L8 Imunisasi-drgFANITH

8/12/2019 L8 Imunisasi-drgFANITH

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i m u n i s a s i

By.drg.Fani TH


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Penyakit

Tidak Menular

Menularpenyakit

infeksi

Bakteri

Virus

Jamur

Parasit


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BAKTERI DI UJUNG

JARUM

BAKTERI DI

PERMUKAAN GIGI (baru disikat ! )


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Bagaimana tubuh menangkal

penyakit ????


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Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh

Sistem pertahanan tubuh bagian luar

Otak dilindungi tengkorak,

Mata dilindungi bulu mata, dll..

Sistem pertahanan di dalam tubuh

Amat komplex dan canggih

Komponen selular (berbentuk sel) dan

komponen humoral (berbentuk cairan)


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Sistem Kekebalan / Sistem Imun :

* Sistem kekebalan atau sistem imun adalah

sistem perlindungan pengaruh luar

biologis yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ

khusus pada suatu organisme.

* Fungsi Primer sistem imun

melenyapkan agen infeksi danmeminimalkan kerusakan yang terjadi


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Anak laki-laki lahir pada tahun 1971, tanpa

kekebalan tubuh.


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MEKANISME PERTAHANAN TUBUH :

DIBAGI MENJADI 2 KELOMPOK

FUNGSIONAL :

1. Non-Spesific / Non-adaptive / Innate

system / ALAMIAH

2. Spesifik / The Acquired / adaptive

system / DIDAPAT


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Innate system / Non-spesific

Tidak ditujukan kepada jenis bakteri

ataupun virus tertentu

Merupakan bawaan (dari sononya) Tdd sel-sel terspesialisasi dgn tugasnya;

contoh :

Raksasa si pemangsamacrophages

Sel penyeret & pembunuh

dendritic


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Adaptive system / spesific

Sistem yang sisesuaikan dengan kebutuhan

/ ditujukan untuk tujuan yang sangat spesifik

Tdd sistem pengenalan reseptor thd benda

asing (antigen spesifik)shg tubuh

membentuk antibodi

Berbentuk sistem selular dan humoral;

contoh lymphocyte

Sistem inilah yang mendasari pemikiran ilmu

vaksin


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Di dalam tubuh

PERTAHANAN

SPESIFIK

PERTAHANAN NON

SPESIFIK BEKERJASAMA

MELENYAP

KAN

INFEKSI


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Why vaccines are vital to

the public health....??


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History of Immunization

In China in approximately 600 BC, smallpox material wasinoculated through the nostrils. Inoculation of healthypeople with a tiny amount of material from smallpox soreswas first attempted in England in 1718and later inAmerica. Those who survived the inoculation becameimmune to smallpox.

A significant breakthrough came in 1796 when Britishphysician Edward Jennerdiscovered that he couldimmunize patients against smallpox by inoculating themwith material from cowpox sores. Cowpox is a far milderdisease that, unlike smallpox, carries little risk of death ordisfigurement. Jenner inserted matter from cowpox soresinto cuts he made on the arm of a healthy eight-year-oldboy. The boy caught cowpox. However, when Jennerexposed the boy to smallpox eight weeks later, the child

did not contract the disease. The vaccination with cowpoxhad made him immune to the small ox virus. Toda we


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In 1885 Louis Pasteurcreated the first successful vaccine

against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14

times by a rabid dog. Over the course of ten days, Pasteur

injected progressively more virulent rabies organisms into

the boy, causing the boy to develop immunity in time to

avert death from this disease.

Another major milestone in the use of vaccination to prevent

disease occurred with the efforts of two American

physician-researchers. In 1954 Jonas Salkintroduced an

injectable vaccine containing an inactivated virus to

counter the epidemic of poliomyelitis. Subsequently,

Albert Sabinmade great strides in the fight against this

paralyzing disease by developing an oral vaccine

containing a live weakened virus. Since the introduction of


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Vaksin

Vaccinia atau vacca (latin) berarti : sapi

Sebutan vaksin diberikan oleh Louis Pasteur(untuk mengingatkan jasa Edward jenner;

semula variolation) Vaksin adalah suatu produk biologik yang

terbuat dari kuman (bakteri atau virus),

komponen kuman, atau racun kuman yangtelah dilemahkan atau dimatikan atau tiruankuman dan berguna untuk merangsangpembentukan kekebalan tubuh seseorang.

Imunisasi adalah upaya memberikan bahan


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mmunization is. a method of stimulating resistance in the

human body to specific diseases using

microorganismsbacteria or viruses

that have been modified or killed

Is the process whereby a person is made

immune or resistant to an infection Immunization, also called vaccination or

inoculation


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These treated microorganisms do not

cause the disease, but rather trigger thebody's immune system to build a

defense mechanism that continuously

guards against the disease.

If a person immunized against a

particular disease later comes intocontact with the disease-causing agent,

the immune system is immediately able

to respond defensively


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Types ofImmunization

provides long-lasting immunity

all or part of a disease-causingmicroorganism or a modified product ofthat microorganism is injected into thebody to make the immune systemrespond defensively

The active components of thevaccinations are antigens

Active immunization

gives temporary immunity

Passive immunization is performedwithout injecting any antigen. In thismethod, vaccines contain antibodies

obtained from the blood of an activelyimmunized human being or animal.The antibodies last for two to threeweeks, and during that time theperson is protected against the

disease.

Pasive immunization

M


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Macam

Vaksin

VaksinKonvensional :

kuman ygditumbuhkanpada media

kultur

Actual infectious agents; Kuman asli; Vaksin cacar

Closely related organism stimulating cross-immunity;Kuman atau bahan aktif diambil dari kuman yg

sejenis namun bukan aslinya (yg menginfeksimanusia); Vaksin smallpox dari cowpox

Living attenuated; Tdd bahan aktif kuman hidupnamun sudah dilemahkan; Vaksin polio (OPV)

Killed whole organisme; Tdd bahan aktif kuman ygtelah dimatikan; Vaksin polio (IPV)

Bacterial product; Bahan aktif bukan kuman tetapiproduk dr kuman; Vaksin tetanus (menggunakan

toxin clostridium tetani)

Subunit vaccine; Bahan aktifnya adalah bagian dgnvirulensi atau keganasan si kuman; Vaksin Hepatitis

B

Vaksin sintetikKimiawi mirip toxin bakteri

rekombinan DNA


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Vaksin kombinasi

Kombinasi beberapa vaksin ke dalam 1 jenisvaksin kombinasicombo vaccines

Contoh : tri valent, penta valent

Syarat khusus :

sesama vaksin yang terdapat dalam kombinasi,harus tidak saling mengganggu efektivitas

daya kekebalan yg ditimbulkannya harus lebih

baik dan lebih lama atau minimal samaefektivitasnya lebih tinggi dibanding kalau

diberikan secara sendirian

keamanan vaksin kombinasi harus lebih baik.


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Pada dasarnya, vaksin rusak pd suhu panas;

berikut kategori vaksin :

Sensitif thdpanas

Polio

Campak

BCG

Sensitif thdpembekuan

Hepatitis B

DPT

TT

DT


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Imunisasi yang diwajibkan di Indonesia

BCG

Bacille

Calmette-Guerin

Attenuatedvaccine

MencegahTBC

Hepatitis B

Ada

kombinasidgn DTPdan HiB

DPT

Dipteri,

Pertusisdan Tetanus

Polio

IPV dan

OPV Mencegahpolio

Campak

Attenuated

MMR :inactivatedprecipitatedvaccine


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Imunisasi yang disarankan di Indonesia MMR

Hib (Haemophilus influenzae tipe b)

Demam tifoid Hepatitis A

Varisela


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