American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (7): 835-841, 2012ISSN 1818-6769 IDOSI Publications, 2012DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2012.12.07.1794

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, University WENSAM College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. Tel: +966-710531. Fax: +966719782.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) A Prophetic Food Mentioned inAhadith and its Ethnobotanical Importance

Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Mohyuddin Hashimi, Khalid Usman Khan, 1 2 3Muhammad Aslam Khan, Muhammad Shoaib and Fazal-ur-Rehman4 3 5

University WENSAM College, Gomal University,1Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan

Faculty of Arabic & Islamic Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan2Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan3

Department of Islamic and Religious Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan4Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan5

Abstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop plant belonging to familyPoaceae. In the present paper an attempt has been made to compile an up-to-date knowledge on Barley(known Shaeer in Arabic), covering its various aspects particularly its ethnobotanical importance. Barley wasliked by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) very much. He used its bread, talbina and sattu (powdered barley).Barley is easily digestible (due to low gluten contents) and has superior nutritional qualities due to presenceof beta-glucan (an anticholesterol substance), acetylcholine (a substance which nourishes our nervous systemand recovers memory loss), high lysine, thiamin and riboflavin. Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally fordiarrhea, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, diabetes, hepatitis, bladder inflammation andenema. Hot water extract of dried plant and fruit is used for beriberi, cough, influenza, measles, syphilis,nephritis, jaundice, dysentery, abortion, common cold, for kidney diseases, skin diseases, hemorrhoids andinfected ulcers. Barley is more tolerant (to salinity, drought and frost) than wheat and hence is more productiveunder adverse conditions. Therefore, barley can play an important role in conservation agriculture and can helpin reducing the pressure on the use of natural resources. There is a scope for the development of food barleyvarieties with higher and stable yield and higher nutritional values in addition to their resistance potentialagainst insect pests and diseases. Hence more applied and basic research needs to be conducted in this regard.

Key words: Shaeer Poaceae Ethnomedicinal uses Prophetic food Hadith

INTRODUCTION annually on about 56 million hectares [4]. Due to hardy

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belongs to the grass barley is being considered as highly needed crop infamily, Poaceae (Gramineae). It is the fourth most the present era. It has superior nutritional qualities dueimportant cereal crop after wheat, maize and rice and is to presence of beta-glucan (an anticholesterolamong the top ten crop plants in the world [1]. substance), acetylcholine (a substance which nourishesBarley is classified as spring or winter types, our nervous system and recovers memory loss), easytwo-rowed or six-rowed, hulled or hulless by presence digestibility (due to low gluten contents) and highor absence of hull tightly adhering to the grain and lysine, thiamin and riboflavin. Barley food productmalting or feed by end-use type [2]. Six rowed barley can provides cooling and soothering effect in bodyproduce 25-60 grains, while two-rowed barley produces sustained for a longer time. Its alternate uses in malt and25-30 grains per spike. Wild barley is two-rowed and most beer industry and health tonics have proved thatcultivated barley is of the six-rowed type [3] Globally, barley is an important crop of the present era [5]. Barleyover 136 million tones of barley are produced has also been mentioned in numerous Ahadith (Table 1).

nature, superior nutritional and medicinal importance,

Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (7): 835-841, 2012

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Table 1: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mentioned in various Ahadith. S.# Text of Hadith Reference1. Aayeshah Radiyallahu Anha says, "Till the demise of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam,

his family never ate a full stomach of bread made of barley for two consecutive days". 212. Abu Umaamah Al-Baahili Radiyallahu Anhu says, "Bread made of barley was never left over in the

house of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam." 213. lbn 'Abbaas Radiyallahu Anhu reports that Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam and his family

spent many consecutive nights without food, because there would be no supper. The bread of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam was mostly made of barley. 22

4. Someone asked Sahl bin Sa'd Radiyallahu Anhu "Did Rasulullah Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam ever eat bread made of white (fine) flour? He replied: White flour may not have come before Rasulullah Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam till his last days". The questioner then asked, "Did you people use sieved flour in the time of Rasulullah Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam? He replied: "No, it was not". The questioner then asked, "How was bread from barley prepared?" (because it has more particles in it). Sahl Radiyallahu Anhu replied, "We used to blow into the flour and the big particles flew out. The rest was made into dough". 21

5. Aayeshah Radiyallahu Anha says, "Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam never filled his stomach with bread made of barley for two consecutive days till he passed away". 21

6. Aisha (Radiyallahu Anha) used to recommend Talbina for the sick and for those grieving over a dead person. Whenever one of her relatives died, women would assemble and then return back to their homes except for her relatives and close friends. She would then order for a pot of Talbina to be cooked. Then Tharid (a dish prepared from meat and bread) would be prepared and the Talbina would be poured on it. Aisha would say (to the women), Eat, for I heard the Messenger (peace be upon him) saying, The Talbina soothes the heart of the patient and relieves him from some of his sadness. 23,24

7. Hishams father said, Aisha would recommend Talbina and used to say, It is disliked (by the patient) although it is beneficial. 24,25

8. The Messenger (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) said, I encourage you to use (Talbina) which is disliked, but is beneficial. By the One in whose Hand Muhammads soul is, it cleans your stomach just as water cleans dirt from the face. 7

9. Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) used to recommend Talbina for the sick and or one who was grieving over a dead person. She (may Allah be pleased with her) said, "I heard the Messenger saying, ' The Talbina gives rest to the heart of the patient and makes it active and relieves some of his sorrow and grief.' 24

10. Another narration is found on record from Hazrat Aisha Siddiqua (R.A). Whenever anyone complained of loss of appetite to the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) he ordered to use Talbina and stated By Allah who holds my life, this removes the dirt of your abdomen as one of you removes the dirt of your face by washing it. 25

11. Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated, "If any of the Messenger's family became ill, the Messenger would say, 'It (talbina) soothes the grieving heart and cleanses the ailing heart just as one of you cleans dirt off his face with water." 24

12. Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Messenger said, "You should eat the beneficial thing that is unpleasant to eat (Talbina), meaning broth. If any member of the Messenger of Allah's y family was sick, the cooking pot would remain on the fire until one of two things happened, either the person recovered or died." 7

13. Yousuf Bin Abdullah Bin Salam (Radiyallahu Anhu) states that I saw the Prophet taking a piece of barley bread and put a date on it and stated that was breads vegetable. 24,26

14. Whenever a person of the family of Rasullulah (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) fell sick, it was ordered that barley gruel should be prepared for him. He stated it removes the grief of the patients heart, removes its weakness as any of you removes the dirt from your face after washing it. 26

15. Hazrat Ummul Manzar (Radiyallahu Anha) states that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) along with Hazrat Ali came to our house, we had the dates and those were presented to them. Both of them ate from those dates. When Hazrat Ali (R.A.) consumed a little of those, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) said You recently recovered from illness, hence you are weak, dont eat more. Therefore, that lady prepared a dish frombarley and beet root. Then, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) told Hazrat Ali (Radiyallahu Anhu )eat from it, it is better for you. 25

16. Narrated Anas bin Malik (Radiyallahu Anhu): A tailor invited the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) to a meal which he had prepared and I went along with the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam). The tailor presented barley bread and soup containing gourd and cured meat. I saw the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) picking the pieces of gourd from around the dish and since then I have kept on liking gourd. 27

17. Powdered barley (Sattu) was very much liked by the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam). At the time of victory of Khaibar, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) agreed to marry to Hazrat Safia, the very next day he directed to Hazrat Anas Bin Malik to invite the people to attend the Dawat-e-Walima of Hazrat Safia. According to the narrations of Tirmizi and Ibn Majah the walima comprised of dates and sattu, but according to Bukhari aconfection was prepared from dates, barley and sattu and served before the guests. 25

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The Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) for athletes, who attributed much of their strength to theirused barley as bread, talbina (dalia of barley) and sattu(powdered barley) [6]. Talbina is made by adding one ortwo tablespoon of barley flour (must be 100 percentwholegrain barley flour) to one-and-a-half cups of waterand placed on low heat for 10-15 minutes (optional: addmilk or yoghurt and sweeten with honey) [7]. Sattu is theUrdu name for Barley's roasted flour (whole with husk),which is called Saweeq in Arabic. It is one of theimportant ingredients in many of Tibb-e-Nabawi blessedfoods [8] Barley is more tolerant (to salinity, drought andfrost) than wheat and hence is more productive underadverse conditions. Therefore, barley can play animportant role in conservation agriculture and can help inreducing the pressure on the use of natural resources.There is a scope for the development of food barleyvarieties with higher and stable yield and highernutritional values in addition to their resistance potentialagainst insect pests and diseases. Hence more appliedand basic research needs to be conducted in this regard.

Barley History: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been usedas food by man since time immemorial. Its use in thereligious ritual of ancient Hindus as well as ancient Greeksfurnishes strong argument in favour of the great antiquityof its cultivation [9]. Locating the origin of cultivatedbarley has not been without controversy [10]. Remains ofbarley grains found at archeological sites in the FertileCrescent of the Middle East indicated that about 10,000years ago the crop was domesticated there from a wildspecies H. spontaneum. Indeed, the archeological datagathered from the large project where 367 barleyaccessions were obtained from the FAOs Middle EasternInternational Center for Agricultural Research in DryAreas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria and from similar nationalcenters in the Old and New World allowed researchers toconclude that the Fertile Crescent is the place of origin ofcultivated barley [9]. This is the most prominent andaccepted theory regarding origin of cultivated barley.There is, however, compelling evidence of thepossibilities of multicenters of origin of barley, initiatingin the Iberian Peninsula, extending across North Africa, Chemical Constituents: Barley grain is an excellentsouthwestern Asia and into eastern and southern Asia source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber (DF) and[10]. Barley is a crop with a very wide range of adaptation. other bioactive constituents, such as vitamin E (includingIts commercial value is, however, far less than that of toco-tri-enols), B-complex vitamins, minerals and phenolicwheat, which it replaces in the dry regions in areas in compounds. Barley is also a rich source of tocols,which rainfall is too low and erratic to ensure satisfactory including tocophenols and toco-tri-enols, [14]. Barleywheat yields. It is more tolerant to salt than wheat and can contains 3-11% dietary fibers made up of pentosans, beta-still thrive in conditions that are too cold even for rye [9]. glucan and cellulose. Beta-glucan is highly viscousBarley played an important role in ancient Greek culture as soluble polysaccharide, with a linear, unbrancheda staple bread-making grain as well as an important food structure composed of 4-O-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl

barley-containing training diets [11]. The ancient Greeksused the mucilage derived from cereals (known as pisane)for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation [12].Roman athletes continued this tradition of honouringbarley for the strength that it gave them [11]. RomanPhysician Gaius Plinius Secundus (known as Pliny theelder, 23-79) used barley as a part ritualized cure for boils[12]. Gladiators were known as hordearii, which means"eaters of barley." [11]. They ate barley for strength andstamina [12]. Barley was also honoured in ancient Chinaas a symbol of male virility since the heads of barley areheavy and contain numerous seeds [11].

Taxonomic AspectBotanical name: Hordeum vulgare L.Tribe: TriticeaeFamily: Poaceae (Gramineae)Arabic: ShaeerBeng: Jau, Jav, Jab, JaoEnglish: Barley Hindi: Jav, Jawa, Suj, Jau.Pashto: Arbasy, orbashayPersian: JavUrdu: Jau

Description: Plants annual erect, 50-100 cm tall, smooth,glabrous with flaccid, linear leaves; leaf sheath usuallyglabrous; auricles present; ligule 1-2 mm, membranous;spike hexastichous, dense; rachis flexible; spikelets allsessile, arranged in threes on two sides of the rachis, allfertile or lateral one barren and similar; glumes linear-lanceolate at base, puberulent; awn 8-14 mm.; fruit anelliptic short pointed grooved caryopsis. Fl. and fr. Mar-May [13].

Distribution: Historically, Barley has been an importantfood source in many parts of the world, including theMiddle East, N. Africa and northern and eastern Europe(mainly Iran, Morocco, Ethiopia, Finland, England,Germany, Denmark, Russia and Poland) and in Asia(Japan, India, Tibet and Korea) [14]. Now it is cultivatedworldwide in all non-tropical countries and in montaneareas of tropics [13].

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Table 2: Medicinal Uses of various parts of Hordeum vulgare.Diseases Part Used Treatment ReferenceAbortion. Fr Hot water extracts of fruit and dried seeds are taken orally by pregnant

women to induce abortion in S. Korea. 28Ancyclostomiasis Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Ancyclostomiasis in Korea. 28Anti-cough Sd Decoction of H. vulgare seeds with apples, dried figs and pears. 29

Sd Decoction with Malva sylvestris L.is used against cough.Beriberi Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Beriberi in Korea. 28Bladder inflammation, Sd A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for bladder inflammation in Iran. 28Blood glucose level Sd Seeds of H. vulgare 125 gram are roasted and mixed with each of 50 gm of

Cicer arietinum and Elettaria cardamomum and used @ half teaspoon with waterthrice a day to control blood glucose level 30

Blood pressure --- Barley is used for lowering blood pressure 31Blood sugar --- Barley is used for lowering blood sugar. 31Boils --- Barley is applied to the skin for treating boils. 31Cataract Lf Leaf juice is useful for cataract. 32,33Cholera Sd Powdered flower of Calotropis procera, fruits of Piper nigrum,seed ash of

H. vulgare and rose water are taken orally for cholera in India. 28Cholestrol --- Barley is used for lowering cholesterol. 31Common cold Fr Decoction of the fruit is taken orally for common cold in Turkey. 28Contraception Fl Flowers are taken orally by female for contraception in Afghanistan. 28Contraceptive Fr Hot water extracts of fruits is taken orally by female as a contraceptive in S. Korea. 28Cough, influenza Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for cough, influenza in Korea 28Dermatitis Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for Dermatitis in Guatemala. 28Diabetes Fr Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for diabetes in China. 28Diabetes Sd Equal quantity of seeds of Cicer arietinum, Daucus carrota, Hordeum vulgare,

Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays (yellow variety) are ground and made into powder. The bread is cooked from this mixed flour and taken as breakfast with fresh butter of cow for 2-month. This remedy is used as dietary supplement to control diabetes. 30

Diarrhea Fr Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for diarrhea in Argentina. 28Decoctionof dried seeds is used orally for diarrhea in Iran. 28

Digestive complaints: It is also used for digestive complaints including diarrhea,stomach pain and inflammatory bowel conditions. 31

Digestive System Disorders The barely brew (is prepared by boiling one-quarter cup of all Natural pearled barley in about 2.5 litres of water. When the water has boiled down to about 1.25 litres, it should be strained carefully). has a demulcent or soothing response and relieves the burning digestive actions. It has also a mucilaginous response and helps to protect the abraded mucous membrane

Dysentery Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for dysentery in Korea. 28Enema Sd Decoction of dried seeds is used orally for enema in Iran. 28Erysipelas Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for erysipelas in Guetamla. 28Fever --- Barley is also useful in fever and all inflammatory conditions on

account of its soothing properties. 34Galactogogue Sd Infusion of the dried seeds is used as a galactogogue in Italy. 28Gout Sd Decoction of dried seeds is used orally for gout in Iran. 28Gout and rheumatism F Barley flour can be used externally for gout and rheumatism

by putting on joints like a plaster. 35Hemorrhoids and Sd Decoction of dried seeds is used externally as an emollient and applied oninfected ulcers hemorrhoids and infected ulcers in Iran. 28Hepatitis Sd A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for hepatitis in Iran. 28Inflammations Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for inflammations in Guatemala. 28,36Internasal inflammation Sd The decoction of the seeds is also applied to the nose to reduce the internasal

inflammation in Iran. 28Jaundice Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for jaundice in Korea. 28Jaundice and hepatitis Sd Dried seeds are grounded. Powder is mixed with water andsugar is taken orally

thrice a day for a month 17

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Table 2: ContinuerDiseases Part Used Treatment ReferenceKidney diseases Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is taken orally for renal inflammation and kidney diseases 28Kidney pain Sd Seeds are boiled in water and decoction is taken for kidney pain. 37Measles Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for measles in Korea. 28Measles Fr Hot water extract of dried fruit used externally for measles and as an emollient and

taken orally as a diuretic in Peru. 28Nephritis Sd A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for nephritis in Iran. 28Nephritis Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Nephritis in Korea. 28Renal inflammation Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is taken orally for renal inflammation and kidney diseases 28,36Respiratory tract infections Fr Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for treatment of respiratory tract infections

(RTI) in Argentina. 28Rheumatic and joint pains. Sd Compresses of boiled seeds are used to soothe rheumatic and joint pains in Italy 28Schistosomiasis Fr Dried fruits are smoked as a treatment for schistosomiasis in Egypt 28Scorbutism Sd A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for scorbutism in Iran. 28Skin diseases Sd Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for skin diseases in Guetamla. 28Stomach heat Sd The seeds of plant are roasted, crushed with sugar to make juice for relief of

stomach heat and fever, particularly in summer. 38Syphilis Pl Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Syphilis in Korea. 28Urinary antiseptic. Sd Seeds are eaten as a urinary antiseptic in Italy 28Urinary Disorders Barley gruel with butter milk and lime juice is an excellent diuretic carbohydrate food.

It is highly beneficial in the treatment of urinary disorders like nephritis and cystitis. 34Urinary tract infections (UTI Fr Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for treatment of urinary tract

infections (UTI) in Argentina. 28Weight loss ---- Barley is used for promoting weight loss 31Key: F= Flour, Fr = Fruit, Lf = Leaves, Pl= Whole Plant, Rt = Roots, Sd = Seeds

Table 3: Use of barley for food consumption in 2002.Consumption Share in total food

Country/Region (thousand tonnes) consumption (%) Algeria 480 06.7China 661 09.2Ethiopia 887 12.3Germany 170 02.4India 1108 15.4Republic of Korea 220 03.1Morocco 1071 14.9Poland 205 02.8Ukraine 161 02.8USA 149 02.0World Total 7207 100.0Source: [20].

Table 4: Top ten barley producers (million metric tones).

S.# Country 2009 2010

1. Germany 12.3 10.42. France 12.9 10.13. Ukraine 11.8 08.54. Russia 17.9 08.45. Spain 07.4 08.26. Canada 09.5 07.67. Australia 07.9 07.38. Turkey 07.3 07.29. United Kingdom 06.8 05.310. United States 05.0 03.9

World Total 151.8 123.7

Source: [39]

units and 3-O-glucopyranosyl units. Beta-glucan isassociated with the plant cell wall and is distributedthrough out the kernel, with a slightly higherconcentration in the outer portion [15,16]. Arginine,histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,cystine, methionine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, valineand glycine have also been reported to be present in it[17].Although some essential amino acids found in theouter layers of the seeds are lost during pearling process.Pearl barley is rich in B-group vitamins and is a goodsource of trace elements including iron, magnesium, zinc,selenium and copper [12]. Other components that havebeen associated with health benefits include tocotrienol,lignan, phytoestrogen, phenolic compounds and phyticacid [18, 19].

Uses of BarleyMedicinal Uses: On the basis of scientific research barleyis considered to be most useful grain. As it is easilydigestible compared to wheat, therefore, it is the best dietfor patients or those cured persons which are still weak.In Europe pearl barley is considered to be best medicine[26].

Prophet Muahmmad (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam)liked barley very much and used it in various forms suchas barley bread, Talbina and Sattu [6]. The medicinal usesof barley have been summarized in Table 2.

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Other Ethnobotanical Uses: Barley is the fourth most 5. Chand, N., S.R. Vishwakarma, O.P. Verma andimportant cereal crop in the world after wheat, maize andrice [1]. Originally, barley was mainly cultivated and usedfor human food, but it is now used primarily for animalfeed [4]. It is estimated that about two-thirds of the barleycrop has been used for feed, one-third for malting andabout 2% for food directly [2]. Barley is also used for theproduction of starch, either for food or for the chemicalindustry [4]. Barley is a valuable grain for finishing beefcattle in the United States and is also used in swine dietsparticularly in geographic regions where maize cannot beeconomically produced, thus it competes with wheat as afeed in those climates. In some countries, such asMorocco, India, China and Ethiopia, barley is used as animportant food crop in daily diets (Table 3). Furthermore,'barley tea' has a longer history of use than green tea inJapan. 'Barley tea' is consumed in many Asian countries.Six - rowed barley, two - rowed barley and six - rowednaked barley are processed to barley tea in Japan. Modestquantities of non-alcoholic drinks based on barley andmalt are consumed in various parts of the world [20]. Inaddition, barley has some useful by-products, the mostvaluable being the straw which is used mainly for beddingin developed countries, but also for animal feed indeveloping and under-developed countries. Barley maltcan be added to many food stuffs such as biscuits, bread,cakes and desserts [1]. Food barley is generally found inregions where other cereals do not grow well due toaltitude, low rainfall, or soil salinity [4]. In Westerncountries, barley is increasing in popularity as a foodgrain and is used in flours for bread making or otherspecialties such as baby foods, health foods andthickeners [1].

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