Struktur Dan Fungsi Sistem Penghadaman

7/29/2019 Struktur Dan Fungsi Sistem Penghadaman

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STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI

SISTEM PENGHADAMAN


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Oral Cavity

1. Lips and Cheek

2. Tongue

3. 32 teeths

4. Palate and Tonsils

5. Salivary Glands


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Oral Cavity

1. Bibir dan pipi - mengunyah dan bercakap2. Lidah - bercakap, merasa, mengunyah, menelan

3. 32 gigi - mengerat, melumat/menghancur

- crown, neck and root4. Lelangit - keras dan lembut

5. Salivary Glands - menghasilkan serous dan

mocous3 glands - 1. Parotid,

2. Submandibular,

3. Sublingual glands


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Oral Cavity

Functions:

A. Ingestion: cheeks lipsand tongue mobilize food

B. Digestion: Mechanical

Mastication

Chemical

3 salivary glands

Digests some

starches and fat


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Teeth

Incisor (cutting)

Canine (tearing)

Premolar(tearing and grinding)

Molar (grinding)


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Salivary Glands

Parotid: Primarily

serous with

digestive enzymes

and lysozymes

Sublingual:

Primarily mucous

Submandibular:

Mixed


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Salivary Glands


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Pharynx (tekak)

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

Esophagus


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Pharynx

Motility: pharyngeal

constrictors force food

down during swallowing


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Esophagus

1. Salur memanjang dari pharynx ke stomachmelalui diaphragm

2. Ukuran panjangnya 25 sm

3. Esophageal sphincters mengantar makanan

keluar dan masuk esophagus

4. Cardiac sphincter - lower esophageal

sphincter

5. Mucous glands - mucus


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Esophagus

Stomach

Heart


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Esophagus

Extends from pharynx

through the diaphragm

at the esophageal hiatusto the lower esophageal

sphincter into the

stomach

Body

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Diaphragm


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Esophagus

Straight muscular tube

about 1 foot long

Motility: muscular

contraction moves foodtowards stomach

www.mywebmd.ca.com


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Heartburn and the Esophagus

Heartburn, acid reflux, is caused by acid and food

going from the stomach into the esophagus

The diaphragm normally prevents acid reflux, inconjunction with the lower esophageal sphincter.

When this fails, the burning sensation felt is known

as heartburn

May be linked to a rare type of cancer,adenocarcinoma


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Stomach

1. Stomach - cardiac region and pyloric region

2. The wall of stomach 3 layers;

i. longitudinal

ii. circular

iii. oblique

3. Gastric glands produce;

i. mucus

ii. hydrocloric acid

iii. pepsin

iv. gastrin

v. intrinsic factor

h


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Stomach


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Stomach Rugae


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Position of Stomach


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Stomach


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Stomach

Muscular sac on the left

side of the peritoneal

cavity

Functions:

Food storage

Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion


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Rugae in the Stomach

Rugae- folds in the

stomach lining that

allow it to expand with

more food

How do we vomit?

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion

ll i


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Small Intestine

Small intestine - 3 parts:i. duodenum

ii. jejunum

iii. ileum

Intestinal Lining - circular folds, villi dan

microvilli

Goblet cells & duodenal glands - mucus


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Small Intestine

S ll I t ti G


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Small Intestine: Gross

Anatomy

Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

Has three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, andileum

The bile duct and main pancreatic duct:

Join the duodenum at the hepatopancreaticampulla

Are controlled by the sphincter of Oddi The jejunum extends from the duodenum to the

ileum

The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal

valve


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Small Intestine

Duodenum

C-Loop

Ileum

Plica

Circularis

Minor papilla

Major papilla


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Small Intestine: Ileum

Ileocecal

valve


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Small Intestine

http://www.afns.ualberta.ca/bbo/1/ANATOMY/SI1.asp

2 meters long, 1 inch

in diameter, 5-6

meters in cadaver

Functions:

Chemical Digestion

Nutrient Absorption Motility


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Anatomy of the Small Intestine

Duodenum (25 cm):

1. Receives stomach

contents, pancreatic

juice and bile

2. Neutralizes stomach

acid and pepsin

3. Pancreatic enzymes

and bile take over

chemical digestion

Fig 25.22


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Anatomy of the Small Intestine

Jejunum (2.5m)

Ileum (3.6 m)

Reabsorbs bile acids

F nctions of the Small


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Functions of the Small

Intestine

Motility: smooth musclecontract

Digestion: chemicalenzymes received fromthe pancreas, liver and gall

bladder

Nutrient reabsorption:

microvilli increase surfacearea

Microvilli

D d


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Duodenum


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Li


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Liver

1. Liver menerima darah daripada:

i. hepatic arteryii. Hepatic portal vein

2. Liver produces bile. Bile leaves

lever - hepatic duct system.3. Liver devided into lobules - portal

triads

4. Portal triads:I. hepatic portal veinii. hepatic arteryiii. hepatic duct


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Liver

Pancreas


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Pancreas

1. Pancreas adalah kelenjar endokrinedan exorine.

2. Tugasnya mengawal tahap nutrein

darah

3. Exocrine menghasilkan;

i. bicarbonate ions

ii. digestive enzymes


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Pancreas

Head Body TailCommon

Bile Duct

Pancreatic

Duct

Accessory

Duct

Liver gallbladder Pancreas and


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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas andDuct System

Liver gallbladder Pancreas


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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreasand Duct System


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Liver Histology


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Liver

The largest gland in the body

Superficially has four lobesright, left, caudate,

and quadrate

The falciform ligament:

Separates the right and left lobes anteriorly

Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior

abdominal wall


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Anatomy and Histology of the


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Anatomy and Histology of thePancreas

L I t ti


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Large Intestine

1. Colon terdiri daripada;

i. Ascending,

ii. tranverse

iii. descending

iv. Sigmoid portions

2. Mengandungi mucus - crypts

3. Rectum adalah saluran lurus - anal canal

4. Cecum and appendix - blind sacs

5. Cecum - junction of small and largeintestines.


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Large Intestine


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Peritoneum and Mesenteries


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Large Intestine

Is subdivided into the

Cecum

Appendix

Colon Rectum

Anal canal

The saclike cecum:

Lies below the ileocecal valvein the right iliac fossa

Contains a wormlikevermiform appendix

Large Hepatic Aorta


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Large

Intestine

Ileocecal

valve is inhere

Cecum

Appendix

Ileum

p

Portal VeinSuperior

Mesenteric

Artery

Inferior

Mesenteric

Artery


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Colon

Has distinct regions: ascending colon, hepatic flexure,

transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and

sigmoid colon The sigmoid colon joins the rectum

The anal canal, the last segment of the large intestine,

opens to the exterior at the anus

C lTransverse


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Colon

Ascendingcolon

Colon

Descending

Colon

Sigmoid

Colon

Rectum

Anal Canal

Hepatic

Flexure

Splenic

Flexure

Valves and Sphincters of the


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Valves and Sphincters of the

Rectum and Anus

Three valves of the rectum stop feces from being

passed with gas

The anus has two sphincters: Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle

External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle

These sphincters are closed except duringdefecation


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Structure of the Anal Canal


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Large Intestine

Functions

Motility

Reabsorbtion of Water and Electrolytes

Symbiotic bacteria

Synthesis Vitamins B & K


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Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Transverse Colon: right to left

Ascending Colon: Descending Colon:

up the right side down the left side

Cecum: sac on Sigmoid Colon:

lower right side S-shaped


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Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Rectum: straight down

Anal Canal: out thebody

Appendix: hangs off

cecum

Important in Immunity

Enzymes Involved in Chemical


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Digestion

Saliva:

Amylase: breaks down starch

Lipase: breaks down fats when it enters the

stomach Low pH of the stomach activates the enzyme



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Digestion

Stomach:

Digestive chemicals-

HCL: activates enzymes, breaks up foods

Pepsin: digests proteins

Renin: digests milk


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Pepsin Formation

Interactions between Cells

Chief Cells make pepsinogen

Parietal Cells make HCl

Pepsinogen is cleaved by HCl into Pepsin


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Dynamic Human: Pepsin

Formation



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Digestion

Small Intestine

Two sources of

enzymes

Liver and Gall bladder

Pancreas



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Digestion in the Small Intestine

Liver secretes bile that is active in the smallintestine

Bile: aids in fat digestion and absorptionActivates pancreatic enzymesSynthesized from cholesterolBacteria in the small intestine use bilirubin to

make your feces brown

Gall bladder stores and concentrates bile


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Gall Stones

What is a gall stone?

How do they treat gall stones?

How is the gall bladder removed?



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Digestion in the Small Intestine

Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice

1. Amylase: breaks down starch2. Lipase: breaks down fats

3. Ribonuclease (RNAase): breaks down RNA

4. Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase): breaks down DNA

5. Zymogens: inactive enzymes that activate in

the small intestine


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Mechanism of Absorption

Membrane Transport:

Nutrients pass through membrane surface

The greater the membrane surface area, the

greater the amount of nutrients that can betransported

Surface Area

Rugae Microvilli

Final Destinations of Digestion


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Final Destinations of Digestion

Products

Starches bloodstream

Fats lymph vessels (lacteals)

Proteins bloodstream


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Sistem Penghadaman


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Sistem Penghadaman

1. Sistem Penghadaman di atur oleh:

i. neural

ii. hormonal mechanisms

2. Intramural plexuses bertanggungjawab

kepada local reflexes

Oral Cavity Pharynx


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Oral Cavity, Pharynxand Esophagus

1. Amylase (saliva) mula penghadaman.

2. Mucin menghasilkan pelincir

3. Gigi - menghancurkan makanan

4. Voluntary phase: Bolus akan ditolak

oleh lidah ke pharynx

Oral Cavity Pharynx


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Oral Cavity, Pharynxand Esophagus

5. Pharyngeal phase:

i. soft plate close nasopharynx

ii. epiglottis close - larynx

iii. pharyngeal muscles move the bolus

to the esophagus

iv. Peritalsis ( a wave of constriction)

moves the food down to the stomach

3 fasa Menelan (1)


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3 asa e e a ( )

3 fasa Menelan (2)


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3 fasa Menelan (2)


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Stomach


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1. Secretion of the Stomach

i. mucus protect the stomach lining

ii. hydrocloric acid kills microorganisms &

activates pepsin

iii. pepsin starts protein digestion

iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 )

absorptionv. Gastrin helps regulate stomach

secretion and movements.

Stomach


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Stomach


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Stomach


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Stomach


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2. Regulation of stomach Secretion

i. Cephalis phase - sight, taste, smell ..

ii. Gastrin - stomach secretion

iii. Gastric phase - promotes secretion

iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 )

absorption

v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach

secretion

and movements.

vi. Intestinal phase - acidic chyme

3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik


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Small Intestine


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1. Secretions of the small intestine

i. Mucus protects:

- digestive enzymes

- stomach acid

ii. Chemical or tactile irritation

Small Intestine


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2. Movement in the small intestine

i. Segmental contraction occur

- short distance

- mix intestinal secretionii. Peritalsis contraction occur

- length distance

- propel chyme3. Most absorption occurs in the duodenum

and jejunum

Liver


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1. Liver produces;

i. bile - emulsify fats

ii. stores and processes nutrients

iii. produces new molecules

iv. detoxifies molecules

v. produces blood proteins

Kawalan Rembesan Bile


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Kawalan Rembesan Bile

Pancreas


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1. Pancreas produces;

i. bicarbonate ions

ii. digestive enzymes

2. Acidic chyme - a watery bicarbonate

solution

3. Fatty acids and amino acids (duodenum)-

pancreatic enzymes

Pancreas


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Pancreas

Large Intestine


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g

1. Functions:

i. feces production

ii. water absorption

2. Much longer to move

3. In the colon, chyme is converted to feces

4. Mass movements occur 3/4 times/day5. Defecation - elimination of feces

Salivary Gland


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Histology

Demilune


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Parotid salivary gland

Submandibular salivary glandMucus Acini


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Mucus Acini

Serous Acini

Serous Acini

Demilune

Duct


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GI Tract Histology

All of the hollow organs have the same basic 4 layers.

1. Mucosa (Lumen side)

Epithelial layer (remember from 231: stratified squamous,columnar ect)

Lamina Propria: Base made of loose areolar connective tissue

Muscularis Mucosa: Base of smooth muscle fibers

2. Submucosa Dense irregular connective tissue

This is where the blood vessels, nerves and the glands are.


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GI Tract Histology

3. Muscularis Externa

The main smooth muscle layer used for peristalsis

Longitudinal and Circular layers with myentericplexus (parasympathetic ganglion) in between

4. Serosa (Abdominal cavity side)

Epithelial layer (usually simple squamous) Also known as the visceral peritoneum

GI Tract


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Histology

MLumen


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MucosaLumen

Epithelial Cells

Lamina Propria(Loose areolar CT)

Muscularis

Mucosa

Mucosa

Submucosa(Dense irregular CT)

Myenteric Plexus inM l i E t


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Muscularis Externa

Longitudinal

Muscle

Layer

Circular

Muscle

Layer

Myenteric

Plexus

Satellite Cell

Neuron Cell Body

E h Hi t l


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Esophagus Histology

1. Mucosa Epithelium

Non-keratinized

StratifiedSquamous


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E h Hi t l


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Esophagus Histology

2. Submucosa (#2)

Esophageal glands

Vessels

Submucosal Plexus

EsophagusHi t l


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Histology

3. Muscularis Externa

Upper 1/3=Skeletal

Middle 1/3=Blend

Lower 1/3=Smooth

4. Adventitia (Rest of GItract: Serosa)

Coarse Fibrous CT:binds/anchors

SkeletalMuscle

SmoothMuscle

Esophagus HistologyM l i E t


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Muscularis Externa

Stomach


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Histology

4 layers:

Mucosa (inside layer)

Simple columnar

epithelium

Submucosa

Muscularis Externasmooth muscle in 3layers

Serosa (visceralperitoneum)

Stomach Histology:Mucosa (Inside layer)


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Mucosa (Inside layer)

Mucosa: Simplecolumnar epithelium

St h M


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Stomach Mucosa

Mucous neck cells Alkaline mucus

Parietal cells

HCL

Intrinsic factor

Chief cells

Pepsinogen

Gastric lipase G cells (in antrum)

Gastrin


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Lamina


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Parietal Cell

Entroendocrine (G cell)

Chief Cell

Lumen

of pit

Lamina

propria

Stomach


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Small Intestine:Plica Circularis


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Plica Circularis


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Small Intestine Histology


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Small Intestine Histology: Villi


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Small Intestine Histology: Villi

Villi: Fingerlike

projections of the

mucosa.

Made of simple columnarepithelium

Increase the surface area.

Within the core of each

villus is a capillary bed

and a lacteal for transport

of the absorbed nutrients

Small Intestine: Villi


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Small Intestine Histology: Mucosa


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Small Intestine Histology: Mucosa

Microvilli: Tiny projections of

the plasma membrane of the

simple columnar absorptive

cells. Often called the "brush border"

due to their appearance.

They further increase the

available surface area andcontain membrane-bound

enzymes involved in digestion.

Small Intestine


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Small Intestine


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Small Intestine Histology:

Submucosa with Brunners Glands


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Submucosa with Brunner s Glands

Brunnersglands in theproximal

duodenumsecrete alkalinemucus

Brunners

glands

Small Intestine Histology:

S b i h P P h


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Submucosa with Peyers Patches

Peyers patches are

found in the

submucosa of iliumLymphoid tissue

Large Intestine Histolog


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Large Intestine: Histology

Colon mucosa is simple columnar epithelium

except in the anal canal

Has numerous deep crypts lined with gobletcells

Anal canal mucosa is stratified squamous

epithelium Superficial venous plexuses are associated with

the anal canal

Large Intestine Histology


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No Villi

Many Goblets

(mucus)

Many surface

absorptive cells

(absorb water)

Crypts of Lieberkhn



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Anal Canal Histology


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Anal Canal Histology

At the junction of

the rectum and

anus, the histology

of the mucosachanges to stratified

squamous

Liver Histology


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Liver Histology

Liver sinusoidsenlarged,

leaky capillaries located

between hepatic plates

Kupffer cellshepatic

macrophages found in liver

sinusoids


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Liver Histology


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Liver Histology


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Liver Histology

Liver: Portal Triad


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Liver: Portal Triad

Liver


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Liver

Bile Duct

Brach of Portal Vein

Branch of

Hepatic

Artery

Hepatocytes


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Pancreas Histology


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Pancreatic ducts


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Pancreatic ducts

The ducts leading into the duodenum

Cuboidal or columnar

Secrete HCO3-

Acinar Cells

Pancreatic Duct

Struktur Dan Fungsi Sistem Penghadaman

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