanjaya Cobbold.1or Dalam memorandum tersebut,

jawatankuasa itu mengakui isu kerakyatan adalah kompleks

kerana penduduk di wilayah Borneo, Singapura dan

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu tertakluk kepada undang-undang

kerakyatan dan kewarganegaraan yang berbeza. MSCC

bersetuju perlu diwujudkan satu kewarganegaraan Malaysia

yang tunggal. Memandangkan kerajaan Singapura dan

Persekutuan telah pun mencapai persetujuan tentang

kerakyatan, jawatankuasa itu membuat cadangan kerakyatan

untuk Sarawak dan Borneo Utara.108

105 Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak ms 44106 Ibid, ms. 57.

Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963. ms. 136.Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee Memorandum on Malaysia, perenggan 27 dalamAppendix F, Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak.

MSCC mencadangkan supaya, semua rakyat British di

Sarawak dan Borneo Utara sebelum Hari Malaysia, akan

menjadi "rakyat Persekutuan".109 Mereka yang dilahirkan

semasa pemerintahan Brooke dan Syarikat Berpiagam tetapi

tidak memiliki status rakyat British, akan dianggap sebagai

rakyat British,110 Selepas pembentukan Malaysia, peruntukan

kerakyatan Persekutuan semasa akan digunakan ke atas Sabah

dan Sarawak.111

Jawatankuasa tersebut menerima cadangan kerajaan

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu supaya kerakyatan secara jus soli

berasaskan status kerakyatan ibubapa. Seseorang yang

dilahirkan di Borneo hanya boleh menjadi rakyat Malaysia jika

salah seorang ibubapanya adalah rakyat Malaysia.112 Sir

William Goode tidak bersetuju dengan kerakyatan Malaysia

yang tidak menerima prinsip jus soli untuk mereka yang

dilahirkan di Borneo Utara sebagai rakyat Malaysia.113

Menurutnya, keadaan politik di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

menghalang kerajaan Persekutuan daripada bersetuju denggan

prinsip mudah bahawa semua orang yang dilahirkan di Borneo

Utara perlu secara automatiknya menjadi rakyat Malaysia.

Peruntukan kerakyatan yang kompleks di Persekutuan

dan Singapura tidak patut diperkenalkan ke Borneo Utara.

"Citizenship is a controversial issue in Malaya and Singapore owing to the special circumstances of large immigrant communities. Circumstances are different in North Borneo and there is no justification for introducing to

09 Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee Memorandum on Malaysia, perenggan 29.

Ibid., perenggan 35.Ibid., perenggan 34.CO 947/73 Memorandum from Governor of North Borneo, Sir William Goode to theChairman, Malaysia Commission of Enquiry,

27 Februari 1962, ms 14 113 Ibid., ms. 10.

260

North Borneo the complicated provisions evolved in Malaya....These provision should be modelled on established practice in other countries, and NOT on the peculiar and politically emotive provisions in Malaya and Singapura."

Dalam cadangan kerakyatannya, Laporan Cobbold yang

diterbitkan pada Ogos 1962, menerima kebanyakan cadangan

MSCC. Suruhanjaya Cobbold mendapati tiada sebab

munasanah untuk mencadangkan kerakyatan yang berbeza bagi

wilayah Borneo yang tidak mempunyai perundangan

kerakyatan tempatan seperti di Singapura.115 Suruhanjaya

Cobbold bersetuju dengan cadangan kerakyatan MSCC supaya

CUKC yang dilahirkan atau dinaturalisasikan di situ sebelum

Hari Malaysia patut menjadi "rakyat Malaysia" secara

automatik (termasuk mereka yang dilahirkan di situ sebelum

Borneo Utara dan Sarawak menjadi koloni British). Selepas

Hari Malaysia, peruntukan kerakyatan dalam Perlembagaan

Persekutuan akan digunapakai.116

Selepas penerimaan Laporan Cobbold oleh kerajaan British

dan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, perbincangan terperinci untuk

kemasukan Borneo Utara dan Sarawak ke dalam Malaysia

diserahkan kepada Jawatankuasa Antara Kerajaan.117

Peruntukan kerakyatan dalam Jawatankuasa ini adalah sama

Chairman, Malaysia Commission of Enquiry, 27 Februari 1962, ms. 15.

115 Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, ms. 57.116 Semua orang yang dilahirkan di wilayah Borneo selepas

Hari Malaysia akan menjadi rakyat Malaysia secara kuat kuasa undang-undang jika salah seorang ibubapanya adalah rakyat Malaysia. Ibid., ms. 57-59.

117 Jawatankuasa Antara Kerajaan terdiri daripada ahli dari British, Persekutuan, Borneo Utara, dan Sarawak. Pengerusi ialah Lord Lansdowne dan beliau dibantu oleh Tun Abdul Razak. IGC mengadakan perbincangan antara Ogos dan Dis 1962. la menerbitkan laporannya pada Feb 1963 dan diluluskan oleh Majlis Perundangan Sarawak dan Borneo Utara. Simandjuntak. Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 145-147.

dengan memorandum MSGC dan Laporan Cobbold.118

Ketiga-tiga laporan di atas tidak mencadangkan

penyelesaian masalah dwikerakyatan. Laporan-laporan itu

juga tidak memperuntukkan sama ada CUKC di Borneo Utara

dan Sarawak boleh mengekalkan status itu bersama dengan

kerakyatan Malaysia atau sama ada status CUKC boleh

diperoleh oleh mereka yang dilahirkan di situ selepas Hari

Malaysia.

Laporan-laporan itu hanya memperuntukkan jaminan bag!

penduduk di situ memperoleh kerakyatan Malaysia. Ketiga-

tiga laporan itu mencadangkan supaya rakyat di Borneo Utara

dan Sarawak diterima sebagai "rakyat Malaysia" berbanding

dengan rakyat Singapura yang diterima sebagai "warganegara

Malaysia" mengikut Kertas Putih Singapura.

Kesan Cadangan Kerakyatan di Borneo terhadap

Referendum di Singapura.

Sementara Suruhanjaya Cobbold dan Jawatankuasa Antara

Kerajaan menyediakan Sarawak dan Borneo Utara untuk

menyertai Malaysia, kerajaan PAP pula mengadakan

referendum supaya rakyatnya dapat mengesahkan pendapat

mereka dalam hal penyatuan.119

Majlis Perundangan Singapura telah memberikan tiga

alternatif penyatuan untuk dipilih oleh rakyat. Alternatif A

menganjurkan penyatuan mengikut Kertas Putih PAP yang

memberikan kewarganegaraan Malaysia tanpa status

118 Federation of Malaya, Malaysia.'Report of the Inter-Government Committee, 1962. (Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1963) ms. 8-9.

119 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 147-148.

262

kerakyatan. Alternatlf B pula mengesyorkan penyatuan penuh

seperti Pulau Pinang dan Melaka. PAP menegaskan bahawa

penyatuan seperti yang dituntut oleh pembangkang ini akan

menyebabkan 340,000 daripada 625,000 pengundi bukan

kelahiran tempatan perlu memohon semula untuk

mendapatkan kerakyatan. Alternatif C adalah penyatuan

seperti yang dipersetujui negeri -negeri di Borneo. PAP

mengatakan ia adalah kurang jelas tentang syarat kemasukan

yang ditawarkan oleh kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

kepada Negeri-negeri Borneo.120

PAP berusaha memastikan penyatuan akan diterima

dengan mencadangkan referendum yang dipenuhi dengan

pilihan tetapi bukan pilihan untuk menyokong atau menentang

penyatuan.121 Barisan Sosialis menuntut PAP menarik balik

peruntukan yang menafikan hak rakyat untuk menolak

penyatuan. Tetapi kerajaan telah mengetepikan bantahan ini

dan menyatakan penyatuan telah diluluskan Majlis

Perundangan. Oleh itu, isunya bukan sama ada penyatuan

dikehendaki atau tidak, tetapi apa jenis penyatuan yang mereka

mahu.122

Dalam keadaan sedemikian, Barisan Sosialis berpendapat

satu-satunya cara untuk membantah penyatuan ialah melalui

undi kosong. Tetapi mengikut Rang Undang-undang

Referendum, undi kosong akan dikira sebagai menerima

keputusan Majlis Perundangan.123 Barisan Sosialis telah

melepaskan idea

120 Hanna, The Formation of Malaysia: New Factor In World Politics, ms. 119-120.121 Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, ms. 165.122 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 149.123 Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, ms. 165.

mereka untuk, penyatuan penuh cara Pulau Pinang dan

Melaka.( Ini kerana mereka menyedari rakyat yang tidak

dilahirkan di Singapura akan perlu memohon semula

kerakyatan mengikut syarat kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu yang kebanyakan mereka adalah tidak layak.

Daripada meminta rakyat menyokong penyatuan cara Pulau

Pinang dan Melaka, mereka meminta rakyat membuang undi

kosong.124

David Marshall menyatakan kesediaannya menyokong

cadangan Kertas Putih jika Tunku bersetuju menerima semua

rakyat Singapura sebagai rakyat Malaysia dalam masa 10

tahun. Marshall mencadangkan kepada Tunku jika dalam 10

tahun selepas 1972, portfolio pendidikan dan perburuhan

diserahkan kembali kepada kerajaan pusat, semua rakyat

Singapura patut diberikan kerakyatan Malaysia. Marshall

berharap dengan syarat ini Tunku akan bersedia

mempertimbangkan satu kerakyatan umum untuk kedua-dua

negara.125

Pada 6 Januari 1962, Marshall bertolak ke Kuala Lumpur

untuk berjumpa dengan Tunku tetapi tidak mendapat sebarang

konsesi baru.126 Dalam memorandum lain kepada Tunku,

Marshall berhujah adalah mungkin untuk membentuk kerakyatan

umum dan memenuhi hasrat dalam Kertas Putih. Ini dapat

dilakukan dengan memperuntukkan supaya mereka yang

menetap di Singapura dan Persekutuan tidak boleh bertanding

dan mengundi dalam wilayah di mana mereka bukan

pemastautin. Dalam jawapannya, Tunku

12* Straits Times. 12 Jun 1962.125 Straits Times, 30 Jun 1962126 Chan Heng Chee, A Sensation of Independence: A Political

Biography of David Marshall. (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984) ms. 226.

mengatakan beliau hanya akan bersetuju dengan penyatuan

jika rakyat Singapura dihadkan kepada politik Singapura dan

rakyat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dihadkan kepada politik

Semenanjung, tetapi kedua-dua rakyat itu akan menjadi

warganegara Persekutuan Malaysia yang baru.127

Perbezaan antara istilah rakyat dengan warganegara adalah

masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh Perdana Menteri Singapura.

Masalahnya bertambah sukar apabila mesyuarat ketiga

Jawatankuasa Perundingan Perpaduan Malaysia

mengumumkan bahawa penduduk asal Borneo akan menikmati

kedudukan istimewa seperti orang Melayu di Persekutuan

Tanah Melayu dan menjadi "founder citizen" secara kuat kuasa

undang-undang. Perkara ini menunjukkan bahawa status

"rakyat" yang lebih tinggi daripada "warganegara" di

Singapura.128

Apabila Lee Kuan Yew melihat deraf akhir Laporan

Cobbold, beliau melahirkan kebimbangan dengan cadangan

bahawa semua yang dilahirkan di wilayah Borneo akan layak

mendapat "kerakyatan Malaysia". Beliau mengatakan "this is a

disaster".129 Sebelum beliau melihat deraf Laporan Cobbold,

beliau berpendapat pengundi masih akan mengundi untuk

kerakyatan Singapura yang berasingan (alternatif A) kerana

mereka tidak ingin hilang kerakyatan dan hak mengundi.130

Jika laporan tersebut diterbitkan, Lee Kuan Yewtidak dapat

mempertahankan kedudukannya di hadapan pembangkang dan

127 Chan Heng Chee, A Sensation of Independence, ms. 227.128 Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms.415.129 Ibid., ms. 432.130 Muhammad Ghazali Shafie, Ghazali Shafie's Memoir on the

Formation of Malaysia, (Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1998) ms. 233

265

.referendum akan gagal kerana akan terdapat banyak.undi kosong.131

Tuntutan Kerajaan PAP untuk Kerakyatan Malaysia bagi

Singapura

Lee Kuan Yew menulis kepada Tunku pada 12 Julai 1962

dan mencadangkan supaya Tunku menggunakan syarat

kerakyatan yang sama untuk Borneo dan Singapura tanpa

mengubah persetujuan mereka yang asal

tentang pengehadan hak mengundi."...Singapore citizens could become Malaysian citizens without creating any problems, because the Cobbold Commission had also recommended that electoral rights should only be exercised in the territories where the citizens were normally resident., in other words, Borneo citizens would vote in Borneo and Singapore citizens would vote in Singapore, so Tunku need not fear being swamped by Chinese from Singapore casting their ballots in . Malaya."132

Sebab utama tentangan terhadap Kertas Putih adalah kerana

Tunku tidak bersedia menawarkan Singapura syarat yang beliau

tawarkan kepada wilayah Borneo. Masalah ini hanya boleh

diatasi dengan menawarkan Singapura, syarat seperti yang

ditawarkan kepada Borneo. Lee Kuan Yew telah member! notis

kepada British - jika mereka tidak mendesak Tunku untuk

memberikan Singapura kerakyatan sama rata, Lee Kuan Yew

tidak mampu mendapatkan Majlis Perundangan untuk bersetuju

dengan penyatuan. Malahan beliau tidak mahu penyatuan jika

itu tidak dipersetujui.133

Barisan Sosialis telah pun memperkukuhkan pengaruh

mereka dengan menunjukkan bahawa rakyat Singapura akan

menjadi rakyat kelas kedua di

132 Lee Kuan Yew' The si"9apore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 432 Ibid.133 Ibid., ms. 432-433.

Malaysia. Lee Kuan Yew yakin jika dia boleh mendapatkan

persetujuan Tunku untuk menukar istilah "warganegara

Malaysia" kepada "rakyat Malaysia" sebelum referendum

diadakan, masalah itu akan selesai.134

Pada masa yang sama, pihak pembangkang menubuh

Majlis Tindakan Bersama135 dan menghantar wakil ke

Jawatankuasa Kolonialisme Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa

Bersatu untuk menentang perjalanan referendum yang tidak

demokratik dan cara persoalan penyatuan diletakkan dalam

referendum. Delegasi itu telah bertolak ke New York pada

Julai 1962 untuk meminta Jawatankuasa itu mengawasi

referendum itu. Rayuan itu telah ditolak.136

Lee Kuan Yew telah bertolak ke New York untuk

mempertahankan referendumnya. Dalam perjalanan pulang

dari New York, Lee Kuan Yew berjumpa dengan Tunku Abdul

Rahman di London. Tunku pada waktu itu sedang berunding

dengan kerajaan British tentang Borneo. Lee Kuan Yew

mendesak Tunku untuk menyelesaikan masalah kerakyatan

Singapura dengan kehadiran British. Lee Kuan Yew bimbang

selepas pembentukan Malaysia, British tidak lagi berupaya

campur tangan bagi pihak Singapura. British telah

memberitahu Tun Abdul Razak, Timbalan Perdana Menteri

Persekutuan Tanah Melayu bahawa isu itu perlu diselesaikan

sebelum British menandatangani perjanjian tentang wilayah

Borneo dan Tun Abdul Razak telah bersetuju

Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 429.

135 Council of Joint Action (CJA) terdiri dari lima parti (United Demokratic Party, Barisan Sosialis, Parti Rakyat, Liberal Socialists dan Workers party) dan dipimpin oleh Dr. Lee Slew Choh dari Barisan Sosialis yang mewakili pembangkang. Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 149.

136 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 149.

member! kerakyatan Malaysia kepada r^akyat Singapura

secara prinsipnya.137

Tunku mengesahkan apa yang dipersetujui oleh Tun Abdul

Razak dan akhirnya memperaku pembentukan satu kerakyatan

umum Malaysia. Lee Kuan Yew kemudian menulis kepada

Tunku pada 30 Julai 1962 meminta Tunku mengesahkan

persetujuan mereka. Lee Kuan Yew bersetuju bahawa

kedudukan berhubung dengan hak mengundi rakyat Singapura

tidak berubah."Some people find it difficult to understand that there is no difference in calling Singapore citizens 'nationals' or 'citizens' of the new Federation of Malaysia. We have, therefore, agreed that, since this question of nomenclature has loomed large in the minds of some sections of the people, paragraph 14 of the white paper should be amended so that citizens of Singapore will be citizens of Malaysia instead of nationals of Malaysia."138

Pada 31 Julai, Tunku mengesahkan persetujuan mereka

"I confirm that the arrangement for citizenship of the inhabitants of Singapore will be in the form agreed between the governments of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore set out in paragraph 14 of Singapore White Paper Command 33 of 1961, as amended in regard to nomenclature and franchise in the terms of the statement."139

Lee Kuan Yew telah berjaya mendapatkan konsesi

kerakyatan Malaysia yang dikehendaki oleh pihak

pembangkang.140 Cadangan asal Kertas Putih pada Ogos 1961

memperuntukkan satu kewarganegaraan Malaysia tunggal

kepada semua rakyat negeri-negeri dalam Malaysia. Pada Ogos

1962, cadangan itu diubahsuai untuk memperakukan kerakyatan

Malaysia bersama-sama kewarganegaraan bagi semua rakyat.141

137 Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 436-437.138 Ibid., ms. 438;39 /bid.140 Hanna, The Formation of Malaysia, ms. 122.1J1 J. M. Gullick, Malaya. 2nd Edition, (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1964) ms. 243.

Pada 14 Ogos 1962, Lee-Kuan Yew mengumumkan

persetujuan yang dicapai dalam rundingan Malaysia di

London - semua rakyat Singapura akan

secara automatik menjadi rakyat Malaysia,"Common Malaysian citizenship will be given to all Singapore citizens on merger with Federation next year. This will mean complete equality and parity for all Malayan citizens and the abolition of seperate citizenship of the Federation of Malaya".14*

Kertas Putih Singapura telah dipinda supaya kerakyatan

berasingan bagi Singapura dihapuskan dan satu kerakyatan

umum Malaysia diwujudkan. Malaysia akan mempunyai dua

nama kerakyatan: kerakyatan Malaysia dan kerakyatan

Singapura Malaysia. Rakyat Singapura akan mengundi dan

bertanding dalam pilihanraya hanya di Singapura. Rakyat

Malaysia di Semenanjung dan Borneo pula hanya akan

mengundi dan bertanding dalam pilihanraya di wilayah

masing-masing. Walau bagaimanapun, rakyat Singapura yang

menetap di luar Singapura boleh memohon menjadi pengundi

di negeri tersebut tanpa perlu memohon kerakyatan Malaysia

(bukan Singapura) kerana dia sudah pun merupakan rakyat

Malaysia.143

Keesokan harinya, Tunku telah mengumumkan

persetujuan baru dengan

Perdana Menteri Singapura dalam Parlimen Persekutuan

Tanah Melayu.

"Sa-lepas daripada di-jalankan perundingan yang lebeh lanjut di-antara Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dengan Kerajaan Singapura, dan bukannya dengan pengaroh Kerajaan Inggeris atau man-mana Kerajaan luar, maka kita telah bersetuju bahawa ra'ayat-ra'ayat Singapura itu bukan sahaja menjadi bangsa Persekutuan Malaysia tetapi juga mereka akan menjadi ra'ayat Malaysia, dan sabagai ra'ayat maka mereka akan mendapat hak-hak di-Singapura sama pada ka-selurohan-nya dengan

Straits Times, 15 Ogos 1962

hak-hak yang didnpati olch ra'ayal Malaysia yang lain."144

" 1

Pada hari referendum di Singapura pada 1 September 1962,

625,000

rakyat Singapura diminta mengundi bukan untuk menyokong

atau menentang

penyatuan tetapi untuk salah satu daripada tiga alternatif

penyatuan. Kerajaan

PAP telah melancarkan kempen besar-besaran untuk alternatif

A, dengan

menonjolkan kelebihan kerakyatan Malaysia pada saat-saat

akhir,145 lalu

menjadikan alternatif A kerajaan lebih menarik. Pilihan

pengundi adalah antara

mempunyai kerakyatan dengan kewarganegaraan Persekutuan

(alternatif A)

dan kehilangan kerakyatan dan hak undi untuk rakyat Singapura

(alternatif B).146

Syarat penyatuan dengan wilayah Borneo kurang difahami

dan penyatuan

dengan asas yang sama dengan negeri lain dalam Persekutuan

tidak dapat

diterima. Oleh itu, pilihan pengundi terhad kepada cadangan

penyatuan

kerajaan. Pembangkang telah menyeru pengundi membuang

undi kosong

sebagai protes walaupun undi kosong akan menjadi

mengundi kerajaan

menurut undang-undang.147 Marshall akhirnya bersetuju bahawa

kini tiada lagi

perbezaan antara rakyat Singapura dengan rakyat

Persekutuan Tanah

Melayu.148 Marshall telah menyokong cadangan penyatuan

PAP apabila

kerakyatan Malaysia dijanjikan tetapi terus meminta rakyat membuang undi

Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates. Dewan Rakyat Official Report, ucapan Tunku, 150gos 1962, ms. 1096.

145 Hanna, The Formation of Malaysia, ms.115.146 Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, ms.162.147 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 150.148 Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, ms. 448.

270

kosong kerana meinentang cara referendum dijalankan.149

Dalam kempen akhir mereka, kerajaan PAP mengatasi

seruan kempen undi kosong pembangkang dengan

menyatakan jika undi untuk alternatif B melebihi undi untuk

alternatif A, undi kosong akan dikira sebagai menyokong

alternatif B. PAP berharap pengundi yang ingin membuang

undi kosong, menukar untuk mengundi alternatif A jika

mereka tidak mahu hilang hak kerakyatan mereka di bawah

alternatif B. Keputusan referendum menunjukkan majoriti

rakyat menyokong cadangan kerakyatan kerajaan PAP.150

3. Perjanjian Malaysia 1963: Kerakyatan Umum untuk

Rakyat Singapura

Setelah mengambil kira persetujuan baru antara kerajaan

Persekutuan dan Singapura, Perjanjian Malaysia (rujuk

lampiran 14) telah ditandatangani di London pada 9 Julai

1963.151 Walaupun kedua-dua kerajaan telah bersetuju

mewujudkan kerakyatan umum bagi semua rakyat Malaysia,

namun dalam peruntukan kerakyatan Perjanjian Malaysia,

istilah "rakyat Singapura" dan "rakyat yang bukan rakyat

Singapura" digunakan untuk membezakan rakyat

Singapura.152

Pengelasan ini menyebabkan persetujuan baru itu dikritik

oleh pihak pembangkang di Singapura. Jika di bawah Kertas

Putih asal, rakyat Singapura

Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, ms 166 Dalam referendum pada 1 September 1962, 71% mengundi untuk alternatif A; 1.7% untuk alternatif B; 1.4 % untuk alternatif C dan 25% undi kosong. Ibid, ms.166-167. Federation of Malaya, Malaysia: A Agreement Concluded between the Federation of Malaya, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore, (Kuala Lumpur: Government Press, 1963) ms. 3 152 Ibid., ms. 20-26.

27!

tidak rfiberikan kerakyatan Malaysia, di bawah

Kertas ,Putih bam, rakyat Singapura mempunyai

dwikerakyatan - rakyat Malaysia dan rakyat Singapura.

B. Simandjuntak menafsir persetujuan baru antara

kerajaan Persekutuan dan Singapura sebagai bertujuan

mengekalkan kedudukan asal yang membezakan Singapura

daripada negeri Malaysia yang lain. Sungguhpun kedua-dua

kategori rakyat Malaysia menikmati hak dan tanggungjawab

sama rata di bawah status kerakyatan Malaysia, tetapi hak dan

tanggungjawab rakyat Singapura dihadkan kepada Singapura

sahaja. Kedua-dua kategori tersebut tidak dapat berkongsi

kehidupan politik yang sama. 153

Kritikan terhadap Dua Kelas Kerakyatan dalam Satu Kerakyatan Umum

Walaupun kerakyatan Malaysia bagi rakyat Singapura yang

diingini oleh Barisan Sosialis telah diperuntukkan dalam

Perjanjian Malaysia 1963, parti itu terus mengkritik kewujudan

dua kelas kerakyatan dalam satu kerakyatan umum itu: satu

kelas untuk rakyat sebelas negeri Melayu, Sabah dan Sarawak,

dan satu kelas lagi untuk 624,000 rakyat Singapura. Rakyat

Singapura menjadi rakyat Malaysia (Singapura) sementara

rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak menjadi rakyat Malaysia seperti

semua rakyat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.154

Barisan Sosialis mempersoalkan apa erti kerakyatan umum

jika rakyat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Sabah dan Sarawak

berada dalam satu kumpulan

153 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 190.154 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 Julai

1963, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 371-372.

272

sementara rakyat Singapura diasingkan dalam kumpulan

lain.155 Pertukaran nama "warganegara Malaysia" kepada

"kerakyatan Malaysia" bagi rakyat Singapura hanyalah

perubahan pada nama. Kerakyatan Malaysia (Singapura)

hanya berguna di Singapura.156 Kewujudan dua kelas

kerakyatan dalam satu negara adalah tidak konsisten dengan

matlamat pembinaan satu negara bangsa

Malaysia dengan satu kerakyatan umum.157

"...the very things that we do in law, in our Constitution, is dividing and dividing us. ...We are not trying to unite; we are dividing the people. Citizenship is a complete confusion. What do you understand, by the term 'a Federal citizen who is not a Singapore citizen' when, in another place, it says 'a Singapore citizen is automatically a Federal citizen'? Who can understand? Look at the clumsiness of the phraseology." l58

Selain daripada perbezaan kelas kerakyatan, syarat-syarat

kelayakan kerakyatan dari segi kelayakan tempoh

bermastautin dan syarat bahasa adalah tidak seragam untuk

rakyat Singapura dan negeri Borneo. Untuk mendapatkan

kerakyatan Persekutuan secara naturalises!, penduduk yang

bermastautin di Singapura perlu bermastautin sepuluh

daripada dua belas tahun sementara penduduk di negeri

Borneo perlu bermastautin hanya tujuh daripada sepuluh

tahun.169 Selain itu, tempoh bermastautin di Semenanjung,

Borneo Utara dan Sarawak diambil kira tetapi tempoh

bermastautin di Singapura tidak diambil kira

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 30 Julai 1963, ucapan Dr. Lee Siew Choh, ms. 442.

156 Ibid., ms. 363.

157 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 20 Ogos 1963,

158 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan

Rakyat Official Report, 17 Ogos 1963, 169 Federation of

Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official

Report, 15 Ogos 1963,

ucapan Tan Phock Kin, ms. 1396. Federation of Malaya Part/amenta ucapan V. Veerappen, ms. 1076. Federation of Malaya Pariiamenta, ucapan Lim Kean Siew, ms. 1028-29.

sebagai tempoh bermastautin di Malaysia.160,

Perbezaan kelayakan kerakyatan ini menyebabkan

peruntukan kerakyatan menjadi sangat kompleks dan

mewujudkan pelbagai jenis rakyat sedangkan sepatutnya

kesemua rakyat disatukan sebagai satu bangsa Malaysia.161

Dinyatakan kerakyatan Singapura adalah sama dengan

kerakyatan Persekutuan. Namun, berbeza dengan kenyataan

kerajaan, rakyat Singapura dari segi praktiknya dibezakan

daripada yang lain.162

Kewujudan dua jenis kerakyatan adalah kerana kedudukan

istimewa Singapura. Tun Abdul Razak menjelaskan Singapura

menyertai Malaysia atas syarat istimewa kerana Singapura

sudah pun menikmati status berkerajaan sendiri dalaman dan

dibenarkan mengekalkan kuasa dalam hal dalaman. Oleh itu,

adalah lebih baik dan dipersetujui kerajaaan Singapura supaya

rakyat Singapura patut mengekalkan hak mereka di Singapura

sementara menikmati hak sebagai rakyat Malaysia pada

peringkat antarabangsa. Soal ketidaksamaan tidak timbul kerana

ia semata-mata suatu penyusunan.163 Singapura ingin

mempunyai kerakyatan sendiri di samping kerakyatan Malaysia

dan ini selaras dengan keinginan rakyat Singapura.164

Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 16 Ogos 1963,ucapan D.R. Seenivasagam, ms. 1076.Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 15 Ogos 1963,ucapan Uim Kean Siew, ms. 1029.Ibid., ms. 1032-33.

163 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 19 Ogos 1963, ucapan Tun Abdul Razak, ms. 1309.

164 Federation of Malaya Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Rakyat Official Report, 20 Ogos 1963, DatoDr. Ismail, ms. 1396.

274

Kesan Pembentukan Malaysia terhadap Peruntukan

Dwikerakyatan

Perlembagaan Sabah dan Sarawak tidak membuat

peruntukan tentang kerakyatan memandangkan ia adalah

dalam bidang kuasa kerajaan pusat Persekutuan Malaysia.

Walau bagaimanapun dalam Perlembagaan Singapura (rujuk

lampiran 15), wujud peruntukan tentang kerakyatan.

Perlembagaan Singapura telah membatalkan Ordinan

Kerakyatan 1957 dan mereka yang telah menjadi rakyat

Singapura di bawah Ordinan itu akan mengekalkan

kerakyatan Singapura mereka.165 Pada 16 September 1963,

mereka secara automatik menjadi rakyat Malaysia.166

Di negeri Borneo, penduduk yang dilahirkan sebelum Hari

Malaysia adalah rakyat Malaysia secara automatik jika

mereka adalah CUKC. Bagi mereka yang dilahirkan selepas

16 September 1963, peruntukan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

digunakan.167 Menurut Akta (Pindaan) Perlembagaan, orang

yang dilahirkan di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu selepas

September 1962, hanya menjadi warganegara Persekutuan

Tanah Melayu jika salah seorang ibubapanya adalah

warganegara atau merupakan penduduk tetap di Persekutuan.

Sejak itu, jus soli dalam Perlembagaan Malaysia tidak lagi

diterima sepenuhnya dan disyaratkan dengan/us sango/n/s.168

Oleh itu, prinsip jus soli yang diaplikasikan di bawah

Ordinan Kerakyatan Singapura 1957 telah dipinda supaya

selaras dengan peruntukan165 Laurie Fransman, British Nationality Law, (London: Butterworth, 1998) ms. 695.166 Ibid., ms.836.167 Harry E. Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, (Singapore:

Malaysia Publications Ltd, 1964) ms. 166.168 Tun Mohd. Salleh Abas, Kewarganegaraan dan Hak Asasi,

(Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1990) ms, 16-17.

275

Perlembagaan Malaysia. Mereka yang dilahirkan di

Singapura selepas 16 September 1963 adalah rakyat

Singapura hanya jika salah seorang ibubapanya adalah

rakyat Singapura atau merupakan penduduk tetap di

Malaysia.169

Memandangkan rakyat Singapura menjadi rakyat

Malaysia melalui status kerakyatan Singapura, perlembagaan

menekankan "citizenship of Singapore shall not be severable

from citizenship of the Federation". Seorang rakyat

Singapura yang hilang salah satu kerakyatan (kerakyatan

Singapura atau kerakyatan Malaysia) akan hilang kerakyatan

yang satu lagi. 17° Ini adalah berbeza dengan

kewarganegaraan negeri Melayu di mana seseorang yang

hilang status rakyat Raja tidak akan hilang kerakyatan

Persekutuan Malaysia.171

Terdapat peruntukan dalam kedua-dua Perlembagaan

Persekutuan dan Perlembagaan Negeri Singapura di mana

seorang rakyat dalam satu kategori boleh memohon

diklasifikasikan dalam kategori lain. Dengan itu, seorang

rakyat Singapura boleh mengubah statusnya dan memohon

menjadi rakyat Malaysia yang bukan rakyat Singapura.

Rakyat Malaysia yang bukan rakyat Singapura boleh

memohon untuk menjadi rakyat Singapura.172

Walaupun kerakyatan Singapura tidak dipisahkan

daripada kerakyatan Malaysia, perbezaan peruntukan

kerakyatan bagi rakyat Malaysia (Singapura) menjadikan

Singapura kelihatan seperti negeri asing dalam hubungannya

dengan Malaysia. Peruntukan kerakyatan yang berbeza untuk

Singapura

Huang Ying Jung, Double Citizenship in Malaysia, ms. 24. 170 Jayakumar dan Trindade, 'Citizenship in Malaysia." ms.

xlix.Groves, The Constitution of

Malaysiav,ms. 177. 172 Jayakumar dan Trindade, "Citizenship in Malaysia," ms. liii.

276

menyebabkan undang-undang kerakyatan Malaysia menjadi sangat kompleks. .

"In their final form, the Malaysian citizenship laws are hedged in by such a tangle of complexities that only those who drew up the Bill can be expected to find their way with reasonable ease through the citizenship maze; others are bound to get lost. The Singapore citizenship serves to make the confusion worse confounded".173

Kerencaman ini berpunca daripada keperluan untuk

membezakan rakyat Singapura yang merupakan rakyat

Malaysia daripada rakyat Malaysia yang lain.174

Bersama kerakyatan Persekutuan, Undang-undang

Kewarganegaraan 1952 Negeri-negeri Melayu dan Undang-

undang Kerakyatan Singapura terus wujud. Penduduk

Melaka, Pulau Pinang, Sabah dan Sarawak tidak mempunyai

kerakyatan atau kewarganegaraan negeri. Kerakyatan negeri

tidak mempunyai apa-apa kepentingan perundangan selepas

Hari Malaysia, kerakyatan Singapura. Menurut L. A.

Sheridan, "There is, incidentally, no difference of meaning

between these two terms, "nationality" and "citizenship".

State citizenship does not appear to retain any legal

importance after Merdeka Day, except in relation to

Singapore."175

Konsep kerakyatan negeri adalah berbeza daripada

kerakyatan Persekutuan Malaysia kerana hak dan obligasi

kerakyatan negeri dan kerakyatan Persekutuan Malaysia

adalah berbeza mengikut negeri. 17e Perbezaan yang paling

ketara ialah (1) hak mengundi dan bertanding dalam

173 Simandjuntak, Malayan Federalism 1945-1963, ms. 191. 17< Jayakumardan Trindade, "Citizenship in Malaysia," ms. xlviii.175 L. A. Sheridan, "From the Federation of Malaya to

Malaysia," Jahrbuch des Offentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, Vol. 14 (1965) ms. 555.

176 Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, ms. 159.

277

pilihanraya serta (2) kebebasan bergerak dan menetap di

Malaysia adalah berbeza menurut jenis kerakyatan

Malaysia.177

Dalam hak mengundi, wujud dua kumpulan rakyat, iaitu

(a) rakyat yang mempunyai hak politik di Singapura dan (b)

rakyat yang mempunyai hak politik

di luar Singapura. Hak politik kedua-dua kumpulan adalah

berbeza dari segi:

1. Keahlian Parlimen: Rakyat Singapura hanya layak menjadi ahli Parlimen sebagai ahli mewakili Singapura, Rakyat Malaysia yang bukan rakyat Singapura tidak layak menjadi ahli parlimen untuk Singapura

2. Keahlian Majlis Perundangan Negeri: Rakyat Singapura hanya layak menjadi ahli Majlis Perundangan Singapura. Rakyat Malaysia yang bukan rakyat Singapura tidak layak menjadi ahli Majlis Perundangan Singapura

3. Hak mengundi: Rakyat Singapura tidak boleh mengundi untuk kontituensi di luar Singapura. Rakyat Malaysia yang bukan rakyat Singapura tidak boleh mengundi untuk Konstituensi di Singapura.178

Akibat daripada Sabah dan Sarawak mengekalkan kuasa

atas immigrasi, rakyat Malaysia juga terbahagi kepada dua

kumpulan dalam perkara imigrasi, iaitu (a) rakyat yang layak

memasuki kedua-dua negeri dan (b) rakyat yang tidak berhak.

179 Akta Imigrasi 1963 member! negeri Borneo kuasa untuk

mengehadkan hak rakyat untuk memasuki negeri itu. Rakyat

Malaysia tidak boleh memasuki negeri Borneo tanpa

mendapatkan permit. Tetapi tiada peruntukan yang

menghalang kemasukan rakyat Malaysia di Sabah dan

Sarawak daripada memasuki Semenanjung Malaysia.180

Kebanyakan penduduk di Singapura dan negeri Borneo

yang merupakan CUKC sebelum Hari Malaysia akan hilang

kerakyatan mereka. Melalui "United

"' Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, 172-173.178 Huang Ying Jung, Double Citizenship in Malaysia, ms. 30.179 Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abas, Selected Articles &

Speeches on Constitution Law & Judiciary, (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Law Publishers, 1984) ms. 4.

180 Ibid., ms. 4-5.

278

Kingdom Malaysia Act" (rujuk lampiran 13), mereka yang

merapakan CUKC sebelum 16 September 1963 tidak lagi

menjadi CUKC apabila menjadi rakyat Malaysia pada tarikh

itu. Walaupun terdapat pengecualian dalam akta itu,

pengecualian itu tidak member! kesan kepada ramai orang.181

Akta tersebut ttdak menarik balik kerakyatan United

Kingdom daripada CUKC di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka. Ini

kerana CUKC di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka telah pun

merupakan rakyat Persekutuan pada 16 September 1963.

CUKC dari Pulau Pinang dan Melaka akan menjadi dwirakyat

Malaysia dan CUKC pada 1963. Kerakyatan United Kingdom

hanya ditarik balik daripada mereka yang menjadi rakyat

Malaysia pada tarikh itu. Oleh itu, hanya CUKC di Sabah,

Sarawak dan Singapura yang terperangkap.182

Walaupun CUKC di Singapura mengekalkan status itu

pada 3 Jun 1959 bersama kerakyatan Singapura, mereka akan

hilang kerakyatan itu pada Hari Malaysia. Hal ini bererti

majoriti CUKC di Singapura yang mengekalkan kerakyatan

United Kingdom semasa Singapura diberikan status

berkerajaan sendiri, telah hilang status CUKC mereka, empat

tahun kemudian. Tidak seperti Pulau Pinang dan Melaka,

rakyat Singapura hanya dapat mengekalkan CUKC selama

empat tahun sahaja. Sebilangan CUKC yang gagal

mendapatkan kerakyatan Singapura menjelang September

1963, akan kekal sebagai CUKC.183

181 Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, ms.179.182 Fransman, British Nationality Law, ms. 696.183 Ibid., ms. 836.

279

Satu Jenis Kerakyatan dan Kewarganegaraan Malaysia selepas

Pemisahan Singapura.

Pengelasan kerakyatan dan kelayakan untuk tujuan

penglibatan politik tidak menghalang PAP dan Perikatan, parti

pemerintahan di kawasan masing-masing, daripada terlibat

dalam politik kawasan yang satu lagi. Ini akhirnya

menyumbang kepada pemisahan Singapura.184 Pada 1963,

Perikatan terlibat dalam pilihanraya umum Singapura. Pada

1964, PAP memutuskan untuk mengikutinya dengan

mengambil bahagian dalam pilihanraya umum di Semenanjung.

Kemasukan PAP dalam pilihanraya tersebut, telah

menimbulkan isu-isu yang berunsur perkauman dan akhirnya

menyebabkan pemisahan Singapura daripada Malaysia.185

Kurang daripada dua tahun selepas pembentukan Malaysia,

Singapura keluar daripada Malaysia dan menjadi negara

berdaulat yang berasingan. Perlembagaan Malaysia dipinda dan

pada 9 Ogos 1965, rakyat Singapura tidak lagi menjadi rakyat

Malaysia.186 Selepas Singapura keluar dari Malaysia, tiada lagi

perbezaan dalaman tentang kerakyatan Malaysia. Kini hanya

terdapat satu jenis kerakyatan dan kewarganegaraan Malaysia.187

Michael Hill dan Lian Kwen Fee, The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship inSingapore, ms. 57. 165 Yeo Kim Wah dan Albert Lau, "From

Colonialism to Independence, 1945-1965" dalamErnest C.T. Chew dan Edwin Lee, A History of Singapore, (Singapore: Oxford UniversityPress, 1991) ms. 144. ^

Fransman, British Nationality Law, ms. 697.

Tun Mohd. Salleh Abas, Kewarganegaraan dan Hak Asasi, ms. 15.

280

Penyelesaian Dwikewarganegaraan di Malaysia selepas 1965

Ma'salah dwikerakyatan orang Cina hanya diselesaikan

secara formal apabila Malaysia mengadakan hubungan

diplomatik dengan China pada 1974. Sehingga 1964,

Malaysia tidak mempunyai hubungan politik dengan kedua-

dua China tetapi pada November 1964, Malaysia

membenarkan kerajaan Nasionalis membuka konsulat di

Kuala Lumpur dan kemudian membuka konsulatnya pula di

Taipei. Hubungan diplomatik dengan Taiwan ditamatkan

pada tahun 1974 apabila Malaysia menjalinkan hubungan

diplomatik penuh dengan Peking.188

Melalui Perjanjian China-Malaysia 1974, kedua-dua

kerajaan mengumumkan bahawa mereka tidak mengiktiraf

dwikerakyatan untuk orang Cina di Malaysia. Orang Cina

yang mendapat kewarganegaraan Malaysia dianggap

melepaskan kewarganegaraan China. Perjanjian yang dibuat

pada 31 Mei 1974 semasa lawatan Tun Abdul Razak ke China,

mengumumkan keputusan kedua-dua negara untuk menjalin

hubungan diplomatik. Malaysia mengiktiraf kerajaan Republik

Rakyat China (PRC) sebagai kerajaan China yang sah dan

bersetuju menutup konsulat di Taiwan.189

Memandangkan Malaysia tidak mempunyai hubungan

dengan Taipei, persoalan kewarganegaraan Taiwan tidak

penting. Tetapi undang-undang kewarganegaraan Republik

China kekal relevan kepada orang Cina yang

168 Charles A Coppel, "The Position of the Chinese in Indonesia, the Philippines andMalaysia" dalam Charles A. Coppel and Hugh and Ping-ching Mabbett, The Chinese inIndonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia. Report No. 10. (London: Minority Rights GroupLtd., 1982) ms. 4. . _ .. .„.,..

189 Rajendra Kumar Jain, China and Malaysia, 1949-1983, (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers. 1984)ms. 222.

berkunjung ke Taiwan.190 Pada 19*80, PRC telah membentuk

Undang-undang Kewarganegaraan yang pertama sejak

penubuhannya. Berbeza dengan Undang-undang Republik

China, PRC mengiktiraf hak orang Cina untuk memilih

kerakyatan asing dengan bebas. Orang Cina secara automatik

berhenti daripada menjadi rakyat China sebaik sahaja mereka

memperoleh

191

kewarganegaraan asing.

Pada 1981, terdapat 1,300,000 CUKC di Malaysia dengan

kerakyatan Malaysia dan 130,000 tanpa kerakyatan lain.

CUKC di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu yang mengekalkan status

mereka pada Hari Merdeka akan menjadi "Rakyat Seberang

Laut British" (BOG) pada 1 Januari 1981.192 Mereka yang tidak

menjadi rakyat Malaysia pada 1963 akan kekal sebagai CUKC

dan akan menjadi BOG sehingga hari ini.193 Seseorang BOG

yang mengiktiraf kerakyatan itu dengan mendapatkan pasport

British tidak lagi menjadi rakyat Malaysia.194

BOC diwujudkan di bawah Akta Kewarganegaraan British

1981. BOC adalah bekas CUKC yang menetap di negara

Komanwel pada masa negara tersebut mencapai kemerdekaan

tetapi tidak memperoleh kerakyatan tempatan. Oleh itu, mereka

mengekalkan kerakyatan United Kingdom. Kebanyakannya

adalah orang Cina yang menetap di Semenanjung Malaysia dan

mempunyai

Coppel, "The Position of the Chinese in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia," ms. 4.Leo Suryadinata, Chinese and Nation-Building in Southeast Asia, (Singapore: SingaporeSociety of Asian Studies,

1997) ms. 155. 192 Fransman, British Nationality Law, ms.

694.Ibid.,

ms.696. 194 Ibid., ms. 694.

282

dwikerakyatan dengan Malaysia atau Singapura.195

Sebagai negara Komanwel, setiap rakyat Malaysia terus

menikmati status kerakyatan Komanwel.196 Untuk

menggelakkan dwikerakyatan, Persekutuan Malaysia akan

melucutkan kerakyatan seseorang yang memperoleh

kerakyatan sebarang negara di luar Persekutuan. Jika seseorang

rakyat menggunakan hak kerakyatan di "negara asing" (tidak

termasuk negara-negara Komanwel) yang diberikan secara

eksklusif kepada rakyat negara itu, dia juga akan dilucutkan

kerakyatannya. Kecuali di Komanwel, penggunaan hak

mengundi dalam pilihanraya di luar Persekutuan dianggap

sebagai penggunaan hak yang diberikan secara eksklusif

kepada rakyat negara itu dan tindakan itu dijadikan sebab

pelucutan kerakyatan Persekutuan.197

Bermula pada 10 Oktober 1963, permohonan pasport

kepada pihak berkuasa di luar Persekutuan Malaysia dan

penggunaan pasport yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak berkuasa itu

sebagai dokumen perjalanan juga dianggap sebagai penggunaan

hak yang diberikan secara eksklusif kepada rakyat negara itu.

Ini bererti rakyat Malaysia yang memohon untuk pembaharuan

pasport negara lain dan menggunakan pasport negara lain akan

dilucutkan kerakyatannya.198

Sebelum 1976, negara Komanwel tidak dianggap sebagai

"negara asing" untuk tujuan pelucutan kerakyatan.

Bermula daripada 27 Ogos 1976,195 lanA. Macdonald dan Nicholas Blake, The New Nationality Law, (London: Butterworths,1982)

ms. 65.156 Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, ms.178. 187 Ibid., ms.174-175. 198 L. A . Sheridan, The Constitution of Malaysia, (Singapore: Malayan Law Journal Ltd, 1979)

ms. 92-93.

283

peruntukan kerakyatan telah dipinda supaya perkataan "negara

asin'g" dipinda

kepada perkataan "sebarang negara di luar

Persekutuan". Ini bererti

penggunaan hak mengundi "di luar Persekutuan" akan

dianggap sebagai

penggunaan hak yang diberikan secara eksklusif kepada rakyat

negara itu dan

tindakan itu dijadikan sebab pelucutan kerakyatan

Persekutuan. Pindaan ini

meletakkan negara Komanwel dan negara bukan Komanwel

pada kedudukan

yang sama untuk tujuan pelucutan kerakyatan.199 Dengan

erti kata lain,

penggunaan hak kerakyatan Komanwel oleh rakyat Malaysia

sebelum 1976,

telah ditarik balik melalui pindaan perundangan

yang baru.200

Kesimpulan

Kontroversi kerakyatan di Singapura berpunca daripada

persetujuan Kertas Putih Singapura 1961 yang memisahkan

kerakyatan dan kewarganegaraan Malaysia sehingga terdapat

kerakyatan berasingan bagi Singapura dalam satu

kewarganegaraan umum Malaysia.

Pihak pembangkang menentang Kertas Putih PAP yang

menafikan hak kerakyatan Malaysia kepada rakyat Singapura.

Rakyat Singapura di luar Singapura tidak boleh mengundi dan

bertanding dalam pilihanraya tempatan walaupun mereka

adalah warganegara Malaysia. Mereka hanya boleh mendapat

hak kerakyatan Malaysia jika memenuhi syarat mastautin

sepuluh

Visu Sinnadurai, "Undang-undang Kewarganegaraan Malaysia" dalam Tun Muhamed Suffian, H. P. Lee dan F. A. Trindade, Perlembagaan Malaysia: Perkembangannya 200 19^7'1977- (Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti, 1983), ms. 96-97.

Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abas. Selected Articles & Speeches on Constitution Law & Judiciary, ms. 29.

284

tahun. Rakyat Singapura sebagai rakyat British layak mengundi

da'n bertanding dalam pilihanraya jika dia pergi ke United

Kingdom. Tetapi di bawah Kertas Putih PAP, rakyat Singapura

tidak mempunyai hak itu di Malaysia.201

Sebaliknya kerajaan PAP menghargai kewarganegaraan

Malaysia dan berpendapat adalah lebih baik menjadi

warganegara Malaysia yang merdeka daripada menjadi rakyat

kuasa kolonial. Di bawah kerajaan sendiri dalaman, rakyat

Singapura masih merupakan warganegara British.202 Tetapi

sebagai warganegara Malaysia, rakyat Singapura akan

memegang pasport Malaysia, mendapat perlindungan diplomatik

Malaysia, menganggotai Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu

sebagai delegasi Malaysia, dan menganggotai Parlimen Malaysia

di Kuala Lumpur.203

Lee Kuan Yew percaya kerakyatan Kertas Putih adalah syarat

terbaik yang boleh dirundingkan dengan Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Beliau menggunakan hujah kerakyatan adalah sama dengan

kewarganegaraan untuk mempertahankan pendirian kerajaan

PAP. Selepas mengetahui cadangan Laporan Cobblod member!

"kerakyatan Malaysia" kepada penduduk Borneo, Lee Kuan Yew

tidak dapat mempertahankan hujah itu lagi. Beliau kemudiannya

menuntut "kerakyatan Malaysia" untuk rakyat Singapura daripada

Tunku.

State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 21 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Lee Slew Choh, ms. 356.

202 State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 23 November 1961, ucapan Mr. Rajaratnam, ms. 541.State of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, 24 November 1961, ucapan Dr. Toh Chin Chye, ms. 657.

' Walaupun Tunku dan Lee Kuan Yew akhirnya" mencapai

persetujuan untuk member! kerakyatan Malaysia kepada

Singapura, namun apa yang dipersetujui ialah mengubah istilah

"warganegara Malaysia" kepada "rakyat Malaysia" dalam

perjanjian Kertas Putih. Hak politik rakyat Singapura masih

dihadkan kepada Singapura. Selepas Perjanjian Malaysia 1963

diterbitkan, ahli Majlis Perundangan Singapura dan Dewan

Rakyat (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu) mengkritik peruntukan

kerakyatan dalam perjanjian itu yang membezakan rakyat

Singapura daripada rakyat Malaysia yang lain.

Selepas Singapura menyertai Malaysia, apa yang dibimbangi

oleh kerajaan Perikatan menjadi kenyataan. Parti politik Singapura

telah mengambil bahagian dalam pilihanraya di Semenanjung dan

menimbulkan kerencaman politik. Nampaknya hasrat Tunku

membendung rakyat Singapura daripada politik di luar Singapura

sejak awal lagi, ada rasionalnya.

, BAB 6

PENUTUP

Orang bukan Melayu telah pun terlibat dalam kerajaan

apabila mereka diberikan kerusi di dalam Majlis Eksekutif dan

Majlis Perundangan Persekutuan dan Negeri tanpa mengambil

kira kewarganegaraan atau domisil mereka. Tetapi mereka

dinafikan penglibatan dalam pentadbiran apabila pelantikan ke

dalam Perkhidmatan Awam Tanah Melayu (MCS), hanya terbuka

kepada orang Eropah dan Melayu sahaja. Isu kewarganegaraan

orang bukan Melayu telah digunakan British untuk

mengecualikan orang bukan Melayu daripada kemasukan ke

MCS di Negeri-negeri Melayu. Di Negeri-negeri Selat, rakyat

British (tanpa mengambil kira bangsa mereka) telah diambil

berkhidmat dalam Perkhidmatan Awam Negeri-negeri Selat sejak

1932 apabila isu "halangan warna"dihapuskan.

Oleh sebab Perkhidmatan Awam Negeri-negeri Selat hanya

dibuka kepada warganegara British, maka Perkhidmatan Awam

Negeri-negeri Melayu patut dihadkan kepada orang Melayu yang

merupakan rakyat Raja. Orang bukan Melayu juga menuntut

mereka adalah rakyat Raja dan ingin menikmati hak yang sama

dengan orang Melayu. Tetapi British menganggap orang bukan

Melayu sebagai imigran asing dan raja-raja Melayu pula tidak

menganggap orang bukan Melayu sebagai rakyat mereka. Dengan

itu, British merasakan tidak perlu memberikan hak kerakyatan

kepada mereka. Tanpa status kerakyatan atau kewarganegaraan

tempatan, orang bukan Melayu tidak dapat menuntut hak

politik di Tanah Melayu.

Menyedari ketiadaan hak politik orang bukan

Melayu, British telah memperkenalkan kerakyatan Malayan

Union untuk memberikan hak sama rata kepada orang bukan

Melayu termasuk kemasukan ke MCS. Sebagai rakyat

Malayan Union, seseorang boleh menikmati hak yang sama

dengan hak yang dihadkan kepada orang Melayu sebelum

1946. Dengan memberi status kerakyatan kepada orang

bukan Melayu, British ingin menyelesaikan masalah utamanya

sebelum perang, iaitu kedudukan tidak menentu orang bukan

Melayu. Oleh sebab kerakyatan Malayan Union bertujuan

memberi hak politik tempatan kepada orang bukan Melayu, ia

bukanlah kewarganegaraan.

Daripada dua contoh kontroversi kerakyatan, iaitu

kerakyatan tanpa kewarganegaraan Persekutuan 1948 dan

cadangan Kertas Putih Singapura 1961 untuk kewarganegaraan

Malaysia tanpa kerakyatan, didapati istilah kerakyatan dan

kewarganegaraan telah dibezakan penggunaannya. Pihak utama

dalam politik Tanah Melayu; raja-raja Melayu, UMNO,

AMCJA-PUTERA dan British memahami dengan jelas

perbezaan antara kedua-dua konsep itu.

Perbezaan pendapat antara golongan konservatif (UMNO,

raja-raja Melayu) dengan golongan radikal (AMCJA-PUTERA)

terhadap takrif kerakyatan untuk Tanah Melayu mencetuskan

gerakan anti-Persekutuan. UMNO dan raja-raja Melayu dalam

Laporan Jawatankuasa Kerja telah mendefinisikan kerakyatan

sebagai bukan kewarganegaraan sementara AMCJA-PUTERA

dalam Perlembagaan Rakyat telah mendefinisikan kerakyatan

sebagai kewarganegaraan.

288

AMCJA-PUTERA mendakwa ' cadangan Jawatankuasa Kerja

yang membenarkan rakyatnya mengekalkan kesetiaan kepada

negara lain sebagai menggugat kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu.

AMCJA-PUTERA melihat isu kewarganegaraan dan

kemerdekaan tidak dapat dipisahkan.

AMCJA-PUTERA mempersoalkan jika benar

dwikerakyatan orang bukan Melayu menyebabkan kesetiaan

mereka diragui dan syarat pemberian kerakyatan diketatkan,

mengapakah tidak membentuk kewarganegaraan tunggal dan

menghapuskan dwikerakyatan? Jawatankuasa Kerja hanya

bersetuju memberikan hak kerakyatan kepada orang bukan

Melayu tetapi bukan memasukkan mereka ke dalam bangsa

negeri Melayu, iaitu rakyat Raja. F. G. Carnell berpendapat

bagi orang Melayu, konsep bangsa masih dihadkan kepada

komuniti Melayu.1

"Malayan nation" tidak dapat dibentuk. Orang Melayu tidak

melihat diri mereka sebagai "Malayan", satu istilah yang

digunakan untuk merujuk kepada orang bukan Melayu.

Percubaan AMCJA-PUTERA untuk meluaskan konsep bangsa

di Tanah Melayu bagi meliputi orang bukan Melayu yang

bersedia menukar status kebangsaan atau kewarganegaraan

mereka kepada "Melayu" telah ditentang orang Melayu di

bawah pimpinan UMNO. Apabila "Melayu" telah didefinisikan

secara sah dalam perlembagaan, istilah "Malayan" langsung

tidak diiktiraf dalam Perlembagaan. Orang bukan Melayu tidak

dianggap

1 Francis G. Carnell, "Malayan Citizenship Legislation," International and Comparative Law Quaterly, Vol. 1 (1952).ms. 517.

289

sebagai "Malayan" dalam laporan Jawatankuasa Kerja.2

Selain tidak disambut baik oleh orang Melayu, idea

kewarganegaraan

"Melayu" tidak diterima British. British tidak

melihat masalah

dwikewarganegaraan sebagai satu masalah di Tanah Melayu.

British sendiri

mengamalkan dwikewarganegaraan dalam empayarnya

sejak awal lagi.

Pengenalan BNA 1948 yang memperkenalkan kerakyatan

Komanwel, telah

menggalakkan dwikerakyatan di kalangan rakyat British.

Sebaliknya, British

melihat cadangan AMCJA-PUTERA sebagai menggugat

kolonialisme mereka di

Tanah Melayu. British berdalih jika pentadbiran diserahkan

kepada rakyat,

Tanah Melayu mungkin jatuh ke tangan parti asing yang

didominasikan oleh

Parti Komunis Malaya.3

Semasa pembentukan Malaysia, Tunku menyedari perbezaan

antara kerakyatan dengan kewarganegaraan. Oleh sebab beliau

ingin mengecualikan rakyat Singapura daripada bertanding dan

mengundi di Semenanjung, Tunku hanya bersetuju memberi

kewarganegaraan Malaysia tanpa kerakyatan kepada rakyat

Singapura. Tanpa hak kerakyatan Malaysia, rakyat Singapura

dihalang secara sah daripada melibatkan diri dalam politik di

Semenanjung. Tetapi ahli-ahli pembangkang Singapura di bawah

pimpinan Barisan Sosialis juga mengetahui perbezaan definisi itu

dan telah menggunakan perbezaan tersebut untuk menentang

rancangan penyatuan Malaysia.

2 Ariffin Omar, Bangsa Melayu: Malay Concepts of Democracy and Community 1945-1950. (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993) ms. 109-110.

3 Straits Times. 3 November 1947.

290

Lee Kuan Yew'melihat Barisan Sosialis membesarkan isu

kerakyatan dan mengeksplotasi isu itu untuk menyebarkan

kebimbangan dalam kalangan rakyat Singapura bahawa

mereka akan menjadi rakyat kelas kedua dan tidak menikmati

hak sama dengan rakyat Malaysia yang lain. Sebenarnya,

Kertas Putih Singapura, 1961 telah pun menyatakan dengan

jelas bahawa hak rakyat Singapura adalah sama dengan rakyat

Malaysia yang lain kecuali dari segi hak mengundi. Oleh

sebab perbezaan istilah itu mempengaruhi pendapat Singapura

tentang penyatuan, Lee Kuan Yew dan Tunku akhirnya

bersetuju memberi kerakyatan Malaysia kepada Singapura.

Tetapi hak rakyat Singapura sebagai rakyat Malaysia masih

kekal sama seperti dalam Kertas Putih asal, iaitu hak politik

mereka terhad di Singapura sahaja.

Percubaan telah dilakukan dari semasa ke semasa (1952

sehingga 1963) bahawa setiap rakyat Persekutuan patut

mempunyai satu kerakyatan sahaja, tetapi usaha itu tidak

berjaya sepenuhnya dan Persekutuan terpaksa berhadapan

dengan kes dwikerakyatan atau pelbagai kerakyatan. Pada

1952, dwikerakyatan wujud dalam bentuk kewarganegaraan

Negeri dan kerakyatan Persekutuan. Pada 1957, dwikerakyatan

wujud dalam bentuk kerakyatan Komanwel dan pada 1963,

dwikerakyatan bagi rakyat Singapura.

Sebab utama dwikerakyatan sehingga 1957 ialah ketiadaan

kewarganegaraan umum untuk seluruh Persekutuan. Oleh

sebab kerakyatan Persekutuan 1948 bukan satu

kewarganegaraan, kerajaan tidak dapat mewajibkan rakyat

Persekutuan melepaskan kewarganegaraan atau status

291

kebangsaan asing mereka. Kerajaan berpendapat adalah tidak

fasional untuk

meminta seorang rakyat menukar status kebangsaannya dengan

satu status

kerakyatan tempatan. Pendirian ini dikemukakan oleh

Jawatankuasa Linehan

yang mengkaji kerakyatan Malayan Union. Hal ini

menunjukkan

dwikewarganegaraan dan kewarganegaraan umum adalah berkait

rapat, iaitu

dwikerakyatan tidak dapat diselesaikan sehingga

kewarganegaraan dibentuk.

Dengan membentuk kewarganegaraan, kerajaan berhak

meminta

warganegaranya menafikan kesetiaan dan

kewarganegaraan asalnya.

Sebab kedua kewujudan dwikerakyatan berkait dengan struktur

politik

sistem kerajaan Persekutuan. Persekutuan Tanah Melayu terdiri

daripada

unit-unit pentabdiran Negeri-negeri Melayu dan Negeri Selat yang

digabungkan

di bawah pentadbiran pusat. Setiap unit politik itu mempunyai

undang-undang

kewarganegaraan sendiri. Konsep kewarganegaraan

Negeri hanya

dimaktubkan dalam undang-undang bertulis pada 1952.

Oleh itu, di

Negeri-negeri Melayu, wujud kewarganegaraan Negeri bersama

kerakyatan

Persekutuan dan di Negeri-negeri Selat wujud Rakyat United

Kingdom dan

Tanah Jajahan (CUKC) bersama kerakyatan

Persekutuan.

Selepas merdeka, kelahiran di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka tidak

member! status CUKC lagi. Status rakyat Raja atau

kewarganegaraan negeri yang diperoleh selepas kemerdekaan

tidak lagi penting kerana ia tidak memberikan taraf

kewarganegaraan Persekutuan. Dengan itu, kewarganegaraan unit-

unit tidak penting selepas merdeka. Tetapi, kelahiran di Singapura

selepas

pembentukan Malaysia terus memberikan status kerakyatan

Singapura. Hal ini menyebabkan rakyat Singapura mempunyai

dwikerakyatan yakni kerakyatan negeri dan kerakyatan

Malaysia.

Sebab ketiga ialah dwistatus unit-unit politik tersebut.

Negeri-negeri Melayu sebagai negeri yang berdaulat, sebagai

negeri naungan British dan sebagai negeri dalam Persekutuan

menyebabkan rakyat yang dilahirkan di situ mendapat status

rakyat Raja, orang yang dilindungi negara Britain (BPP) dan

rakyat Persekutuan. Dwistatus mereka yang dilahirkan di Pulau

Pinang dan Melaka berpunca daripada kedudukan wilayah itu

sebagai tanah jajahan British, anggota Persekutuan dan anggota

Komanwel. Akibatnya kelahiran di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka

boleh menyebabkan seseorang mendapat status CUKC, rakyat

Komanwel dan rakyat Persekutuan.

Sebab keempat ialah penyertaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

sebagai ahli Komanwel British telah mewujudkan dwikerakyatan

Komanwel di Persekutuan. BNA 1948 memperuntukkan

seseorang menjadi rakyat Komanwel dengan menjadi rakyat

salah sebuah negara Komanwel. Sebagai negara Komanwel,

setiap rakyat Persekutuan menikmati kerakyatan Komanwel.

Dwikewarganegaraan bukan sahaja berlaku akibat pertembungan

kerakyatan tempatan dengan kewarganegaraan negara asing,

tetapi juga dwikewarganegaraan dalam Komanwel.

Sebab kelima, raja-raja Melayu dan kerajaan United

Kingdom ingin mengekalkan kedaulatan ke atas rakyat mereka

selepas merdeka. Selepas

' kedaulatan Pulau Pinang dan Melaka diserahkan ke'pada

kerajaan Persekuluan, penduduk Pulau Pinang dan Melaka

yang merupakan CUKC sebelum merdeka terus mengekalkan

kewarganegaraan British. Begitu juga dengan rakyat Raja

yang mengekalkan status mereka selepas merdeka sungguhpun

status itu tidak mempunyai kepentingan lagi. Bagi kes

Singapura, mereka yang merupakan CUKC sebelum

pencapaian status berkerajaan sendiri dalaman 1959,

dibenarkan mengekalkan status itu selepas 1959.

Menurut N. B. Yaacov, dwikewarganegaraan akibat

pemindahan kedaulatan boleh dielakkan jika penduduk wilayah

yang memegang kewarganegaraan asal diberikan

kewarganegaraan negara baru tanpa dibenarkan mengekalkan

yang asal.4 Untuk menggelakkan rakyat Malaysia di Singapura,

Sarawak dan Borneo Utara daripada memiliki

dwikewarganegaraan Malaysia dan British, diperuntukkan

supaya CUKC kehilangan status mereka selepas mendapat

kerakyatan baru Malaysia. Kelahiran di Borneo Utara dan

Sarawak tidak lagi memberikan kerakyatan United Kingdom

(kelahiran di Singapura tidak memberikan kerakyatan United

Kingdom selepas 1959 lagi).

Isu dwikewarganegaraan juga tidak wujud dalam kes

pemindahan kedaulatan Borneo Utara dan Sarawak daripada

Syarikat Berpiagam dan regim Brooke kepada British. Rakyat

Borneo Utara dan rakyat raja Sarawak secara automatiknya

diberikan kerakyatan United Kingdom tanpa mengekalkan

kerakyatan asal.

N. Bar, Yaacov, Dual Nationality, (London: Stevens & Sons Limited, 1957) ms 193-194.

Sebelum pengenalan Malayan Union lagi, Tan Cheng

Lock telah berhujah bahawa masalah dwikewarganegaraan

hanya dapat diselesaikan dengan membentuk

kewarganegaraan umum. Untuk membentuk kewarganegaraan

umum, caranya ialah dengan menjadikan Tanah Melayu satu

negara dan satu bangsa dengan satu kerakyatan umum.

Menurut J. Mervyn Jones, adalah mungkin untuk sebuah

negara belum merdeka sepenuhnya untuk mempunyai undang-

undang kewarganegaraan mereka sendiri.5

Dalam kes Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, kewarganegaraan

umum hanya dibentuk apabila Persekutuan mencapai

kemerdekaan. Kerakyatan Singapura hanya memberikan status

kewarganegaraan apabila Singapura mencapai kemerdekaan

melalui penyatuan dengan Malaysia. Sebelum merdeka,

kerakyatan Singapura hanya kerakyatan tempatan. Selepas

penyertaan dalam Malaysia, kerakyatan Singapura membawa

bersamanya kewarganegaraan Malaysia dan semua rakyat

Singapura adalah secara automatiknya warganegara Malaysia.

Ahli sejarah mengemukakan hujah bahawa kewarganegaraan

tidak dapat dibentuk kerana Persekutuan hanya merupakan

gabungan unit-unit pentadbiran dan bukan lagi sebuah negara.

Walaupun negara bangsa Malaya belum wujud sehingga 1957,

negara bangsa Negeri-negeri Melayu telah wujud sebelum

kedatangan British lagi. Ini dapat ditunjukkan daripada saling

pengiktirafan antara negara Melayu itu dengan pengiktirafan

oleh kuasa-kuasa dari luar

5 J. Mervyn, Jones, British Nationality Law, Revised edition, (London: Oxford University Press, 1956)ms. 1.

rantau Melayu. Campur tangan British di Negeri-negeri

Melayu menjadi sah melalui perjanjian dengan raja-raja

Melayu,6 Negeri Melayu asalnya adalah negara Melayu

berdaulat. Melalui Perjanjian dengan British, negara Melayu

tersebut menjadi negeri dalam Semenanjung Tanah Melayu

yang dinaungi British.7

Oleh sebab bangsa Negeri Melayu telah wujud, maka

usaha mewujudkan

kewarganegaraan sebelum 1957 hanya dapat

dilakukan melalui

kewarganegaraan Negeri. Melalui kewarganegaraan

negeri pada 1952,

orang bukan Melayu telah diterima sebagai bangsa negeri

Melayu (rakyat Raja)

dan mengukuhkan lagi konsep negara bangsa Melayu.

Warganegara Negeri

Melayu dikehendaki memindahkan kesetiaan dari negara asal

kepada raja

negeri (negara) Melayu. Walaupun rakyat Persekutuan

member! kesetiaan

kepada sembilan raja Melayu yang berlainan (tidak termasuk

kepada Ratu

England), sejarawan bersetuju kewarganegaraan Negeri adalah

satu-satu cara

perundangan untuk memberi status kewarganegaraan

kepada rakyat

Persekutuan. Dengan membentuk kewarganegaraan Negeri,

dwikerakyatan

orang bukan Melayu

diselesaikan.

Perjuangan kerakyatan di Singapura tidak dapat dipisahkan

daripada perkembangan kerakyatan di Persekutuan. Sejak

gerakan anti-Persekutuan lagi, AMCJA-PUTERA (terutamanya

MDU) telah memperjuangkan untuk

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail, "Bangsa: ke arah ketepatan makna dalam membicarakan Nasionalisme Melayu," dalam Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail, Azmi Arifin, Nazarudin Zainun (editor), Nasionalisme dan Revolusi di Malaysia dan Indonesia: Pengamatan Sejarah (Pulau Pinang; Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2006) ms. 11 7 Ibid., ms. 14

296

penyatuan Tanah Melayu dan Singapura ke dalam satu

Persekutuan dengan status kemerdekaan dan kewarganegaraan.

Apabila AMCJA-PUTERA gagal menggabungkan Singapura

dan Tanah Melayu untuk kewarganegaraan umum,

perkembangan kerakyatan di Singapura telah mengambil arah

sendiri.

Kempen kerakyatan Dewan Perniagaan Cina Singapura

(SCCC) pada 1951, menurut Yeo Kirn Wah, bersetuju supaya

kerakyatan Singapura tidak boleh memberikan status

kewarganegaraan sehingga ia bergabung dengan Persekutuan.

Pada masa yang sama, parti-parti politik mengusahakan suatu

kerakyatan tempatan untuk melindungi status mereka selepas

mereka memasuki Persekutuan yang memberikan syarat

kerakyatan yang ketat.8 Di pihak lain, British telah menolak

permintaan SCCC kerana bimbang kerakyatan itu akan

mempengaruhi masa depan penyatuan antara kedua-dua

wilayah.

Dalam rundingan perlembagaan Singapura, British yang

sedia memberikan pemerintahan dalaman kepada Singapura

bersetuju memperkenalkan Ordinan Kerakyatan Singapura pada

1957. Semasa Ordinan itu dibahaskan di Majlis Perundangan,

ahli-ahli Majlis bersetuju bahawa rakyat Singapura ingin

menjadi rakyat "Malayan" dan melihat ke tempoh apabila rakyat

Singapura diberikan kewarganegaraan Persekutuan. Pemimpin

PAP menunjukkan supaya ordinan itu perlu selaras dengan

kerakyatan Persekutuan 1957 supaya apabila kedua-dua wilayah

digabungkan semula, kesulitan tidak wujud.

Yeo Kim Wah, Political Development in Singapore 1945-55,

(Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973) ms. 147,

297

Perbezaan peruntukan kerakyatan Singapura dan

Persekutuah ternyata menimbulkan masalah apabila penyatuan

berlaku. Kenyataan bahawa kerakyatan Singapura adalah lebih

longgar daripada kerakyatan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1957

telah digunakan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman untuk

mengecualikan rakyat Singapura daripada politik di

Semenanjung. Beliau tidak mahu rakyat Singapura mengundi

di Semenanjung kerana rakyat Singapura tidak mempunyai

kelayakan mengundi.

Ini menyebabkan terdapat cadangan kerakyatan berasingan

bagi Singapura (kewarganegaraan Malaysia tanpa kerakyatan).

Selepas Laporan Cobbold memberikan kerakyatan Malaysia

kepada Borneo Utara dan Sarawak, cadangan kerakyatan

berasingan Singapura dibatalkan dan rakyat Singapura

diberikan kerakyatan Malaysia.

Rakyat Singapura akhirnya diberikan kerakyatan berserta

kewarganegaraan Malaysia dan disatukan semula dalam

Persekutuan selepas dipisahkan oleh British selama 17 tahun.

Usaha member! kerakyatan Persekutuan kepada penduduk

Singapura yang tidak berjaya oleh rancangan Malayan Union

dan Perlembagaan Rakyat akhirnya direalisasikan dengan

pembentukan Malaysia. Sebelum pembentukan Malaysia, ahli-

ahli politik percaya Singapura tidak dapat "survive in other than

a Malaysian national status". Mereka tidak melihat rakyat

Singapura sebagai "Singaporean" dan istilah "Singaporeans"

adalah kurang digunakan.9 Selepas dua tahun Singapura

Chew Sook Foon, Ethnicity and Nationality in Singapore, (Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1987) ms. 56.

298

berada dalam Malaysia, sejarah membuktikan sekali lagi usaha

menyatukan Singapura dalam sistem politik Malaysia dan usaha

memberikan kewarganegaraan Malaysia kepada rakyat

Singapura tidak berjaya.

SENARAI RUJUKAN

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Hanna, Willard A. The Formation of Malaysia: New Factor in World Politics. New York; American Universities Field Staff, Inc, 1964.

Hackworth, Green Haywood, Digest of International Law. Volume III. Washington: Department of State, 1942.

Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abas, Selected Articles & Speeches on Constitution Law & Judiciary. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Law Publishers, 1984.

Hara Fujio, Malayan Chinese and China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945-1957. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1997.

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Henkin, Louis, International Law: Politics and Value. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995.

Hill, Michael dan Lian Kwen Fee, The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge, 1995.

Huang Ying Jung, Double Citizenship in Malaysia. Singapore: Nanyang University, 1970.

Interim Report of the Committee Appointed by His Excellency the Governor to Consider and Make Recommendations to the Government Upon the Matter of the Qualifications Appropriate to Malayan Union Citizenship. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Union Government Press, 1946.

Jain, Rajendra Kumar, China and Malaysia, 1949-1983. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1984.

Jayakumar, S. dan Trindade, F.A. "Citizenship in Malaysia", The Malayan Law Journal, Vol. 30, (Mei 1964).

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Malayan Union and Singapore: Statement of Policy for the Future Constitution, Cmd6724. London: 1946.

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Meher K. Master, Citizenship of India: Dual Nationality and The Constitution. Calcutta: Eastern Law House, 1970.

Mills, Lennox A., Malaya: A Political and Economics Appraisal. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957.

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LAMPIRAN 2 The Naturalisation Enactment 1904

FEDERATED MALAY STATESSTATE OF

PERAK Enactment No.22 of 1904

An Enactment to provide for the Naturalisation of Aliens[24m August, 1904]

H. CONWAY BELFIELD,Acting British Resident.

IT IS HEREBY enacted by His Highness the Sultan in Council as follows:-

1. This Enactment may be cited as "The Naturalisation Enactment, 1904," and shall come into force at the expiration of one month after the publication thereof in the Gazette.2. Any person, not being a natural born subject of the Ruler of any of the Federated Malay States, who at the time of presentation of the memorial hereinafter referred to has resided in the Federated Malay States for term of not less than five years and intends when naturalised to reside permanently therein, may whilst actually residing in the State present, through the Resident, a memorial to His Highness the Sultan in Council, praying that the privileges of naturalization may be conferred upon him.

3. Such memorial shall state, to the best of the knowledge and belief of the memorialist, his age, place of birth, place of residence, profession, trade or occupation, the length of time during which he has resided within the Federated Malay States, and that he is permanently settled in the Federated Malay States or is residing within the same with intent to settle herein; and such memorial shall be in writing and signed by the memorialist and accompanied by an affidavit sworn by him verifying the truth of the statement contained therein.

4. In considering the prayer of any such memorial His Highness the Sultan in Council may require such further information and evidence, either by affidavit or otherwise, as may seem proper, in addition to the affidavit of the applicant accompanying his memorial.

5. If after such enquiry it shall appear expedient, His Highness the Sultan in Council may grant the prayer of the petitioner's memorial, whereupon he shall be required to appear within 14 days to take the oath of allegiance in the form contained in the schedule before such officer as may be appointed by the Resident for that purpose.

6. When the oath of allegiance shall be so taken, a certificate of naturalisation shall be drawn up by the officer who may have administered the oath, setting out such portions of the memorial as may seem material and stating that the oath of allegiance has been taken and that all the rights, privileges and capacities of a naturalized subject of His Highness the Sultan have been conferred on the memorialist under this Enactment, except such rights, privileges and capacities, if any, as may be specially excepted.

7. The certificate of naturalisation shall be signed by the Resident and given to the memorialist, but a copy thereof, together with the memorial and all documents, affidavits and evidence annexed thereto, shall be filed in the office of the Resident.

8. Upon obtaining such certificate and taking and subscribing the oath as hereinbefore prescribed the memorialist shall,

within the State, be deemed a natural born subject of His Highness the Sultan as if he has been born within the State, and shall be entitled within the State to all the rights, privileges and capacities of a subject of His said Highness born within the State, except such rights, privileges and capacities, if any, as may be specially excepted in such certificate.

311

9. If the memorialist do not appear and take the oath of allegiance within 14 days from the date of service on him of notice to that effect, the grant of naturalisation shall ipso facto be null and void.10. If any material statement contained in such memorial shall be false His Highness the Sultan in Council may, by an order in writing, declare the certificate issued upon such memorial to be null and void to all intents and purposes, and from and after such order all the rights, privileges and capacities derived through such certificate shall cease to exist.

11. Every issue of a certificate under this Enactment and every order canceling any such certificate shall be notified by publication in the Gazeffe.

12. The person named in any certificate of naturalisation issued and in force in any other of the Federated Malay States under the provisions of the law of such State shall when within the State be deemed, so far as may be consistent with the terms of such certificate, to be a natural born subject of the Ruler of the State wherein such certificate was issued.

13. The Resident may, with the approval of the Resident-General, from time to time make rules to prescribe-a) The fees to be paid for the proceedings authorized by this Enactment; all such fees shall be paid into the Treasury to the credit of the public revenue;b) The form and registration of certificates of naturalisation.All rules made under this section shall be published in the Gazette and shall thereupon have theforce of law.

Sumber: Perak 1871/1904 Enactment no.22 of 1904 entitled "The Naturalization Enactment 1904' passed for the state of Perak, dalam Fail Pejabat Pesuruhjaya Tinggi.

3I2

. LAMPIRAN3 North Borneo Ordinance No. 1 of 1931

It is hereby enacted by the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council as follows:

1. This Ordinance may be cited as The Naturalisation Ordinance, 1931', and shall come into force at the expiration of one month after the publication thereof in the Gazette.

2.(i) The following persons shall be deemed to be a natural born citizens of the state of North Borneo, namely:a) Any person born within the State of North Borneo unless and until he proves that at the time of his birth he possessed under the law of some other State the nationality of such State, andb) Any person born out of the State of North Borneo whose father was a citizen of the State at the time of that person's birth and either was born within the State or was a person to whom a certificate of naturalization had been granted under the provisions of this Ordinance, andc) Any person born on board a ship registered in the State of North Borneo unless and until he proves at the time of his birth he possessed under the law of some other State the nationality of such State.

(ii) A person born on board a ship not registered in the State of North Borneo shall not be deemed to be a citizen of the State by reason only that the ship was in the territorial waters of the State at the time of his birth.

(iii) Any person born before the coming into force of this Ordinance, who would have acquired North Bornean nationality had the provisions of the subsections (i) (a) (b) and (c) been in force at the time of his birth, or at the time of the birth of his father, shall be considered to possess North Bornean nationality unless he already possesses another nationality at the time of the coming into force of this Ordinance.

3. Any person, not being a natural born citizen of the State, who at the time of presentation of the memorial hereinafter referred to has resided in the State for a term of not less than five years and intends when naturalized to reside permanently therein, may while actually residing in the State present, through the Resident, a memorial to the Governor praying that the privileges of naturalization may be conferred upon him.

4. Such memorial shall state to the best of the knowledge and belief of the memorialist, his age, place of birth, place of residence, trade or occupation, the length of time during which he has resided within the State, and that he is permanently settled in the State or residing within the same with intent to settle herein; and such memorial shall be in writing and signed by the memorialist and accompanied by an affidavit sworn by him verifying the truth of the statement contained therein.

5. In considering the prayer of any such memorial the Governor may require such further information and evidence either by affidavit or otherwise, as may seem proper, in addition to the affidavit of the applicant accompanying his memorial.

6. If after such enquiry it shall appear expedient, the Governor may grant the prayer of the petitioner's memorial, whereupon he shall be required to appear within fourteen days to take the oath of allegiance in the form contained in the schedule before such officer as may be appointed by the Governor for that purpose.

7. When the oath of allegiance shall be so taken, a certificate of naturalization shall be drawn up by the officer who may have administered the oath, setting out such portions of the memorial as may seem material and stating that the oath of allegiance has been taken and that all the rights, privileges and capacities of a naturalized citizen of the State have been conferred on the memorialist under this Ordinance except such rights, privileges and capacities, if any, as may be specially excepted.

8. The certificate of naturalisation shall be signed by the Governor and given to the memorialist,

313

but a copy thereof,, together with the memorial and all documents affidavits and, evidence annexed thereto, shall be filed In the office of the Government Secretary.q in Uoon obtaining such certificate and taking and subscribing the oath as prescnbe the memorialist shall, within the State, be deemed a natural born cit.zen o f the State < ,f hehas been born within the State, and shall be entitled within the State to all he rights prJleges and capacTes of a citaen born within the State, except such rights, pr.vileges and capacities if any, as may be specially excepted in such certificate.

OH The status of a natural born citizen of the State shall not entitle any person to rank as a •NaiLe withtn the meaning of the Land Ordinance, 1930, or any Ordinance enacted ,n Heu thereof.1 o If the memorialist does not appear and take the oath of allegiance within fourteens days from the date oTs^ice on him of notice to that effect, the grant of naturalisation shall ipso facto be null and void.11 If any material statement contained in such memorial shall be false the Governor may, void to alilKwS purposes, and from and after such order all the rights, priv.leges and capac.ties derived through such certificate shall cease to exist.12 Every issue of a certificate under this Ordinance and every order canceling any such certificate shall be notified by publication in the Gazette.13 The Governor may by Notification in the Gazette make rules to prescribe:-a) the fees to be paid for the proceedings authorized by this Ordinance;b) the form and registration of certificate of naturalization.

Sumber: Laurie Fransman, British Nationality Law. (London: Butterworth, 1998) ms.697 dan 700.

314

LAMPIRAN 4 ,Sarawak Nationality and Naturalization Order No N-2 1934

1.(i) This Order may be cited as Order No. N-2 (Sarawak Nationality and Naturalization) 1934, and shall come into operation on 16lh July, 1934. (ii) Order No. N-2 (Aliens Naturalization) 1927 is repealed.

2.(i) The following persons shall be deemed to be natural-born Sarawak subjects:-a) Any person born within Sarawak of a race included in the Schedule to order No. 1-1 (Interpretation) 1933;b) Any person born out of Sarawak whose father was a person as defined in paragraph (a);c) Any person born within Sarawak whose father was a natural-born Sarawak subject;d) Any person born within Sarawak whose father at the time of that person's birth was a person to whom a certificate of naturalization had been granted under this Order or under Order No. N-2 (Aliens Naturalization) 1927, or was a person to whom a Sarawak passport had been issued in the circumstances set out in subsection (ii).

(ii) Any person to whom a Sarawak passport stating that such person is a Sarawak subject had been issued on or before the 15lh day of July, 1934, shall be deemed to be a naturalized Sarawak subject.

(iii) Any person born on board a foreign ship shall not be deemed to be a Sarawak subject by reason only that the ship was in the territorial waters of the State at the time of his birth.

3. Any person, not being a natural-bom Sarawak subject who has resided in the State for not less than five years and intends to reside permanently therein, may present to His Highness the Rajah a written memorial praying that the privileges of naturalization be conferred upon him.

4.(i) The memorial may be in the form prescribed in the Schedule and shall state the age, place of birth, place of residence, trade or occupation, and the length of time which the memorialist as resided within the State and shall declare that he intends to reside permanently in the State.

(ii) The memorial shall be signed by the memorialist and shall be accompanied by an affidavit sworn by him verifying the truth of the statement contained therein.

5. The Government Secretary may require the memorialist to furnish such further information that His Highness the Rajah may require and may if he considers it necessary require evidence that the memorialist is a fit and proper person to whom to grant the privileges of naturalization.

6. If after such inquiries it appear expedient His Highness the Rajah may grant the prayer of the memorialist whereupon he shall be required to appear within fourteen days and take the oath of allegiance in the form contained in the schedule before a Magistrate of the first class, or before the Registrar of the Supreme Court.

7. When the oath of allegiance has been taken, the officer who administered the oath shall report to the Government Secretary and the Government Secretary shall drawn up a certificate of naturalization which shall:-a) Set out such portions of the memorial as may seem material;b) State that the oath of allegiance has been taken;c) State that all the rights, privileges and capacities of a naturalized Sarawak subject have been conferred on the memorialist;d) Detail any specified exceptions to subparagraph (c).

8. (i) The certificate shall be signed by His Highness the Rajah and may be in the form prescribed in the Schedule.

(ii) A copy of the certificate, together with the memorial and all documents, affidavits and evidence appertaining thereto,

shall be filed in the office of the Government Secretary.

9.(i) Subject to the provisions of subsection (ii) of this section the memorialist on receipt of the certificate shall be entitled to all rights, privileges and capacities of a naturalized subject of His Highness the Rajah.

3I5

(ii) Nothing in this section shall entitle a memorialist to any rights, privileges and capacities that are specifically excepted in the certificate.10. If it appears that:-a) a certificate of naturalization has been obtained by fraud or false representation, or by concealment of material circumstances, orb) a person to whom a certificate of naturalization has been granted-1) has shown himself by act or speech to be disaffected or disloyal to His Highness theRajah or inimical to the interest of the State, or2) has been sentenced by any Court to imprisonment for a term of twelve months ormore, or to a fine of $1,000 or more; or3) was not of good character at the date of the grant of the certificate ; or4) has ceased to reside permanently in Sarawak;

His Highness the Rajah may revoke the certificate of naturalization.

11. Every issue of a certificate under this Order and every order revoking any such certificate shall be notified by publication in the Gazette.

12.(i) Upon the grant of a certificate of naturalization a fee of fifty dollars shall be payable provided that a fee of ten dollars only shall be payable if the person to whom the certificate of naturalization is granted -a) has resided in Sarawak for fifteen years or upwards; orb) is or has been in the service of His Highness the Rajah for ten years or upwards; orc) has rendered valuable service to the State.

(ii) Nothing in this section shall prevent His Highness the Rajah from granting a certificate of naturalization to any person without payment.

13. The Government Secretary with the approval of His Highness the Rajah may make rules to carry this Order into effect and may vary the forms prescribed in the Schedule.

Sumber: Laurie Fransman, British Nationality Law, (London: Butterworth, 1998) ms. 701-702.

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, LAMPIRAN 5Malayan Union and Singapore: Statement of

Policy on Future Constitution Cmd. 6724(January 1946)

10 The policy of His Majesty's Government is to promote a broad-based citizenship which will Include without discrimination of race or creed, all who can establish a claim, by reason of birth oTasutebte period of residence, to belong to the country. It is proposed, therefore, to create by Order in council a Malayan Union Citizenship. The following persons will acquire MalayanUnion Citizenship:Union Citizensnip:a) persons born in the territory of the Union or of the Colony of Singaporeb) persons who at the date on which the Order in Council becomes operative have been ordinarily resident in those territories for ten years out of the preceding fifteen. (In calculating the fifteen years' period, the period of Japanese occupation will be disregarded).It will be also possible for persons to acquire Malayan Union citizenship after five years' ordinary residence in the Malayan Union or Singapore. British subjects who acquire Malayan Union citizenship will not thereby lose their British nationality. Save with the consent of the Governor, no person who is not a Malayan Union citizen will be admitted to public office or membership ofCentral and Local Councils.Those acquiring Malayan Union citizenship other than by birth will be required to affirmallegiance to the Malayan Union,

c(=(ompn/ of Policy for the Future Constitution. Cmd Sumber: Malayan Union and Smgapore: Statement of nocy6724 (London: 1946)

LAMPIRAN BMalayan Union and Singapore: Summary of Proposed

Constitutional Arrangement Cmd. 6749 (Mac 1946)

The Malayan Union citizenship Order in Council will provide that the following persons will become Malayan Union citizens.a) Any person born in the Malayan Union or Singapore before the date when the Order comes into force, who is ordinarily resident in the Malayan Union or Singapore on that date.b) Any person of eighteen years of age or over ordinarily resident in the Malayan Union or Singapore on the date when the Order comes into force, who has resided in the Malayan Union or Singapore for a period of ten years during the fifteen years preceding the 15 February 1942, and who swears or affirms or takes the oath of allegiance (i.e. to be faithful and loyal to the Government of the Malayan Union).c) Any person born in the Malayan Union or Singapore after the date when the Order comes into force whose father is a Malayan Union citizen at the time of that person's birth and either was born in the Malayan Union or Singapore or was a Malayan Union citizen under (b) above or had obtained a certificate of naturalization. The minor children (viz. children under 18) of persons in categories (a) and (b) will also be Malayan Union citizen. [Japanese nationals were debarred from becoming Malayan Union citizens.]

Sumber: Victor Purcell. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 2nd Edition. (London' Oxford University Press, 1965) ms320.

318

LAMPIRAN 7 North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946

2 As from the 15th day of July, 1946, the State of North Borneo shall be annexed to and shall form part of His Majesty's dominions and shall be called, together with the Settlement of Labuan and its dependencies, the Colony of North Borneo3 All persons who on the 5lh day of July, 1946, are citizens of the State of North Borneo by virtue of the provisions of the North Borneo Naturalisation Ordinance, 1931, shall, on that day, become British subjects.

LAMPIRAN 8 Sarawak Cession Order in Council 1946

2 As from first day of July, 1946, Sarawak shall be annexed to, and shall form part of His Majesty's dominions and shall be called the Colony of Sarawak.3 All persons who on the first day of July, 1946, are Sarawak subjects by reason of the Sarawak Orders No N-2 (Sarawak Nationality and Naturalization) 1934, and No N-2A (Sarawak Nationality and Naturalization Amendment) 1939, shall on that day become British subjects.

Sumber: Laurie Fransman, British Nationality Law, (London: Butterworth, 1998) ms. 691.

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. LAMPIRAN 9The Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 Part XII

Federal Citizenship

Acquisition of Federal Citizenship by operation of law

124. (1) On and after the appointed day, the following persons shall be Federal Citizens:a) any subjects, whether born before, on or after the appointed day, of His Highness the Ruler of any State;b) any British subject born in either of the Settlements before, on or after the appointed day who is permanently resident in the territories now to be comprised in the Federation;c) any British subject born before, on or after the appointed day, in any of the territories now tobe comprised in the Federation, whose father either(i) was himself born in any of the territories now to be comprised in the Federation; or(ii) was or is, at the date of birth of such British subject, or thereafter became or becomes,permanently resident in such territories;d) any person born before, on or after the appointed day, in

any of the territories now to be comprised in the Federation who habitually speaks the Malay language and conforms to Malay custom;

e) any person born before, on or after the appointed day, in any of the territories now to be comprised in the Federation, both of whose parents were born in any of such territories and were or are, at the time of the birth of such person, or thereafter became or become, permanently resident in such territories;

f) any person whose father is, at the date of that person's birth, a Federal Citizen:

Provided that, where any person is born after the death of his father, he shall be deemed to be a Federal Citizen if his father at the times of his death was a Federal Citizen.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of the sub-clause (1) of this clause, no person shall become a Federal Citizen on the appointed day who has been absent from the territories now to be comprised in the Federation for a period of seven years or upwards immediately prior to the appointed day, unless the High Commissioner in Council certified that such person has maintained substantial connection with any of such territories during such period.

(3) For the purposes of this clause:a) in sub-clause (1) the expression "subject of His Highness the Ruler of any State" means anyperson who(i) belongs to an aboriginal tribe resident in that State; or(ii) is a Malay born in the State, or born outside the Malay States of a father who was. atthe time of the birth of such person, a subject of the Ruler of that State; or(iii) is a person naturalised as a subject of that Ruler under any law for the time being in force;b) the word "Malay" means a person who (i) habitually speaks the Malay language; and (ii) professes the Muslim religion; and (iii) conforms to Malay custom;c) a person shall deemed to be "permanently resident" in the territories now to be comprised in the Federation who has completed a continuous period of fifteen years residence in any one or more of them, whether such period be completed before, on or after the appointed day;d) the word "continuous" in relation to a period of residence shall not be construed as excluding such periods of absence as are not inconsistent with essential continuity of residence;e) the words "father" and "parents" means respectively father and parents, by blood, but not by adoption, of children whether legitimate or illegitimate.

Acquisition of Federal Citizenship by application

125. (1) Subject to the provisions of this clause, the High Commissioner may grant a Certificate of Citizenship conferring the status of a Federal Citizen on any person not being a minor child who makes application therefore in the prescribed form and satisfies the High Commissioner:

320

a) that either • territories now to be comprised in the Federation andnl been resfdenTin an" one or more of such territories for eight out of the twelve years

preceding his W*g^ r°rsiden, ,„ one or more of sucn territories for

fitteen years out of

the twenty years immediately preceding his application; andM that he is of good character; andr ha he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay or English language; andd) thai he has made a Declaration of Permanent Settlement in the form set out ,n the First

J" h^a^arrs^proved, he is willing to take the Citizenship Oath in the form se, ou, in the First Schedule to this Agreement.Provided that the requirements of paragraph (c) of this sub-clause shall not apply in the case of anv person who shall apply for Federal citizenship within a period of two years from the appointed day and who, at the time of his application, is of the age of forty-five years or more and who has been residing in any one or more of the territories now to be comprised in the Federation for a period or periods amounting to at least twenty years.

(2) Except in the case of minor children failing within sub-clause (3) or sub-clause (4) of this clause, a Certificate of Citizenship granted under this clause shall not be given to the applicant or take effect until the applicant has taken the Citizenship Oath.(3) If a person obtains a Certificate of Citizenship under this clause, the High Commissioner may, if he thinks fit, on the application of that person, also grant at the same time a Certificate of Citizenship in respect of any minor child of that person born before the date of the grant of the Certificate and ordinarily resident with such person in the Federation.

(4) Where a person who has applied for a Certificate of Citizenship dies before the Certificate is granted to him, the High Commissioner may declare that any minor child, whose name has been included in the application, shall be deemed to be a Federal Citizen in like manner as if the person applying for the Citizenship had survived and his application had been granted, and a Certificate of Citizenship may thereupon be issued in respect of such child.

(5) For the purposes of this clause: "adequate knowledge" of the Malay language means (i) in the case of a person who applies for Federal Citizenship within a period of two years from the appointed day, ability to speak that language with reasonable proficiency; and

(ii) in the case of any other person, ability to speak that language and, unless prevented by blindness or other physical cause, read and write it, in the Malay or Rumi script, with reasonable proficiency.

"minor child" means a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.

Sumber: J. de V. Alien, A. J. Stockwell, L R. Wright, (editor), A Co/lection of Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the States of Malaysia 1761-1963, Vol. II. (London: Oceana Publications. Inc., 1981) ms. 171-175.

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LAMPIRAN 10 ,The Federation of Malaya Agreement (Amendment) Ordinance 1952

Citizens by operation of law125. On and after the prescribed date, the following persons shall be citizens of the Federation of Malaya by operation of law:a) any subject of His Highness the Ruler of any State:

b) any citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies born in the Federation before, on or after the prescribed date in either of the Settlement;c) any citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies born in the Federation before, on or after the prescribed date, one of whose parents was born in the Federation;d) any person who is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, wherever born, and -(i) if he was born before the appointed day, whose father was born in either of the Settlementsand had at the time of such person's birth, completed a continuous period of fifteen yearsresidence in the Federation; and(ii) if he was born on or after the appointed day, whose father was born in either of theSettlements and was, at the time of such person's birth a Federal citizen under the provisions ofthis Agreement at any time in force before the prescribed date or a citizen of the Federation ofMalaya;

e) any citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, wherever born, whose father was, at the time of such person's birth, a Federal citizen, or a citizen of the Federation of Malaya, by the grant of a Certificate of Citizenship or a certificate of naturalisation under the provisions of this Agreement at any time in force, or a citizen of the Federation of Malaya by registration under Clause 126 of this Agreement;

f) any person who, immediately before the prescribed date, was by operation of law or otherwise a Federal citizen under the provisions of this Agreement at any time in force before the prescribed date;

g) any person to whom a certificate of naturalization as a citizen of the United Kingdom andColonies has been granted under the British Nationality Act, 1948, and who has -(i) within the preceding twelve years resided in the Settlements for periods amounting in theaggregate to not less than ten years;(ii) resided in the Settlements throughout the two years immediately preceding the date of hisapplication for naturalization as a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies; and(iii) taken within the Settlements the oath prescribed by section 10 of the said Act.

Citizenship by registration

126. Subject as hereinafter provided, a person of full capacity, born in the Federation who -a) is not a citizen of the Federation of Malaya; andb) is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies,shall, on making application therefor to the High Commissioner in the prescribed manner, be entitled, on taking the oath set out in Form VIII in the First Schedule to this Agreement, to be registered as a citizen of the Federation of Malaya:

Provided that a person who has absented himself from the Federation for a continuous period of five years within the ten years immediately preceding his application shall not be

entitled to be registered under this section unless he is certified by the High Commissioner to have maintained substantial connection with the Federation during that period.

127. Subject as hereinafter provided a woman who -

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a) is not a citizen ot the Federation of Malaya, arid ,b) is a citizen ofthe United Kingdom and Colonies; andc) has been married to a person who is a citizen ofthe Federation of Malaya,shall, on making application therefor to the High Commissioner in the prescribed manner, beentitled to be registered as a citizen of the Federation of Malaya, whether or not she is of fullcapacity;

Provided that no woman shall be entitled to be registered under this clause -

A) unless she(i) satisfies the High Commissioner that she is of good character; and(ii) has taken the oath set out in Form VIII in the First Schedule to this Agreement; orB) if at the time of her application she has ceased to be married to a citizen of the Federation of Malaya and has married a man who is not a citizen of the Federation of Malaya.128. A person who has renounced, or has been deprived of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya or the status of a subject of His Highness the Ruler of any Malay State, or who, before the prescribed date, renounced or was deprived of Federal citizenship under the provisions of this Agreement at any time in force before such date, shall not be entitled to be registered as a citizen of the Federation of Malaya under Clause 126 or Clause 127 of this Agreement but may be so registered with the approval ofthe High Commissioner.

129.(1) The High Commissioner may cause the minor child of a citizen of the Federation of Malaya who is also a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, such child being himself a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, to be registered as a citizen of the Federation of Malaya upon application made in the prescribed manner by a parent or guardian of the child.

(2) The High Commissioner may, in such special circumstances as he thinks fit, cause any minor who is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies to be registered as a citizen of the Federation of Malaya.

(3) For the purposes of this Clause "parent" in relation to an adopted child means the adopter.

130. A person registered under the Clause 126,127,129, or sub-clause (5) of Clause 132 of this Agreement shall be a citizen of the Federation of Malaya as from the date on which he is registered.

Citizenship by naturalization

131. (1) The High Commissioner may, if application therefor is made to him in the prescribed manner by any person who is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies and who is of full capacity, grant to such person a certificate of naturalisation if he satisfies the High Commissioner that he -a) has within the preceding twelve years resided in the Federation for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years; andb) has resided in the Federation throughout the two years immediately preceding the date of his application; andc) is of good character; andd) is not likely to become chargeable to the Federation; ande) is able to speak the Malay or English language with reasonable proficiency or if he is unable to do so that such inability is due to the physical impediment of deafness or dumbness; andf) has made a declaration that he intends, in the event of a certificate being granted to him, to settle permanently in the Federation.

(2) In calculating the period of twelve years mentioned in sub-clause (1) of this clause noaccount shall be taken of:

a) periods of absence from the Federation -(i) for purposes of education of such kinds, in such

countries and during such periods, as may from time to time be either generally or specially approved by the High Commissioner for

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the purposes of this clruise; or ((ii) while on duty in Ihe service of the Government of the Federation or of any State or

Settlement or of any of the territories now comprised in the Federation or of the Colony ofSingapore or while on duty in the service of the Crown,

where such periods are not consistent with essential continuity of residence and therefore not reckoned as periods of residence;b) periods of absence from the Federation between the 1s' July, 1941, and the 315' December, 1946. in the case of a person who was resident in the Federation for a period of five years immediately preceding such period of absence.

(3) The High Commissioner shall, if application therefor is made to him in the prescribed manner, grant a certificate of naturalization to a person who satisfies the High Commissioner that he:a) is not a citizen of the Federation of Malaya; andb) has served for a period of not less than three years in full-time service or four years inpart-time service in any of the Forces set out in the Sixth Schedule to this Agreement, or suchother Forces as the High Commissioner may prescribe, and has been honourably dischargedtherefrom:Provided that where such service has consisted partly of whole-time and partly of part-timeservice, any two months of part-time service shall be deemed for the purposes of this paragraphto be equivalent to one month of whole-time service; andc) has made a declaration that he intends, in the event of a certificate being granted to him, to settle permanently in the Federation:Provided that a certificate shall be granted under the provisions of this sub-clause only when application therefor is made within five years of the date of the aforesaid discharge or such longer period as the High Commissioner in Council may in any particular case direct.

(3) The person to whom a certificate of naturalisation is granted under this clause shall, on taking the oath set out in Form VIM in the First Schedule to this Agreement, be a citizen of the Federation of Malaya by naturalisation as from the date on which that certificate is granted.

Sumber: J. de V. Alien, A. J. Stockwell, L. R. Wright, (editor), A Collection of Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the States of Malaysia 1761-1963, Vol. II. (London: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1981) ms. 226-235.

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LAMPIRAN 11 , Johore Nationality Enactment, 1952

National status3 A subject of the Ruler of the State of Johore shall have the status of a national of the State otJohore.

Subjects of the Ruler by operation of law

4 On and after the prescribed date the following persons, and no others, shall be subjects of the Ruler of the State by operation of law:a) any person who belongs to any of the aboriginal tribes of Malaya and who is in the State;b) any Malay born before, on or after the prescribed date in the State;c) any person bom before, on or after the prescribed date in the State, one of whose parents was born in the Federation of Malaya.d) any person not being a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, who was born in the State and under the provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, at any time in force, was immediately before the prescribed date a Federal citizen;

e) any person not being a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, who under the provisions

of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, at any time in force, having become a Federal

citizen by application in the State, was immediately before the prescribed date a Federal citizen;

Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to any person who on or before the coming

into force of this Enactment acquires or has acquired under provisions corresponding to those

contained in the preceding paragraph the nationality of another State in the Federation of

Malaya;

f) any person, whenever born, whose father either -(i) was born in the State and, at the time of the birth of such person, was. under theprovisions of this Enactment, or would have been, had the provisions of this Enactment beenthen in force, a subject of the Ruler; or(if) was, at the time of the birth of such person, a subject of the Ruler by registrationunder section 5 or 6 or under sub-section (4) of section 9 of this Enactment or by naturalisationunder section 8 of this Enactment.

Subjects of the Ruler by registration

5.(1) Subject as hereinafter provided a person, not being a minor, born in the State before, on or after the prescribed date, who is not a subject of the Ruler shall be entitled, on making application in the prescribed manner, to be registered as a subject of the Ruler;

Provided that a person who has absented himself from the Federation of Malaya for a continuous period of five years within the ten years immediately preceding his application shall not be entitled to be registered under this sub-section unless he is certified by the Ruler to have maintained substantial connection with the Federation of Malaya during that period.

(2) No person shall be entitled to be registered under the preceding sub-section unless he -

a) satisfies the Ruler that he is able to speak the Malay or English language with reasonable proficiency or if he is unable to do so that such inability is due to the physical impediment of deafness or dumbness; andb) satisfies the Ruler that he is of good character; and

c) has taken the oath in the form set out in the Schedule to this Enactment:

Provided that for the purposes of this sub-section a Language Board shall for a period of five years from the prescribed date relax the standard of proficiency prescribed in sub-section (5) of the section 2 of this Enactment in respect of any applicant who, in the opinion of the Board has not had a reasonable opportunity of learning Malay or English and is otherwise a suitable person for registration as a subject of the Ruler.

(4) Subject as hereinafter provided a woman who -a) is not a subject of the Ruler; and

b) has been married to a subject of (|ie Ruler, shall, on making application therefore to the Ruler in the prescribed manner, be entitled to be registered as a subject of the Ruler, whether or not she is of full capacity:

Provided that no women shall be entitled to be registered under this sub-section -

(A) unless she(i) satisfies the Ruler that she is of good character; and(ii) has taken the oath in the form set out in the Schedule to this Enactment; or(B)if at the time of her application she has ceased to be married to a subject of the Ruler and has married a man who is not a subject of the Ruler.(4) A person who has renounced, or has been deprived of,

the status of a subject of the Ruler conferred by or under this Enactment or of a subject of the Ruler of any other Malay State or of a citizen of the Federation of Malaya or of a citizen of United Kingdom and Colonies, shall not be entitled to be registered as a subject of the Ruler under this section, but may be so registered with the approval of the Ruler.6. (1) The Ruler may cause the minor child of any subject of the Ruler to be registered as a subject of the Ruler upon application made in the prescribed manner by a parent or guardian of the child.

(2) The Ruler may, in such special circumstances as he thinks ft, cause any minor to be registered as a subject of the Ruler.

(3) For the purposes of this section "parent" in relation to a child whose adoption has been registered means the adopter.

7. A person registered under section 5, 6 or sub-section (4) of section 9 of this Enactment shall be a subject of the Ruler as from the date on which he is registered.

Subjects of the Ruler by naturalisation.

8. (1) The Ruler may, if application therefor is made to him in the prescribed manner by any person who is not a subject of the Ruler and who is of full capacity, grant to such person a certificate of naturalisation if he satisfies the Ruler that he:a) has within the preceding twelve years resided in the Federation of Malaya for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years; andb) has resided in the State throughout the two years immediately preceding the date of his application; andc) is of good character; andd) is not likely to become chargeable to the State or the Federation of Malaya; ande) is able to speak the Malay or English language with reasonable proficiency or if he is unable to do so that such inability is due to the physical impediment of deafness or dumbness; andf) has made a declaration that he intends, in the event of a certificate being granted to him, to settle permanently in the Federation of Malaya.

(2) In calculating the period of twelve years mentioned in sub-clause (1) of this clause no account shall be taken of:a) periods of absence from the Federation -(i) for purposes of education of such kinds, in such countries and during such periods,as may from time to time, be either generally or specially approved by the Ruler after consultingwith the High Commissioner for the purposes of this section; or(ii) while on duty in the service of the Government of the Federation or of any State orSettlement or of any of the territories now comprised in the

Federation or of the Colony ofSingapore or while on duty in the service of the Crown, where such periods are not consistentwith essential continuity of residence and therefore not reckoned as periods of residence;b) periods of absence from the Federation between the 1st July, 1941, and the 31s1 December, 1946, in the case of a person who was resident in the Federation for a period of five years

326

immediately preceding such period of absence.

(5) The person to whom a certificate of naturalisation is granted under this section shall, on taking the oath in the form set out in the Schedule to this Enactment, be a subject of the Ruler by naturalisation as from the date on which that certificate is granted.

, LAMPIRAN 12 ,The Federal Constitution 1957Part III Citizenship

Citizenship by operation of law

14. (1) Subject to Clause (2), the following persons are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:a) every person who, immediately before Merdeka Day, was a citizen of the Federation by virtue of any of the provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, whether by operation of law or otherwise;b) every person born within the Federation on or after Merdeka Day;c) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father is a citizen at the time of the birth and either was born within the Federation or is at the time of the birth in service under the Government of the Federation or of a State:d) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father is a citizen at the time of the birth, if the birth is registered at a Malayan Consulate within one year of its occurrence, or within such longer period as the Federal Government may in any particular case allow.(2) A person is not a citizen by virtue of paragraph (b) of

Clause (1) if, at the time of his birth, his father, not being a citizen of the Federation, possesses such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or if his father is then an enemy alien and the birth occurs in a place under occupation by the enemy.


15. (1) Subject to Article 18, any woman who is married to a citizen is entitled, upon making application to the registration authority, to be registered as a citizen.

(2) Subject to Article 18, any person under the age of twenty-one years whose father is a citizen or, if deceased, was a citizen at the time of his death, is entitled, upon application made to the registration authority by his parent or guardian, to be registered as a citizen if that authority is satisfied that he is ordinarily resident in the Federation and is of good character.

(3) The reference in this Article to a woman who is married is a reference to a woman whose marriage has been registered in accordance with any written law in force in the Federation, including any such law in force before Merdeka Day.

16. Subject to Article 18, any person of or over the age of eighteen years who was born in the Federation before Merdeka Day is entitled, upon making application to the registration authority, to be registered as a citizen if he satisfies that authority -a) that he had resided in the Federation, during the seven years immediately preceding the date of the application, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than five years;b) that he intends to reside permanently therein;c) that he is of good character; andd) except where the application is made within one year after Merdeka Day, that he has an elementary knowledge of the Malay language.

17. Subject to Article 18, any person of or over the age of eighteen years who was resided in the Federation on Merdeka Day is eligible, subject to the provisions of the Second Schedule, to be registered as a citizen upon making application to the registration authority if he satisfies that authority -a) that he had resided in the Federation, during the twelve years immediately preceding the date of the application, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than eight years;b) that he intends to reside permanently therein;c) that he is of good character; and

d) except where the application is made within one year after Merdeka Day and the applicant has attained the age of forty-five years at the date of the application, that he has an elementary knowledge of the Malay language.18. (1) No person of or over the age of eighteen years shall

be registered as a citizen under Article 15, 16 or 17 until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule(2) Except with the approval of the Federal Government, no person who has renounced or has been deprived of citizenship under this Constitution, or who has renounced or has been deprived of federal citizenship or citizenship of the Federation before Merdeka Day under the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, shall be registered as a citizen under any of the said Articles.

(3) A person registered as a citizen under any of the said Articles shall be a citizen by registration from the day on which he is so registered.

(4) For the purpose of any application for registration under any of the said Articles, a person shall be deemed to be of good character unless, within the period of three years immediately preceding the date of the application -a) he has been convicted by a competent court in any country of a criminal offence for which he was sentenced to death; orb) he has been detained under a sentence of imprisonment of twelve months or more imposed on him on his conviction of a criminal offence (whether during or before the said period) by such a court, and in either case has not received a free pardon in respect of the offence.


19. Subject to Article 21, the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years, grant a certificate of naturalisation to that person if satisfied-a) that he had resided in the Federation, during the twelve years immediately preceding the date of the application, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years;b) that he intends, if the certificate is granted, to reside permanently therein;c) that he is of good character; andd) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.

20. (1) Subject to Article 21, the Federal Government shall, upon application made by any person in accordance with Clause (2), grant a certificate of naturalisation to that person if satisfied -a) that he has served satisfactory for a period of not less than three years in full-time service, or a period of not less than four years in part-time service, in such of the armed forces of the Federation as may be prescribed by the Federal Government for the purposes of this Article; andb) that he intends, if the certificate is granted, to reside permanently in the Federation.

(2) An application under this Article may be made either while the applicant is serving in such service as aforesaid or within the period of five years, or such longer period as the Federal Government may in any particular case allow, after his discharge.

(3) References in this Article to service in the armed forces of the Federation include references to service before Merdeka Day; and in calculating for the purposes of this Article the period of full-time service in such forces of a person who has served both in full-time and in part-time service therein, any two months of part-time service shall be treated as one month of full-time service.

21. (1) A certificate of naturalisation shall not be granted to any person under Article 19 or 20 until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.

(2) A person to whom a certificate of naturalisation is granted under.either of the said Articles shall be a citizen by naturalisation from the date on which the certificate is so granted.Citizenship by incorporation of territory22 If any new territory is admitted to the Federation in pursuance of Article 2, Parliament may by law determine what persons are to be citizens by reason of their connection with that territory and the date or dates from which such persons are to be citizens.

Commonwealth citizenship29. (1) In accordance with the position of the Federation within the Commonwealth, every personwho is a citizen of the Federation enjoys by virtue of that citizenship the status of aCommonwealth citizen in common with the citizens of other Commonwealth countries.(2) Any existing law shall, except so far as Parliament otherwise provides, apply in relation to acitizen of the Republic of Ireland who is not also a Commonwealth citizen as it applies in relationto a Commonwealth citizen.

Sumber: Malayan Constitutional Documents, (Kuala Lumpur: The Government Printer, 1958) ms 32-40.

LAMPIRAN 13,

United Kingdom Malaysia Act, 1963

1 (1) For the purposes of enabling North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (in this Act referred to as 'the new States') to federate with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya (in this Act referred to as 'the Federation'), the Federation thereafter beings called Malaysia, on the day on which the new States are federated as aforesaid (in this Act referred to as 'the appointed day') Her Majesty's sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of the new States shall be relinquished so as to vest in the manner agreed between the United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland, the Federation and the new States.

(2) Her Majesty may by Order in Council enact State Constitutions to take effect for the new States immediately before the appointed day.2. (1) On and after the appointed day the British Nationality Acts 1948 and 1958 shall have effect as if in subsection (3) of section (1) of the Act of 1948 (which provided for persons to be British subjects or Commonwealth citizens by virtue of citizenship of certain countries) for the words 'the Federation of Malaya, the State of Singapore' there were substituted the word 'Malaysia'.

(2) Save as provided by Schedule 1 to this Act, any person who immediately before the appointed day is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies shall on that day cease to be such a citizen if on that day he becomes a citizen of the Federation.

(3) On and after the appointed day, section 6(2) of the British Nationality Acts 1948 (which provides for the registration as a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies of a woman who has been married to such a citizen) shall not apply to a woman by virtue of her marriage to a person who on the appointed day ceases to be such a citizen under subsection (2) of this section, or would have done so if living on the appointed day.

(4) Part III of the British Nationality Acts 1948 (which contains supplemental provisions) shall have effect for the purposes of the foregoing subsection and Schedule 1 to this Act as if those provisions were included in that Act.Schedule 1Exemptions from operation of S 2(2) of Act1. Subject to paragraph 5 of this Schedule, a person shall not cease to be a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies under section 2(2) of this Act if he, his father or his father's father -a) was born in the United Kingdom or in a colony: orb) is or was a person naturalised in the United Kingdom and Colonies; orc) was registered as z citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies; ord) became a British subject by reason of the annexation of any territory included in colony.

2. A person shall not cease to be a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies under section 2(2) of this Act if he was born in a protectorate or protected state, or if his father or his father's father was so born and is or at any time was a British subject.

3. Awoman who is the wife of a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies shall not cease to be such a citizen under section 2(2) of this Act unless her husband does so

4. Subject to paragraph 5 of this Schedule, the reference in paragraph 1 (b) of this Schedule to a person naturalised in the United Kingdom and Colonies shall include a person who would, if living immediately before the commencement of the British Nationality Acts 1948, have become a person naturalised in the United Kingdom and Colonies by virtue of section 32(6) of that Act (which relates to persons given local naturalisation in a colony or protectorate before the

commencement of that Act).

5.Any reference in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Schedule to a colony, protectorate or protected state shall, subject to the following paragraph, be construed as a reference to a territory which is a

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colony, protectorate or protected state on the appointed day; and paragraph 1 of this Schedule shall not apply to a person by virtue of any certificate of naturalisation granted or registration effected by the Governor or government of a territory outside the United Kingdom which is not a colony, protectorate or protected state on the appointed day.

6, The protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland shall be excepted from the operation of any reference in paragraph 2 or paragraph 5 of this Schedule to a protectorate.

Sumber: Laurie Fransman, British Nationality Law. (London: Butterworth, 1998) ms. 845-846.

LAMRIRAN 14 Malaysia Act, 1963 Title II Citizenship

Chapter 1 - Citizenship by operation of law

23 (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the following persons are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:-a) every person born before Malaysia Day who is a citizen of the Federation by virtue of the provisions contained in Part I of the Second Schedule; andb) every person born on or after Malaysia Day, and having any of the qualifications specified in Part II of the Second Schedule; andc) every citizen of Singapore.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, provision with respect to citizenship of Singapore may be made by the constitution of that State, and may be amended by laws passed by the Legislature of that State and approved by Act of Parliament.

(3) Citizenship of Singapore shall not be severable from citizenship of the Federation, but a Singapore citizen by the loss of either shall lose the other also (subject to the provision made by this Part for the enrolment of a Singapore citizen as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen).

Chapter 2 - Citizenship by registration or naturalisation, and transfer to or from Singapore

Citizenship by registration (wives and children of citizens)25. (1) Subject to Article 18, any married woman whose husband is a citizen, but not a Singapore citizen, is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government, to be registered as a citizen if the marriage was subsisting and the husband a citizen at the beginning of October, 1962, or if she satisfies the Federal Government -a) that she has resided in the Federation outside Singapore throughout the two years preceding the date of the application, and intends to do so permanently; andb) that she is of good character.

(2) Subject to Article 18, the Federal Government may cause any person under the age of twenty-one years of whose parents one at least is (or was at death) a citizen, but not a Singapore citizen, to be registered as a citizen upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian.

(3) Subject to Article 18, a person under the age of twenty-one years who was born before the beginning of October, 1962, and of whose parents one at least is (or was at death) a citizen, but not a Singapore citizen, and was also a citizen at the beginning of that month (if then alive), is entitled upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian, to be registered as a citizen if the Federal Government is satisfies that he is ordinarily resident in the Federation outside Singapore and is of good character.

(4) For the purposes of Clause (1) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the Borneo States shall be treated as residence in the Federation outside Singapore.

(5) The reference in Clause (1) to a married woman is a reference to a woman whose marriage has been registered in accordance with any written law in force in the Federation, including any such law in force before Merdeka Day, or with any written law in force before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the Borneo States or Singapore:

Provided that this Clause shall not apply where the woman applies to be registered as a citizen before the beginning of September, 1965, or such later date as may be fixed by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and is at the date of the application ordinarily resident in the Borneo State or Singapore.(6) In Clause (1) the words "outside Singapore" shall not

have effect in the case of a woman whose husband is a citizen by naturalisation under Clause (2) of Article 19.

Citizenship by registration (persons resident in Borneo States on Malaysia Day)

26. Subject to Article 18, any person of or over the age of eighteen years who is on Malaysia Day, ordinarily resident in a Borneo State is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government before September. 1971, to be registered as a citizen if he satisfies the Federal

333

Government- •a) that he has resided before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in these States and alter Malaysia Day in the Federation outside Singapore for periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than seven years in the ten years immediately preceding the date of the application, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding that date;b) that he intends to reside permanently in the Federation outside Singapore;c) that he is of good character; andd) except where the application is made before September, 1965, and the applicant has attained the age of forty-five years at the date of the application, that he has a sufficient knowledge of the Malay language or the English language or, in the case of an applicant ordinarily resident in Sarawak, the Malay language, the English language or any native language in current use in Sarawak.


27. (1) Subject to Clause (7) and (9), the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalisation to that person if satisfied -a) that-(i) he has resided in the Federation outside Singapore for the required periods andintends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently; or(ii) he has resided in Singapore for the required periods and intends, if the certificate isgranted, to do so permanently;b) that he is of good character; andc) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.

(2) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, in such special circumstances as it thinks fit, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalisation to that person if satisfied -a) he has resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently; orb) that he is of good character; andc) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.

(3) The periods of residence in the Federation or the relevant part of it which are required for the grant of a certificate of naturalisation are periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than ten years in the twelve years immediately preceding the date of the application for the certificate, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding the date.

(4) For the purposes of Clause (1) and (2) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the Borneo States shall be treated as residence in the Federation outside Singapore; and for purposes of Clause (2) residence before Malaysia Day in Singapore shall be treated as residence in the Federation.

(5) A person to whom a certificate of naturalisation is granted shall be a citizen by naturalisation from the date on which the certificate is granted.

(6) A person to whom a certificate of naturalisation is granted shall be a Singapore citizen if but only if the certificate is granted by virtue of paragraph (a) (ii) Clause (1).

(7) A certificate of naturalisation as a Singapore citizen shall not be granted without the concurrence of the government of Singapore.

(8) Any application for naturalisation as a citizen of Singapore which has been made but not disposed of before Malaysia Day shall as from that day be treated as if it had been an application duly made for naturalisation under this Article, and as if anything done in connection therewith before that day under or for the purposes of the law of Singapore had been duly done under or for the purposes of this Article.

(9) No certificate of naturalisation shall not be granted to any person until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.

Transfer of citizenship to or from Singapore.

28. (1) The Federal Government may, upon application made by any Singapore citizen of or over the age of twenty-one years, enroll him as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen, if the

334

Federal Government is satisfied that, had his application been for the grant under Article 19 gf a certificate of naturalisation as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen, the conditions of paragraph (a) (i), (b) and (c) of Clause (1) of that Article for the grant of the certificate would be(2) In relation to Singapore citizens Articles 15 and 15A

shall apply to entitle or allow them to be enrolled as citizens who are not Singapore citizens, in the same way as those Articles apply, in relation to persons who are not citizens, to entitle or allow them to be registered as citizens, except that references to Article 18 shall not apply, nor shall Cause (6) of Article 15.

(3) A citizen enrolled as being or not being a Singapore citizen by virtue of this Article or by virtue of any corresponding provision in the Constitution of the State of Singapore shall be or not be a Singapore citizen accordingly from the day on which he is so enrolled.

(4) Where a person has been enrolled under this Article as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen, and the Federal Government is satisfied that the enrolment -a) was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or the concealment of any material fact; orb) was effected by mistake;the Federal Government may cancel the enrolment:

Provided that Article 27 shall apply in relation to the cancellation as it applies in relation to an order under Article 24, 25 or 26 depriving a person of citizenship.

(5) Where a person's enrolment as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen is cancelled under paragraph (a) of Clause (4), and in consequence of that enrolment a child of that person had also been enrolled as such a citizen pursuant to Clause (2) of Article 15 as applied by this Article, the Federal Government may also cancel the child's enrolment unless the child has attained the age of twenty-one.

(6) Where under this Article or under any provision of the Constitution of the State of Singapore a person's enrolment as a citizen of either description is cancelled, that shall not discharge him from liability in respect of anything done or omitted before the cancellation, but except as regards anything so done or omitted he shall revert to his former status as a citizen.

Chapter 3 - Miscellaneous

Franchise etc. of Singapore citizens and other citizens31. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Article 47, a Singapore citizen is not qualified to be anelected member of either House of Parliament except as a member for or from Singapore; and acitizen who is not a Singapore citizen is not qualified to be a member of either House for or fromSingapore.

(2) A Singapore citizen shall not be qualified to be an elected member of the Legislative Assembly of any State other than Singapore, and a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen shall not be qualified to be a member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in Article 119, a citizen is not entitled to vote in a constituency in any election to the House of Representatives or a Legislative Assembly if -a) The constituency is not in the State of Singapore and he is on the qualifying date (as defined in that Article) a Singapore citizen; orb) If the constituency is in the State of Singapore and he is not on that date a Singapore citizen.

(4) Any election of a person to either House of Parliament or to a Legislative Assembly contrary to Clause (1) or (2) shall be void; and if a member of either House or of a Legislative Assembly (not being an appointed member) changes his status as being or not being a Singapore citizen, his seat shall be vacant.

Sumber: Malaysia: Agreement Concluded between the Federation of Malaya, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore, (Kuala Lumpur: Government Press, 1963) ms. 19-27.

335

LAMPIRAN15,' Constitution of the State of Singapore, 1963Part III Citizenship

Status of citizen of Singapore53 (1) There shall be a status known as

"citizen of Singapore". (2) The status of a citizen of Singapore may be acquired -

a) by birth;b) by descent;c) by registration or enrolment; ord) under the provisions of the Federal Constitution by naturalisation

(3) In accordance with the position of the State within the Federation every person who is a citizen of Singapore enjoys by virtue of that citizenship and in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Constitution the status of a citizen of Malaysia.

Citizenship by birth

54. (1) Subject to the provision of this Article, every person born in the State after the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by birth.

(2) A person shall not be a citizen of Singapore by virtue of clause (1) of this Article if at the time of his birth -a) his father, not being a citizen of Malaysia, possessed such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; orb) his father was an enemy alien and the birth occurred in a place then under the occupation of the enemy; orc) neither of his parents was a citizen of Singapore and neither of them was a permanent resident in the Federation:Provided that paragraph (c) of this Clause shall not apply to any person if, as a result of the application of that paragraph, he would not be a citizen of any country.

Citizenship by descent

55. (1) A person born outside the Federation after the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by descent if at the time of the birth his father is a citizen of Singapore:

Provided that such person shall not be such a citizen unless his birth is registered at a Consulate of the Federation or with the Government in the prescribed manner within one year of its occurrence or with the permission of the Government later.

(2) A person born in the Federation outside the State on or after the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be a citizen of Singapore by descent if one at least of his parent is at the. time of his birth a citizen of Singapore and he is not born a citizen of Malaysia otherwise than by virtue of this clause.

Transfer of citizenship

56. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a person of or over the age of twenty-one years, not being a citizen of Singapore, who is a citizen of Malaysia may on making application therefor to the Government in the prescribed form be enrolled as a citizen of Singapore if he satisfies the Government that he -a) is of good character;b) has resided in the State throughout the twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application;c) has during the twelve years immediately preceding the date of his application resided in the State for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years;d) intends to reside permanently in the State; ande) has an elementary knowledge of the national language:

336

Provided that the Government may exempt an applet who has atta.qed the age of forty-five years or who ,s deaf or dumb from comphance with the prov,s,ons 3f paragraph (e° of IM.C19US6.(2] '^ef°c

na0fCZenr ° f?-1™8 1!0 are n0t Citizens of Singapore, clause (2)

of Article 57 and Article 58 of this Constitution shall apply to allow them to be enrolled as citizens of Singapore ,n the same way as those provisions apply in relation to persons who are not citizens of Malaysia to allow them to be registered as citizens of Singapore.


57. (1 ) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, any person of or over the age of twenty-one years, not being a citizen of Malaysia, who was resident in the State on the coming into operation of this Constitution may, on application being made therefore in the prescribed form be registered with the concurrence of the Government of the Federation as a citizen of Singapore if he satisfies the Government that he -a) is of good character;b) has resided in the State throughout the twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application;c) has during the twelve years immediately preceding the date of his application resided in the State for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years;d) intends to reside permanently in the State; ande) has an elementary knowledge of the national language:Provided that the Government may exempt an applicant who has attained the age of forty-fiveyears or who is deaf or dumb from compliance with the provisions of paragraph (e) of thisclause.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution any woman, not being a citizen of Malaysia, who is married to a citizen of Singapore may, on making application therefor in the prescribed manner, be registered as a citizen of Singapore if she satisfies the Government -a) that she has resided continuously in the State for a period of not less than two years immediately preceding the date of the application;b) that she intends to reside permanently in the State; andc) that she is of good character.58. (1) The Government may if satisfied that a child under the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen of Malaysia -a) is the child of a citizen of Singapore; andb) is residing in the State,cause such child to be registered as a citizen of Singapore on application being made therefor in the prescribed manner by the parent or guardian of such child.(2) The Government may, in such special circumstances as it

thinks fit, cause any child under the age of twenty-one years, who is not a citizen of Malaysia, to be registered as a citizen of Singapore.

Termination of citizenship of Malaysia64. Where a person who is a citizen of Singapore has renounced his citizenship of Malaysia or been deprived of his citizenship of Malaysia by the Government of the Federation such person shall be deemed to have renounced or been deprived of his citizenship of Singapore under this constitution and such person shall cease to be a citizen of Singapore.

Repeal69. (1) The Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957 is hereby repealed.

(2) Any person who immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution was by virtue of the Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957, a citizen of Singapore by birth, descent, registration or naturalisation, shall as from the coming into operation of this constitution continue, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, to possess that status.

(3) Where a person would have been a citizen of Singapore by descent immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution if his birth had been registered under the

provisions of the Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957, he shall become a citizen of Singapore by descent if his birth is registered at a consulate of the Federation or with the

337

Government in the prescribed manner within one year of its occurrence or with the permission ofthe Government later. '

(4) Notwithstanding the repeal of the Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957, where a person who has become a citizen of Singapore was liable in respect of things done before the coming into operation of this Constitution to be deprived of that status under the Ordinance, then the Government may, in exercise of the powers delegated by the Government of the Federation, by order deprive him of his citizenship, if proceedings for that purposes are begun before September 1965.

(5) Where a person is liable to be deprived of citizenship under clause (4) of this Article and proceedings had before the coming into operation of this Constitution been begun to deprive him of citizenship of citizenship of Singapore under the provisions of the Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957. those proceedings shall be treated as proceedings to deprive him of citizenship under that clause and shall be continued as such in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Citizenship Ordinance. 1957. in force immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution.

Sumber: Malaysia: Agreement Concluded between the Federation of Malaya, United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore, (Kuala Lumpur: Government Press, 1963) ms. 149-154.

338

Abdul Razak. 162, 217, 229, 232, 234, 235, 237,

299, 306, 314. 322 Akta Kerakyatan Ceylon. 133, 135 Akla Kewarganegaraan Brilish, 33, 39, 41,127, 147.176. 1B2, 212. 213,

244, 262, 291. 323 Akta Malaysia, 4AMCJA-PUTERA, 6, 90, 97, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 124, 141, 142. 150.' 330, 331, 332, 340, 343 Anthony Brooke, 70 Barisan Buruh, 246Bansan Sosialis, 267, 268,

259, 270, 273. 277, 278, 279. 281. 284, 286, 287, 301, 305. 311, 312, 332, 333

Borneo Utara, 5, 7, 31, 32, 33, 48, 62, 70, 71, 73, 74, 127, 128, 137, 139, 179, 186, 187, 262, 264, 267. 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297. 298. 299, 300, 313,'337, 342.353

BPP, 2, 11. 27, 30, 35, 47, 48, 64, 65, 66, 68, 77, 84, 93, 117, 118, 121, 126, 127, 128, 147. 148, 149, 176, 181, 184, 243,245, 336 Cecil dementi, 58, 76 Ceylon, 26, 96, 126, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 147,

187, 218, 219, 231 Chiang Kai Shek, 137China, 2, 26. 27, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 55, 59. 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, 125, 126, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 164. 176, 177, 178, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 241, 249, 257, 258, 259, 269, 321, 322, 343, 345, 346 Chou En-Lai, 257, 259 Cina Peranakan, 52, 53, 54 CLC, 144. 145, 146, 147, 149, 150. 152, 153, 154,

162, 193Creech Jones, 77, 81, 120. 149 CUKC, 3, 4, 117, 118, 127, 128, 132, 133, 135, 139, 148, 155, 156, 160, 162, 165, 175, 181, 183, 186, 187, 194, 195, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220, 223, 224, 226. 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 252, 253, 255, 262, 290, 293, 294, 295, 298, 299, 315, 319, 320, 323, 335, 336, 337 dasar disentralisasi, 50 dasar pro-Melayu, 47, 49. 50, 66 DatoOnn, 86, 144, 146, 152, 203, 229 David Marshall, 247, 249, 259, 282, 285, 301, 302,

344Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia, 95 Donald MacGillivray, 200, 219 Double Tenth, 258 Dr. Burhaniiddin, 111. 220dwikerakyatan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 73, 74, 88, 108, 110, 116, 118, 127, 129, 130, 133, 138, 156, 176, 194, 195, 197, 198, 204, 205, 206, 212, 213, 216, 220, 221, 222, 226, 227, 228 230 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 244. 251, 259,

260, 262, 299, 311, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 340 dwikewarganegaraan, 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, 34, 37, 38, 39, 45, 58, 59, 60, 69, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 96, 97, 105, 106, 113, 135, 139, 140, 148, 156, 167, 212, 214, 215, 221, 222, 233, 235, 240, 242, 257, 258, 259, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338

lnd.ta

dwistatus, 195, 217, 242, 243, 260, 335Edward Gent, 81Enakmen Kewarganegaraan Negeri, 1, 162, 165,

166. 167, 169, 173Enakmen Naturalisasi, 43. 44, 46. 48, 161 Enakmen Tanah Simpanan Melayu. 45 Eurasian, 26, 51, 83, 92, 93. 94, 95. 102, 119, 144.

147, 152.227 George Hall, 79, 120 George Maxwell, 26, 50, 57, 69, 74, 75, 76, 79, 122,

345, 351gerakan anti-Persekutuan, 6, 119, 330, 340 Gerakan Pemisahan Pulau Pinang, 118, 203 Gerald Templer, 168 hak mengundi, 8, 17, 24, 54. 75, 124. 125, 126. 176,

177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 208, 211,247, 248, 273, 274, 276, 293, 303, 304, 306, 316,324, 325, 333 Halangan

Warna, 53 hartal, 104, 108, 110, 113 Henry Gurney, 120, 121, 150,189, 190 Ho Chik Kwan, 46, 158 India, 19, 25, 36, 46, 47, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,

63, 80, 89, 91, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 125, 126, 129, 130. 131, 132, 133, 135,139, 144, 147, 148, 159, 164, 171, 176, 187. 188,189, 190, 197, 211, 219, 226, 229, 242, 269, 272,345,19 348, 351 Indonesia,

25, 26, 27, 34, 38, 45, 50, 99, 120. 258,

322, 339, 343, 344 Ishak Haji Mohamed, 111 J.A. Thivy, 108, 131, 189 James Brooke, 31, 32 Jawaharlal Nehru, 108, 129 Jawatankuasa Kecil Politik Perikatan, 232

Jawatankuasa Kerja, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90. 91, 92, 95,

97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 114, 115,123, 134, 229, 230, 231, 232,

233, 330, 331, 332 Jawatankuasa Khas, 159, 161 Jawatankuasa Linehan, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86 92 123

334 Jawatankuasa Perundingan Cheeseman, 94, 101.

102, 103, 114 John Anderson, 42, 43Jus sanguinis, 13, 34, 37, 39, 59, 137, 241, 315 jus soli, 13, 21, 34,46, 74, 105, 122, 151, 152, 153.

154, 158, 163, 165, 166, 193, 194, 195, 196, 205,237, 238, 240, 246, 252, 297,

315 jus so//tertunda, 154, 193 kerajaan Perikatan, 4, 21, 197, 202, 218, 228, 238

250, 327kerakyatan India, 36, 129, 130, 131, 211 kerakyatan Komanwel, 4, 128, 214, 215 216 218

219, 225, 226, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235 236 238239, 240, 256, 260, 324, 325,

332, 334, 336 kerakyatan Malayan Union, 2, 15, 17, 18, 70, 74 75

76, 77, 78, 79, 80. 81, 82, 84, 87, 122 123 131140, 329, 334 kerakyatan

Malaysia, 4, 17, 262, 265, 266, 268 270

271, 272, 273, 274, 278, 281, 283. 284. 2Be! 297'299, 302, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312 314'316, 318. 321, 323, 326, 327, 332, 333, 33s', 342

339

kerakyatan Persekutuan, 3, 56, 7, 11, 16, 18, 22, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92. 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 113, 117 119 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139, 140, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155, 156, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175. 183 190 206 208, 215, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228 237 241 242, 243, 259, 260, 262, 271. 272, 273. 274, 275, 280. 285, 293, 295, 297, 301, 313, 316, 317, 324, 325, 334, 335, 341, 342 kerakyatan Singapura, 4, 18, 19.122, 126. 180, 181, 183, 186, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256. 259, 260, 262, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, 283, 286, 289. 290, 303. 306, 308, 313, 315, 316, 317, 320, 335, 338, 340, 341 kerakyatan tanpa kewarganegaraan, 10, 15, 91, 115,

330Kertas Putih Malayan Union, 77 Kertas Putih Singapura, 267, 277, 299. 307, 325,

330, 333 kewarganegaraan "Melayu". 107, 109. 110. 111, 115.

141, 332 kewarganegaraan China, 2, 38, 78, 79. 90, 138, 178,

257, 322kewarganegaraan Malaysia, 6, 7,11,12, 262, 264, 265, 286, 275, 291, 293, 294, 296, 300, 307, 321, 322, 325. 326, 330, 338, 342 kewarganegaraan Negeri Melayu, 80, 245 kewarganegaraan tanpa kerakyatan, 6 KMT, 136, 137, 139koloni British, 2, 25, 27, 33, 36, 56, 72, 89, 94, 117, 121, 126. 151. 152, 175, 181, 187, 244, 262, 267, 298 komunis, 3. 114,123, 136,137,142.144,192, 193,

268Labuan. 25, 32. 71,74, 363 Lee Kuan Yew, 179, 248, 256, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273. 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 282, 287, 288, 289, 292, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 326, 327, 333, 347Lennox-Boyd, 200, 222, 224, 228, 235, 238, 250 Lim Yew Hock, 185, 250, 251, 255 Majlis eksekutif, 54 Majlis Eksekutif, 54, 328 Majlis Kebangsaan Parti Perikatan, 234 Majlis Negeri, 11, 51, 54, 120, 148, 171 Majlis Persekutuan, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56 Majlis Perundangan, 11, 23, 51, 53, 54, 67, 93, 95, 124, 126, 130, 148, 159. 161, 168, 248, 256, 265, 267, 291, 299, 300. 301, 304, 318, 327, 328, 341 Malayan Party, 237 Malcolm MacDonald, 35, 86,112, 120, 126, 149,

151MCA, 67, 144, 152. 193, 195, 196, 237 MCS, 50, 51,52. 54, 57, 328,329 MDU, 123, 124, 125, 179, 340 Melaka, 7, 28, 35, 67, 70, 73, 77, 86, 104, 117, 127, 128, 137, 145, 146, 149, 152, 174, 183, 189, 190, 194, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 227, 228, 234, 240, 244, 268, 273, 300, 301, 317, 319, 320, 335, 336, 337MIC, 108, 109,130,

195,233,237 MSCC, 264, 296, 298, 299 naturalisasi, 13, 42, 45, 118, 127, 139, 155, 164, 165, 171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 184, 185, 243, 245. 247, 248, 252, 256, 258, 295, 313

negeri naungan British, 2, 27, 29, 30, 31. 35, 42, 49,

58,94,117,175,244,335 'Negeri-negeri Borneo, 266, 300Negeri-negeri Melayu, 2, 5, 7, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30,

33, 34, 35. 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56,57'. 64, 66, 67, 68, 69. 73, 86, 88, 99, 114, 115,116, 121, 125, 128, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 157,159, 161, 163, 166, 169. 174, 188. 190, 194, 195.199. 205, 209, 224.S 244, 245, 285, 317, 329.335, 339 Negeri-negeri Seiat

2, 23, 25, 28, 33, 41, 42, 43, 46,

52, 53, 54, 55. 56. 67, 73, 79, 90, 99, 117, 119,120, 121, 135, 148, 150, 188. 195, 197, 202, 209,214, 220, 329, 335 Ordinan

Kerakyatan Singapura, 19, 251, 252, 253,

254,260,286,315,341 Pan-Malayan Federation of Chinese Association,

237 PAP, 6, 179, 180, 246, 248, 256, 260, 267, 268, 272,

277, 278, 279, 283, 284, 286. 287. 300. 304. 309.320, 325, 326, 327, 341 Parti

Perikatan, 195, 196, 197, 210, 220, 221, 231,

233, 234, 238 PAS, 220 Pejabat Tanah Jajahan, 17, 33, 48, 63, 64, 65, 67.

69, 70, 76, 79, 100,115, 139, 149, 182. 202, 222,229, 230, 292, 294

peribumi, 2, 30, 40, 47. 56, 58, 60, 71, 72. 220 Perjanjian Malaysia, 310, 311, 327 Perjanjian Penaungan, 31, 32 Perjanjian Persekutuan, 3, 5, 18, 21, 115, 116, 141,

147, 154, 155, 158, 161, 163, 173, 223, 244 Perkhidmatan Awam Negeri-negeri Selat, 54, 329 Perlembagaan India, 36,129.131, 133 Pedembagaan Persekutuan, 5, 104, 116, 208, 225.

238, 272, 277, 278, 282, 285. 298, 316 Perlembagaan Rakyat, 6, 15, 104, 105,106, 107,

109, 113, 114, 141, 330, 342 Perlembagaan Rendel, 185, 187, 246 Perlembagaan Singapura, 122,185, 341 perlindungan diplomatik, 9,10. 11, 39, 48, 60, 63,

188,226,293,326 Persatuan Wartawan-wartawan Asing Asia

Tenggara, 261 Persekutuan Malaysia, 1, 5,10, 266, 271, 274, 277.

280, 282. 284, 285, 302, 308. 314, 318, 324 Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. 1, 4. 5, 7, 9, 10, 16,18,

19, 20, 23, 28, 31, 40, 41, 80, 86, 87, 91, 113, 115,116, 117, 124, 127, 140, 142. 144, 146, 166, 170,174, 180, 217,219,221,230, 238,239, 242,243,246, 255. 256, 258, 260, 261, 263, 271, 273, 275,276, 278, 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 302, 303,

306, 308,309. 312, 315, 323, 327, 335,

336, 338, 349 Persidangan Afro-Asia, 257 PKM, 78, 142, 144 PKMM, 110 PRC, 136, 137, 138, 139, 190, 191, 192, 257, 258,

259, 322Pulau Pinang, 7, 28, 63, 70, 73, 77, 86,119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 145, 146, 149, 152, 174, 183, 189, 190, 194, 199. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218, 220, 222, 224, 227. 228, 234, 240, 244, 268, 273, 274, 300, 301, 317, 319, 320, 335, 336, 337, 339, 343 R. 0. Winstedt, 71,77

rakyat British, 2, 16, 23, 24. 25, 25, 27, 28, 30, 3,1, 33, 34, 35, 36. 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 60, 61, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 86, 90, 91, 96, 98, 105, 112, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128. 130, 133, 137, 147, 149, 150, 151,Sf 152, 159. 176. 177. 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 285, 296, 326, 329, 332

rakyat Komanwel, 117, 118, 128, 176, 177, 187, 194, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 226, 227, 229, 233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 254, 256, 260, 272, 336

rakyat Malaysia, 4, 10, 17, 262, 263, 269, 271, 273, 275, 278, 279, 281, 284, 287, 288, 297, 298, 299, 302. 305, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327, 333, 337

rakyat Persekutuan, 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12,15, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 97, 99, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 144, 147, 157, 160, 162, 170, 171, 173, 184, 193, 194, 195, 197, 206, 207, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 255, 258, 259, 260, 268, 269, 270, 276, 277, 280, 282, 285, 293, 296, 302, 309, 312, 319, 333, 334, 336, 339

rakyat Raja, 2, 3, 18, 24, 26, 30, 35, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 64, 65, 66, 68, 76, 80, 88, 91, 93, 99, 105, 116, 117, 118, 121, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172, 194. 195, 198, 207, 208, 210, 214, 219, 225, 229, 245, 285, 316, 329, 331, 335, 336, 337, 339

Rakyat Seberang Laut British, 323rakyat Singapura, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11,

17, 122, 183, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 293, 299, 302, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 326, 327, 328, 332. 333, 334, 335, 338, 341, 342

referendum, 292, 300, 303, 305, 308, 309. 310Roland Braddel, 30, 68, 150, 152, 153Rundingan London, 198, 226, 232, 235

Samuel Wilson, 47, 50, 54, 349Sarawak, 5, 7, 25, 31, 32, 33, 49, 63, 70, 71, 72, 74,

127, 128, 137, 138, 179, 181, 186, 187, 261, 262,264, 267, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296. 298,299, 300, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319,337, 338, 342, 347, 349, 352. 353. 359, 360, 363,375, 378, 380, 382 SCBA, 67,

201, 202, 203, 204, 218, 219, 222, 227,

236, 240 SCCC, 18, 19, 125, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181. 182,

183, 184, 185, 187, 247, 248. 270, 340 Shenton Thomas, 35, 57, 65 status berkerajaan sendiri, 98, 113, 123, 124, 141.

146, 175, 250, 251, 254, 255, 314, 320, 337 status kebangsaan, 38, 41, 70, 83, 93, 96, 105, 106,

136, 145, 167, 174, 175, 176, 182, 184, 185. 197.214, 248,331, 334 Suruhanjaya

Cobbold, 290. 291, 292, 293, 295, 296,

298, 300 Suruhanjaya Reid, 197, 198, 200, 202, 204, 205,

208, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 218, 221, 223,224, 226, 229, 238 Taiwan, 136,

137, 138, 257, 322 TanCheng Lock, 50, 53, 54, 59, 67. 68. 69, 101, 106,

108, 144, 151, 152, 153, 158, 170, 338, 351 tanah jajahan British, 28, 29, 33, 36, 41, 46. 71, 72,

74,79, 127,336 Tunku, 152, 195, 196, 203, 207, 217, 222, 228, 229.

234, 235, 236, 238, 240. 241, 249, 250, 261, 265,266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,284, 288, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308. 326, 327,328, 332, 333, 341 UMNO, 31,

68, 81, 86, 87, 91, 100, 101, 103, 107,

110, 111, 113, 115, 141, 143, 144, 152, 153, 195,196, 222, 228, 248, 330, 331,

344 undang-undang antarabangsa, 7, 9, 11, 12, 30, 46,

76, 92, 93, 95, 129, 140, 148, 149, 157, 158, 159,212, 222, 243, 245,

259, 289 undang-undang darurat, 189 Vyner Brooke, 70, 72 W. Linehan, 81, 83, 108, 110, 112. 113 William Goode, 291, 292, 297, 298

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